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BiologyTest3screwed
Biology test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are responsible for the production of | ATP and NADPH |
| Which region of a chloroplast is associated with the capture of light energy? | Thylakoid Membrane |
| The colors of light that are most effective for photosynthesis are | red, blue, and violet |
| During noncyclic photosynthesis, photosystem I functions to ___________, and photosystem II functions to __________. | reduce NADP+; oxidize H2O |
| How is a reaction center pigment in a photosystem different from a pigment in the antenna complex? | The reaction center pigment loses an electron when it absorbs light energy |
| The ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used | during the reactions of the Calvin Cycle to produce Glucose |
| The carbon fixation reaction converts | inorganic carbon into an organic acid |
| C4 plants initially fix carbon by | incorporating CO2 into oxaloacetate, which is converted to malate. |
| The overall flow of electrons in the light reactions is from | H2O to NADPH |
| Where in a chloroplast would you find the highest concentration of protons? | In the lumen of the thylakoid |
| How does the reaction center of photosystem I regain an electron during noncyclic photosynthesis? | The electron is donated from photosystem II |
| If the Calvin cycle runs through six turns | enough carbon will be fixed to make one glucose, but they will not all be in the same molecule |
| Which of the following are similarities between the structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts? | They both create internal protein gradients by electron transport AND They both have an outer membrane and an inner membrane system |
| Carbon Fixation by the C4 pathway produces | an organic acid, but a 4-carbon one not a 3-carbon |
| If the thylakoid membrane became leaky to ions, what would you predict to be the result on the light reactions? | It would stop ATP production |
| The overall process of photosynthesis | results in the reduction of CO2 and the oxidation of H2O |
| an autotroph is an organism that | extracts energy from organic sources AND converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy |
| Which of the following processes is (are) required for the complete oxidation of glucose? | The Krebs cycle AND Glycolysis AND Pyruvate oxidation |
| Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis? | CO2 |
| Glycolysis produces ATP by | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| What is the role of NAD+ in the process of cellular respiration? | It functions as an election carrier |
| The reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in the | matrix of the mitochondria |
| The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be | moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. |
| Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding cellular respiration? | Electrons have a higher potential energy at the end of the process |
| The direct source of energy for the ATP produced by ATP synthase comes from | the proton gradient |
| Can cellular respiration occur in the absence of O2? | Yes, but it requires an alternative to O2 as a final electron acceptor |
| Why is fermentation an important metabolic function in cells? | It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true about the oxidation of pyruvate? | Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the cytoplasm |
| A chemical agent that makes holes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria would | stop ATP synthesis |
| Yeast Cells that have mutations in genes that encode enzymes in glycolysis can still grow on glycerol. They are able to utilize glycerol because it | can feed into the Kreb's cycle and generate ATP via electron transport and chemiosmosis |
| Binary fission in prokaryotes does not require the | assembly of the nuclear envelope |
| Chromatin is composed of | DNA and protein |
| What is a nucleosome? | A region of DNA wound around histone proteins |
| What is the role of cohesion proteins in cell division? | They hold the DNA of the sister chromatids together |
| The kinetochore is a structure that functions to | connect the centromere to microtubules |
| Separation of the sister chromatids occurs during | anaphase |
| Why is cytokinisis an important part of cell division? | It is responsible for the proper separation of the cytoplasmic contents |
| What steps in the cell cycle represent irreversible commitments? | The G1/S checkpoint AND Anaphase |
| Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are regulated by | The periodic destruction of cyclins |
| The bacterial SMC proteins, eukaryotic cohesion proteins, and codensins proteins share a similar structure. Funtionally they all | interact with DNA to compact of hold strands together |
| Genetically, proto-oncogenes act in a dominant fashion. This is because | they act in a gain-of-function fashion to turn on the cell cycle |
| The metaphase to anaphase transition involves | loss of cohesion between sister chromatids |
| The main difference between bacterial cell division and eukaryotic cell division is that | bacterial DNA replication and chromosome segregation are concerted processes but in eukaryotes they are separated in time. |
| In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplishedby a contractile ring containing actin. The related process in bacteria is | septation via a ring of FtsZ protein, which is a tubulin-like protein |
| What was the key finding from Griffith's experiments using live and heat-killed pathogenic bacteria? | Genetic material can be transferred from dead to live bacteria |
| Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA? | The pyrimidine uracil |
| Chargaff studied the composition of DNA from different sources and found that | the proportions of A equal that of T and G equals C |
| The bonds that hold two complementary strands of DNA together are | hydrogen bonds |
| The basic mechanism of DNA replication is semiconservative with two new molecules | each with one new and one old strand |
| One common feature of all DNA polmerases is that they | synthesize DNA in the 5'-to-3' direction |
| which of the following is NOT part of the Watson-Crick model of the structure of DNA? | The two DNA strands are oriented in parallel (5'-to-3') |
| If one strand of a DNA is: 5' ATCGTTAAGCGAGTCA 3', then the complementary strand would be: | 5' TGACTCGCTTAACGAT 3' |
| Hershey and Chase used radioactive phosphorus and sulfur to | differentially label DNA and protein |
| The Meselson and Stahl experiment used a density label to be able to | distinguish between newly replicated and old strands |
| The difference in leading- versus lagging-strand synthesis is a consequence of | both the physical structure of DNA and the action of polymerase enzyme |
| If the activity of DNA ligase was removed from replication, this would have a greater affect on | synthesis on the lagging strand versus the leading strand |
| Successful DNA synthesis requires all of the following except | endonuclease |
| The synthesis of telomeres | requires telomerase, which does not need a template |
| Which type of enzyme is involved in excision repair? | Endonuclease |
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