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Chapter eleven
social psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prosocial Behavior | Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person. |
| Altruism | The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper |
| Kin Selection | The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection. |
| Norm of Reciprocity | The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future. |
| Empathy | The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them |
| Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis | The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain. |
| Altruistic Personality | The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations. |
| In-group | The group with which an individual identifies as a member. |
| Out-group | Any group with which an individual does not identify. |
| Urban Overload Hypothesis | The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it. |
| Bystander Effect | The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help. |
| Pluralistic Ignorance | The case in which people mistakenly think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not. |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | The phenomenon whereby each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases |
| Prosocial behavior is: | performed with the goal of benefiting another person. |
| The notion of kin selection dictates that you are most likely to help someone who is: | genetically similar to you. |
| According to social exchange theory, relationships are best understood by: | realizing that people desire to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs. |
| Batson’s empathy-altruism hypothesis states that we will help a victim of misfortune regardless of whether helping is in our best interests if: | we experience the victim’s pain and suffering. |
| Maria is more likely than John to help a(n): | elderly neighbor do his weekly shopping. |
| People in interdependent cultures are _________ likely to help members of the _________ than are people in individualistic cultures. | less; out-group |
| Which of the following best characterizes the effects of mood on helping behavior? | Either good or bad moods can increase helping. |
| Some researchers suggest that the emotion of _____ evolved in order to regulate reciprocity. | gratitude |
| The bystander effect can be defined as: | the likelihood that any one person will help decreases as the number of witnesses to an emergency increases. |
| Having identified a situation as a clear emergency requiring help, helping may still be inhibited by: | diffusion of responsibility. |
| Some evolutionary theorists argue that natural selection also operates at the level of the | group |
| Which of the following concepts have evolutionary psychologists used to explain prosocial behavior? | kin selection and norms of reciprocity |
| How does social exchange theory differ from the evolutionary approach to prosocial behavior? | Only the evolutionary approach traces prosocial behavior back to evolutionary roots |
| People who attend religious services report on surveys that they give more money to charity, and engage in more volunteer work, than do people who do not attend religious services. | True |
| Why do researchers typically find that people who score high on personality tests of altruism are no more likely to help than those who score low? | because situational influences also determine helping behavior |
| People experiencing guilt tend to be helpful because: | they often act on the idea that good deeds cancel out bad deeds. |
| Milgram’s (1970) urban-overload hypothesis states that people in cities are less likely to help than people in rural areas because city dwellers: | keep to themselves in order to avoid excess stimulation. |
| Latané and Darley (1970) attributed the murder of Kitty Genovese in New York City to the: | large number of bystanders who witnessed the emergency. |
| When may we be LESS helpful toward friends than toward strangers? | when the task is very important to our self-esteem |
| In which type of relationship are people concerned less with equity and more with how much help is needed by the other person? | communal relationships |
| Which of the following best illustrates the kind of thinking influenced by diffusion of responsibility throughout a group? | “Why should I risk helping when others could as easily help?” |
| Altruism is: | the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper AND performed without any regard to self-interests. |
| If people help others with the expectation that the people they help will help them in the future, they are being guided by: | norm of reciprocity. |
| Which of the following is true regarding individual differences in helping behavior? | NONE OF THE ABOVE |
| The group with which an individual identifies and of which an individual feels a part is called a(n): | in-group. |
| All of the following are situational determinants of prosocial behavior EXCEPT which one? | how much empathy people feel |
| Latané and Darley’s (1970) study of the smoke-filled room experiment demonstrated which of the following? | pluralistic ignorance and bystander effect |
| To increase volunteerism, organizations should: | encourage volunteerism and provide people with a sense they freely chose to volunteer |
| group of indiv witness a painter fall off a ladder&groan Bc it is not clear if the painter is seriously hurt or not dey all look2each other2see wat every1 else is doing Bc no1 is offering2help each indiv. fails2do anything. an ex of failure to help due to | informational social influence. |
| According to Latané and Darley’s (1970) step-by-step description of how people decide whether to help in an emergency, noticing the event is followed by: | interpreting the event as an emergency. |
| Social exchange theory argues that true altruism does not exist. | True |
| According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, we will help people | when we feel empathy for them, regardless of what we have to gain. |
| Of the 7,000 people who received medals from the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission for risking their lives to save a stranger, _____ percent have been _____. | 91; men |
| _____ factors come into play in determining how strongly people draw the line between in- groups and out-groups. | Cultural |
| In a study by Isen and Levin (1972) on mood and helping behavior, _____ percent of the people who did not find a dime helped a man pick up his papers, whereas _____ percent of the people who found a dime stopped to help. | 4;84 |
| According to the urban overload hypothesis, what would make urban dwellers just as likely to reach out to others as anyone else would? | putting them in a calmer, less stimulating environment |
| Who is most likely to help her community? | Linda, who has lived in South Bend, Indiana for 45 years |
| Who is most likely to receive help? | Cathy, whose car has broken down on a quiet country road |
| Who is most likely to stop to help injured people involved in a car accident? | Dawn, who is a nurse |
| Which of the following relationships is most likely to be based on exchange? | Laura and Tina, who recently developed a friendship at work |
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aelayan21