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A & P 1 SG3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to | remove the blocking action of tropomyosin___ |
| Calcium ions bind to the _______ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. | troponin |
| What is Myoglobin and what does it do? | Stores oxygen in muscle cells |
| 13. An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the________ | __sarcoplasmic reticulum_____ |
| What is a sarcomere? | The area between two Z discs |
| 15. Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ______ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur. | latent |
| 17. Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by | storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP |
| 18. After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, what happens to the calcium? | a. Level in the cytoplasm |
| 19. The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to: | a. Regulate intracellular calcium concentration |
| 20. The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by: | a. The arrangement of myofilaments |
| 21. Which components of the sarcomere are composed of myosin? | a. Thick filaments |
| 22. During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? | a. Actin filaments |
| 23. The sheath which surrounds the individual muscle cell is called the _________ | endomysium |
| 24. Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones are: | multiunit muscles |
| 25. Rigor mortis occurs because: | no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules |
| 26. List the factors which can act as a stimulus to initiate a muscle contraction | a. Hormonal activity, neurotransmitters and a change in the pH of a muscle |
| 27. The term aponeurosis refers to: | a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element |
| 28. The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is: | myoglobin |
| 29. The contractile units of skeletal muscles are: | myofibrils |
| 30. The site of calcium regulation in the smooth muscle cell is: | calmodulin |
| 31. One functional unit of a skeletal muscle is a | sarcomere |
| 32. The functional role of the T tubules is to: | enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction |
| 33. The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to: | bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration |
| 34. The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called: | treppe |
| 35. The main effect of the warm-up period of athletes, as the muscle contractions increase in strength, is to: | enhance the availability of calcium and the efficiency of enzyme systems |
| 36. Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to: | Lactic acid |
| 37. When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in the ___ period. | refractory |
| 38. In an isotonic contraction, the muscle: | changes in length and moves the “load |
| 39. The muscle cell membrane is called a(n): | sarcolemma |
| 40. Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Describe them. | a.Smooth muscle contracts in a twisting way |
| 41. The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in what ways? | a. the site of calcium regulation differs |
| 42. Describe the functional relationship of the cells of single-unit visceral muscle: | a.Exhibit spontaneous action potentials |
| 43. Describe the process of smooth muscle contraction | a. Certain smooth muscles can actually divide to increase their number |
| 44. Describe the cellular and molecular structure of smooth muscle | a. There are more thick filaments than thin filaments |
| 45. Describe the properties of muscle tissue | a. Contractibility, extensibility, and excitability |
| 46. The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the ____ assisting in muscle stretching | A band |
| 47. Compare and contrast cardiac, smooth and striated muscle | a. 45. Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei |
| 48. An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is: | glycoylsis |
| 50. Muscle tone is: | a state of sustained partial contraction |
| 51. Describe the sliding filament model of contraction | a. Actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlap |
| 52. The first thing that stops a contraction after the nerve stops sending ACh is: | a. Acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh |
| 53. Compare and contrast the molecular changes in a sarcomere during isotonic and isometric contractions a | . Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction |
| 54. Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers? | a. A long, relaxing swim |
| 55. Which muscle type has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and no gap junctions? | a. Multiunit smooth muscle |
| 56. Theoretically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, what would happen | a. No muscle tension could be generated |
| 58. Only _______ muscle cells are multinucleated | skeletal |
| 59. The end of the muscle that moves when a muscle contracts is called the _____. | insertion |
| 60. In the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction, ____ is always present | acetylcholinesterase |
| 61. The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of _______. | contraction |
| 62. ________ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers | Red |
| 63. Only ____ muscle cells branch | cardiac |
| 64. A smooth, sustained contraction is called _____. | tetanus |
| 65. Define muscle fatigue. | a. Occurs when ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use even though the muscle still receives stimuli |
| 66. Compare red and white muscles relative to their speed of action and endurance. | a. Red muscles tend to have a slow (oxidative) rate and fatigue resistance, whereas white muscle cells have a fast… |
| 67. Briefly, what causes rigor mortis? | a. Following death of an individual, ATP is rapidly consumed and cannot be replaced. Because cross bridge |
| 68. What ultimately stops a muscle contraction? | a. The ultimate switch is the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. When the neuron stops releasing Ach, the muscle would not…. |
| 69. A long-distance runner is about to enter a 5-mile race. Beforehand, he spends several minutes warming up. During the warm-up period, the phenomenon of treppe is occurring in body muscles being used. What is treppe and why does it occur? | a. Treppe is the staircase phenomenon in which muscles increase their strength of contraction |
| 70. What are the two special organelles of skeletal muscle cells and how would they be useful to the cell? | a. Skeletal muscles cells require a lot of rapidly available fuel to burn in order…. |
| 71. What is the relationship that occurs in the triad of a skeletal muscle cell? | a. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for calcium ions in the cell’s normal resting |
| 72. Briefly explain where the energy comes from in a one-minute sustained muscle contraction. | a. 1. The first 4-6 sec. of energy from one stored…. b. 2. 6-15 sec. of energy come from the transfer… c. 15-60 sec. of energy come from glycolysis |
| 73. What are caveoli? | a. Folds on the surface of smooth muscle cells that correspond to T tubules… |
| 74. How is it that norepinephrine (NE) can inhibit smooth muscle action in airways, yet stimulate contractions in smooth muscles everywhere else in the body? | a. Airway passages have smooth muscles cells that are unique in that they have two |
| 75. How do the three muscle types respond to being stretched? | a. All three muscle types |
| 78. Scissors demonstrate which type of lever? | a. A first-class lever |
| 80. What is the major factor controlling the manner in which levers work? | a. The difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum |
| 81. Describe muscle fiber arrangement in a pennate muscle: | a. The fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle |
| 82. What primarily determines the power of a muscle? | a. The total number of muscle cells available for contractoin |
| 83. A muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement is called: | a. An agonist |
| 84. When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, you can assume that | a. The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively` |
| 85. The total number of skeletal muscles in the human body is | _there are over 600 muscles in the body___ |
| 86.86. The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. When the term levator is part of the descriptive term for a muscle's action, this means that: | a. The muscle elevates and/or adducts a region |
| 87. What are the suprahyoid muscles: | a. Are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity |
| 88. The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine. What is its action? | a. To stabilize the shoulder joint and help prevent downward location of the Humerus and to assist in abduction |
| 1. The extensor carpi radialis brevis has what function | a. Extends and abducts the wrist and is short |
| 90. The muscles that are found at openings of the body are collectively called: | a. Circular muscles |
Created by:
lgp001