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ch. 18
The Outcomes of Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is adaptive radiation? | The rapid evolution of many species from a single species that has been introduced to a new environment. |
| What is allopatric speciation? | Speciation that involves the geographic separation of populations. Most speciation involves geographic separation followed by the development of intrinsic isolating mechanisms in the separated populations. |
| What is an analogy? | A structure found in different organisms that is similar in function and appearance but is not the result of shared ancestry. They must be distinguished from homologies to get a true picture of evolutionary relationships. |
| What is an ancestral character? | A character existed in the common ancestor of a group of organisms. Cladistics distinguishes ancestral from derived characters and uses these characters to determine evolutionary relationships. |
| What is a binomial nomenclature? | The system of naming species that uses two names (genus and species) for each species. This system helps identify groupings among living things. |
| What is a biological species concept? | A definition of species that relies on the breeding behavior of populations in nature. It defines species as groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. |
| What are cladistics? | The branch of systematics that uses shared derived characters to determine the order of branching events in speciation and therefore which species are most closely related. This is concerned only with evolutionary relationships, not classification. |
| What is a cladogram? | An evolutionary tree constructed using the cladistic system. |
| What is convergent evolution? | Evolution that occurs when similar environmental influences shape two separate evolutionary lines in similar ways. |
| What is derived character? | A character unique to groupings of organisms (taxa) descended from a common ancestor. |
| What is extrinsic isolating mechanism? | A barrier to interbreeding of populations that is not an inherent characteristic of the organisms in the populations. Geographic barriers such as rivers are examples. |
| What is homology? | A structure that is shared in different organisms owing to inheritance from a common ancestor. They are used to help decipher evolutionary relationships. |
| What is intrinsic isolating mechanism? | A difference in anatomy, physiology, or behavior that prevents interbreeding between individuals of the same species or of closely related species. One or more of these must develop for two populations of the same species to evolve into separate species. |
| what is phylogeny? | A hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships of a group of organism. |
| What is polyploidy? | A form of sympatric speciation in which one or more sets of chromosomes are added to the genome of an organism. Human beings beings cannot survive in this state by plants flourish in it. It's a means by which speciation can occur in a single generation. |
| What is reproductive isolating mechanisms? | Any factor that, in nature, prevents interbreeding between individuals of the same or closely related species. |
| Adaptive radiations: | 1. are episodes of rapid speciation that occur when the "fit" between environment and species is in flux 2. are exemplified by the Hawaiian drosophilid flies 3. can be seen most clearly in island environments |
| What is speciation? | The development of new species through evolution. |
| What is sympatirc speciation? | A type of speciation that occurs in the absence of the geographic separation of population. Polyploidy is a special form of this. |
| What are systematics? | The field of biology dealing with the diversity and relatedness of organisms. This studies the evolutionary history of groups of organisms. |
| What is a taxon? | Any of the taxonomic categories used in the classification of Earth's organisms, both living and extinct. In order of increasing inclusiveness, these categories are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain. |
| In the biological species concept, the factor that defines a species is: A.) geographical separation B.) reproductive isolation C.) hybridization D.) cladogenesis E.) its behavior | B. reproductive isolation |
| In allopatric speciation populations are geographically isolated. Name two other things that happen: | 1. gene flow between populations is greatly reduced because of geographic separation 2. populations accumulate genetic changes over time that result in physical or behavioral changes that eventually block successful interbreeding. |
| Possible intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanisms include: | 1. mating at different times of year or times of day 2. incompatibility between eggs and sperm that prevent fertilization 3. singing a different mating song than another species |
| Define the means in which these work: A.) temporal isolation B.) ecological isolation C.) behavioral isolation D.) gametic isolation E.) hybrid sterility | A. mating occurs at different times of day or year B. populations utilize different habitats C. populations employ different courtship or mating displays D. egg and sperm do not fuse E. progeny of a cross are unable to reproduce |
| In ocean-dwelling creatures such as sea urchins or corals, sperm and eggs are released into the water by males and females and fertilization occurs externally. If several closely related species of coral live in the same location, what reproductive | isolating mechanisms could potentially prevent interbreeding? gametic isolation; temporal isolation; hybrid infertility |
| Order the following categories into the appropriate biological hierarchy, with the least inclusive category first: A.) family B.) species C.) phylum D.) genus E.) class | 1. species 2. genus 3. family 4. class 5. phylum |
| Factors that can be problems in determining relatedness among organisms may include: A.) homologous traits B.) analogous traits C.) convergent evolution D.) poor fossil record E.) shared derived traits | B. analogous traits C. convergent evolution D. poor fossil record |
| Under the biological species concept, species members are defined by their ability to _____ with each other in nature. | breed |
| The critical factor leading to speciation is reduced ____ ____ between two ____ of the same species. | gene flow; populations |
| Two factors always play a part in allopatric speciation: first, the development of ____ ____ and second, the development of one or more _____ ____ ______. | geographic separation; intrinsic isolating mechanisms |
| Name as many intrinsic isolating mechanisms as you can. | ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic isolation, hybrid inviability or infertility |
| The mule provides an example of the intrinsic isolating mechanism of hybrid _____. | infertility |
| Sympatric speciation is speciation that does not involve ______ _____. | geographic separation |
| Adaptive radiation is the rapid emergence of many species from a single species that has been introduced to ______. | a new environment |
| Living things are classified largely in accordance with degrees of _____. | relatedness |
| All species are referred to by a two-part name, the first part of which is a species' ______. | genus |
| Cladistics determines relatedness among organisms by counting shared, derived characters: characters that are _____ to taxa descended from a ______. | unique; common ancestor |
| One school of thought holds that Earth's organisms ought to be categorized in strict accordance with _____, while another holds that other factors, such as shared physical qualities, ought to be considered as well. | relatedness |
Created by:
kpalmerton