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Psychology Midterm
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| discovered the principles of classical conditioning. | Ivan Pavlov |
| the learned attachment of an old response to a new stimulus (principles of which are particularly helpful for overcoming fears) | Classical Conditioning |
| a stimulus that initially does not elicit a response. | Neutral Stimulus |
| a stimulus that naturally elicits a given response, usually without prior training. | Unconditioned Stimulus |
| an automatic or natural response to a stimulus; a reflex. | Unconditioned Response |
| the previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a given response, after a period of training in which it was paired with an unconditioned stimulus. | Conditioned Stimulus |
| the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus | Conditioned Response |
| responding to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus. | Generalization |
| the ability to respond differently to distinct although similar stimuli. | Discrimination |
| the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus. | Extinction |
| psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning. | B.F. Skinner |
| learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence. learning from the consequences of ones actions. | Operant Conditioning |
| a stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated | Reinforcement |
| reinforcer that satisfies a biological need (such as food). | Primary Reinforcer |
| reinforcer that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and has become rewarding (such as money). | Secondary Reinforcer |
| this type of schedule doesn't change. | Fixed |
| this type of schedule changes, or varies. responses are learned better when reinforced on this schedule. | Variable |
| this type of schedule involves a number of responses. | Ratio |
| this type of schedule involves an amount of time. | Interval |
| reinforcement depends on the number of responses given in this type of schedule. | Fixed Ratio Schedule |
| an unpredictable number of responses is required before reinforcement is given in this schedule. a slot machine is an example. | Variable Ratio Schedule |
| reinforcement is made available at a predetermined time if the desired response is made. | Fixed Interval Schedule |
| changing amounts of time must elapse before reinforcement is made available. | Variable Interval Schedule |
| the removal of an unpleasant consequence increases the frequency of the behavior in this type of reinforcement. | Negative Reinforcement |
| a process in which reinforcement is used to create new responses out of old ones. (the desired behavior is molded by rewarding any act similar to the behavior, then requiring ever closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward.) | Shaping |
| factors that affect learning | Feedback, Transfer, Practice |
| finding out the results of behavior or actions you have performed. | Feedback |
| when previously learned actions or skills help you in learning new actions or skills. | Positive Transfer |
| when a previously learned action or skill hinders your ability to learn new actions or skills. | Negative Transfer |
| doing something repeatedly until the skill is completely mastered. | Practice |
| the systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings. | Behavior Modification |
| A technique developed by Freud for indirectly studying unconscious processes. | Free Association |
| Memory aids, where you associate each item with a mental picture. | Mnemonic Devices |
| A Viennese physicians who felt that conscious experiences were only the tip of the psychological iceberg; most associated with subconscious or unconscious studies. | Sigmund Freud |
| Investigation of observable behavior. | Behaviorism |
| Involving thought or thinking; the mind. | Cognitive |
| Using scientific research and applying it to every day life in order to help people. | Applied Science |
| Scientific research in order to gain knowledge about the subject, but not applying it. (Experiments, lab work, etc.) | Basic Science |
| A medical practitioner who specializes in diagnosing and prescribing proper medication for mental illness. | Psychiatrist |
| Techniques of analysis that aim to treat mental disorders. | Psychoanalysis |
| The biological study of organisms. | Physiological |
| An educated guess about the relationship between two factors. | Hypothesis |
| A systematic and logical attempt to reach a specific goal or answer. Also called convergent thinking. Is deliberate and purposeful. | Directed Thinking |
| Consists of a free flow of thoughts with no particular plan and depends mainly on images. Also called divergent thinking. Often occurs when relaxing and may provide unexpected insights into one's goals and beliefs. | Nondirected Thinking |
| A visual, mental picture of an event or object. | Image |
| An abstract unit of thought; a sound, object, or design that represents an object or quality. | Symbol |
| A label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in common. | Concept |
| The storage of information over extended periods of time; infinite. | Long Term Memory |
| Memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and lasts for less than twenty seconds without rehearsal. | Short Term Memory |
| Grouping items together so they are easier to remember. | Chunking |
| The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced. | Memory |
| The ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short term exposure. AKA Photographic Memory | Eiditic Memory |
| Memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she as or has not experienced before. | Recognition |
| The active reconstruction of previously learned material. | Recall |
| The process of recalling information that has been stored in the memory. Basically, the act of remembering. | Retrieval |
| Subconsciously blocking memories of an embarrassing or frightening experience; the material still exists in the memory, but has been made inaccessible because it is so disturbing. | Repression |
| Sudden realization of the solution to a problem. | Insight |
| A new mental rearrangement of the elements of a problem in order to arrive at an original solution. | Recombination |
| A form of altered consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought. | Hypnosis |
| A suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the participants' behavior when the trance is over. | Posthypnotic Suggestion |
| Learning to control one's own internal physiological processes with the help of feedback and machines monitoring the bodily states to be controlled. | Biofeedback |
| Focusing attention on an image or thought in order to clear the mind and produce relaxation or inner peace. | Meditation |
| Perceptions that have no direct external cause; seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that aren't really there. | Hallucinations |
| Drugs that produce hallucinations. | Hallucinogens |
| A state of awareness. | Consciousness |
| A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement. A high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreams occur at this stage. | REM Sleep |
| The ability to gain information by some means other than the ordinary senses. | Extrasensory Perception (ESP) |
| Incorrect perceptions, misrepresent physical stimuli. | Illusions |
| The way one sees or perceives things. | Perception |
| Brief auditory or visual messages that are presented below the absolute threshold so there's a less than 50% chance they will be perceived. | Subliminal Messages or Advertising |
| The purist of knowledge and its beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of one's unique potential. | Self Actualization |
| The urge to belong, give and receive love, and acquire esteem. | Psychological Needs |
| A lie detector. | Polygraph |
| A balanced state. | Homeostasis |
| A communication system sending messages through the blood stream using hormones. | Endocrine System |
| The study of social behavior in animals that emphasizes on the role of behavior in survival and reproduction. | Sociobiology |
| Consists of the brain and spinal cord. | Central Nervous System |
| The nerve that runs up and down the length of the back and transmits most messages between the brain and the rest of the body. | Spinal Cord |
Created by:
jordanncameron