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practical 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 things that all animals are | multicellular nonphotosynhtetic cells without cell walls |
| all animals have rapid response to envionmental stimuli coordinated by some sort of nervous system and most have organs except for the phylum | porifera (sponges) |
| sponges are placed in a seperate subkingdom because they lack __ and the general __ characteristic of other animalia | organs, complexity |
| sponges are considered an early offshoot of the main line of animal | evolution |
| porifera basic symmetry is __ but many kinds become __ (asymmetrical) | radial, irregular |
| in structure, simple sponges have a central cavity called a __ | spongocoel |
| the spongocoel is lined with flagellated __ | choanocytes (collar cells) |
| the body wall of the sponge has many perforations called __ | incurrent pores |
| incurrent pores allow __ and __ to flow into the spongocoel | water and small nutrient particles |
| nutrients are captured by the choanocytes and passed to __ which are amoeba like cells present behind the choanocytes in the middle of the sponge walls | amoebocytes |
| digestion is __ which means that it occurs int he individual cells | intracellular |
| water passes out the __ at the top of the sponge | osculum |
| 2 advantages of increasing surface area through foldins in the spongocoel | more incurrent pores, more choanocytes |
| benefits of more incurrent pores | faster rate of water movement through sponge |
| benefit of more choanocytes | more efficient food processing |
| in most sponges a touch protein, __, forms a large protion of the skeleton | spongin |
| other support is privided by __ spiny structures made either of calcium or silicon compounds | spicules |
| spicules are secreted by the | emoebocytes |
| most sponges are __ individuals produce both sperm and eggs | hermaphroditic |
| structures produced by freshwater sponges to aid in asexual reproduction and overwintering during poor environmental conditions | gemmules |
| all of the rest of the animals besides porifera are in the subkingdom called | eumetazoa |
| all of the cnidaria exhibit __ symmetry | radial or biradial |
| snidarians have a body composed of an outer __ and an inner __ | epidermis, gastrodermis |
| between the two layrs is either a thin or extensive jelly like material called | mesoglea |
| most cniderians have an oral opening opening surround by __ | tentacles |
| the tentacles are armed with __ (__ cells) | cnidocytes, stinging |
| cnidocytes are equipped with __ (stingers) | nematocyts |
| the oral opening in cnidarians leads into a central cavity, the __ | gastrovascular cavity |
| a blind sav where digestion of prey captured by the tentacles occurs | gastrovascular cavity |
| egestion of undigested material occurs through the oral opening too so one opening serves both as | mouth and anus |
| the cnidaria have a __ digestive system | incomplete |
| cnidarians can occur in one of two body forms a __ and __ | polyp medusa |
| a __ is sessile (Attached to the substrate) | polyp |
| polyp has a columnar body witht he oral surface facing | upward |
| a __ is motile, free floating, and the oral surface faces __ | medua, down |
| in most __, there are seperate polyp and medusa stages | hydrozoans |
| the polyp reproduces __ to produce new medusae | asexually |
| the medusae are the __ stage (the sexes are seperate, dioceious, producing eggs and sperm | sexual |
| from the zygote of hydrozoa a larva is formed called the | planula larva |
| the planula larva is ciliated and more or less __ symmetrical | bilaterally |
| the larva swims about for a while then settles at the bottom and becomes a new | polyp |
| example of hydrozoa | obelia |
| the polyp stage of obelia forms the colony with all of the polyps of the colony being connected by the __ | coenosare |
| the polyps are surround by a protective | perisarc |
| two types of polyps are produced the __ and __ | feeding polyp, modified polyps for asexual production of new medusae |
| feeding polyp is armed with | tentacles |
| the feeding polyp sits in a cupshaped portion of the | perisarc |
| __ can be seen within the polyp | medusae buds |
| the major portion of the medusa is the | bell |
| the __ of the medusa ties at the end of a stalk like structure, the manubrium | mouth |
| the __ can be seen around the margin of the bell | tentacles |
| the four __ lie within the bell | gonads |
| hydra has no __ stage | medusa |
| the __ of hydra is a column when expanded but can be contracted into a ball when the animal is irritated | body |
| the tentacles of hydra are armed with stinging nematocysts, located within the __ cells | cnidocyte |
| how do hydras feed | voracious feeder, captures pray with its tentacles and cnidocytes |
| scyphozoa includes | jellies and sea nettles |
| in scyphozoa, the __ is the dominant stage of the life cycle and the __ is either reduced or absent | medusa, polyp |
| jellyfish can swim by the muscular contraction of the __ | bell |
| anthozoa class includes | sea anenomes and corals |
| in anthozoa, the medusoid stage is | absent |
| the polypt reproduces how | sexually and asexually |
| in sexual reproduction, __ are produced and asexually happens by | gametes, budding |
| sea anenomes have a stocky body column, a broad __ covered with tentacles that surround a central mouth | oral disc |
| the mouth leads to a __ then to the gastrovascular vacity, which is partioned by mesenteries | pharynx |
| flaps of tissue extending parallel to the long ais of the anenome | mesenteries |
| many corals build skeletons of | limestone (Calcium carbonate) |
| reefbuilding corals depend on symbiotic algae, __ for much of their nutrition | zooxanthellae |
| __ is a colonial form found living on soft sediments | sea pansy |
| phylum platyhelminthes includes | flatworms |
| the platyhelminthese are __ symmetrical | bilaterally |
| they are __ compressed | dorsoventrally |
| the formation of a head | cephalization |
| having no body cavity | acoelomate |
| the space between the external body wall and the gut is filled with __ cells | mesodermal |
| thus the platyhelminthse are __ | acoelomate |
| the __ forms of flatworms epresent the ancestral type of flatworm | free living forms |
| free living flatworms or planarians are in the class | turbellaria |
| example of free living flatwormss | dugesia |
| turbellaria worms are __ symmetric | bilaterally |
| on the head of turbellaria are __ which sense the presence of light but do not form images | photoreceptors |
| chemosensors are called | auricular organs |
| the pharynx and mouth are in the __ body region | mid |
| flukes are in the class | trematoda |
| flukes are __ and __ of a large number of animals, many of them vertebrates including humans | extoparasites and endoparasites |
| the endoparasitic adults are | hermaphroditic |
| why are they hermaphroditic? | because the worm can still reproduce even if there arnt many other specimans around to mate with |
| 2 examples of fluke | fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke), clonorchis sinensis (chinese liver fluke) |
| tapeworms are int he class | cestoda |
| tapeworms are found in the intestines of | vertebrates |
| tapeworms lack __ system, a secondar loss, and absorb nutrients across the __ | digestive, body wall |
| tapeworms reproductive | hermaphroditic |
| the head of a tapeworm is called | scolex |
| the scolex is armed with __ and __ for attachment to the intestinal wall of the host | hooks suckers |
| starting posterior to the scolex are the __ the segments making up the body of the worm | proglottids |
| when the proglottids are mature (eggs are produced and fertilized), they __ in the feces of the host | they are shed |
| the digestive tube has a mouth at one end and an anus at the other makes it called a | completete digestive system or alimentary canal |
| the fluid filled cavity has several functions, the most important being that of a | hydroskeleton |
| a fluid filled tube that muscles can work against for motion of the animal | hydroskeleton |
| in the phyla nematoda and rotifera, this cavity is called a | pseudocoelom |
| the pseudocoelom lacks a definite lining of | mesoderm |
| the digestive tube has no __ covering | mesodermal |
| in annelida and remaining animal phyla the body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm so it is a true coelum and these animals are termed | coelmate |
| with the evolution of the digestive tube ( a true __) regional modifications of this tube could occur | gut |
| specialized portions for intake, storage, digestion, and absoption of food and elimination of undigested material have | evolved |
| roundworms and nematodes are in the phylum | nematoda |
| phylum nematoda have a _- and a __ | pseudocoelum and complete digestive system |
| nematoda only have __ muscles int heir body wall, giving them their characteristic whipping motion | longitudinal |
| example of nematoda (2) | turbatrix and ascaris |
| vinegar eels are | turbatrix |
| are the sexes seprate in ascaris? how can you tell? | yes, females larger than males |
| males have a pronounced __ to their tails to aid in copulation | hook |
| when females and males are dissimilar in form, they are termed | sexually dimorphic |
| rotifers are in the phylum | rotifera |
| rotifers are known as | wheel animals |
| many pseudocoelomate phyla are small organisms that either live between sand grains (__ or __) or are parasitic in invertebrate and vertebrates | interstitial or meiofauna |
| segmented worms are in phylum | annelida |
| the annelida have a true __ and are __ | coelum, segmented |
| the movement of food in annelida is now independent from | locomotion |
| segmentation allows for | finer control of movement and increase in the length of animal without concomitant increase in muscle length |
| on each side of the ventral nerve cord are | ganglia |
| earthworm is in the class of | oligochaeta |
| the marine worms are in class | polychaeta |
| leeches are in class of | hirudinea |
| polycharta are named for their numerous __ (spines or bristles) | setae |
| setae are found on the __ (lateral flaps of the body) | parapodia |
| head on polychaeta only found on | free swimming species |
| leeches are __ parasites | ecto |
| leeches lack | parapodia and setae |
| true segmentation is found | internally |
| external segmentation is the expansion __ for feeding | wrinkles |
| in earthworms __ is obvious and __ are lacking | segmentation, parapodia |
| earthworms feed on | organic detritus |
| oligochaetes are __; cross fertilization occurs and eggs are laid | hermaphroditic |
| example of oligochaeta | lumbricus |
| __ secretes the cocoon into which the eggs are deposited | clitellum |
| partitions seperating the segment is called the | septa |
| what is the function of the typhlosole | increases surface area of intestinal lining |
Created by:
lilcollins92