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Stack #73068
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hydrogen | most abundant element in the universe |
| hydrogen | colorless, odorless, tasteless; flammable, volatile |
| hydrogen | simplest element |
| protium, dueterium, tritium | 3 isotopes of hydrogen |
| steam reforming | making of steam by producing hydrogen |
| electrolysis | sending an electric current through water |
| steam reforming & petroleum refining | 2 commercial methods of preparing hydrogen |
| uses of hydrogen | synthesis of ammonia, production of hydrogenated vegetable oil, production of margarine |
| hydrogenation | the addtion of hydrogen to double(or triple) bonds |
| oxygen | most abundant element in the earth's crust; essential for metabolism |
| O_2 & O_3 | two allotropes of oxygen |
| allotrope | two or more forms of the same element that differ in their properties but exist in the same physical state |
| properties of oxygen | odorless, tasteless, colorless, slightly magnetic |
| property of O_2 | light blue in color |
| property of O_3 | (ozone) toxic, pungent odor |
| photosynthesis & electrolysis of water | preparations of oxygen |
| reactions of oxygen | forms compounds with all the elements except for the noble gases |
| oxide | O 2- |
| peroxide | O_2 2- |
| superoxide | O_2 1- |
| uses of oxygen | manufacture of steel, hospitals, synthesis of industrial chemicals, welding, liquid-fueled rockets |
| uses of ozone | sometimes used in place of chlorine or chlorine compounds to purify drinking water; deoderizes air and sewage gases and bleach textiles, waxes, and oils |
| nitrogen | major component of air: makes up 78% of the air |
| nitrogen | produced from air, making it the 3rd-ranking chemical in the U.S. |
| Saltpeter & Chile saltpeter | chief sources of nitrogen |
| nitrogen | found in all living things in the form of proteins and amino acids |
| properties of nitrogen | tasteless, colorless, odorless; very unreactive as an element because of triple bonds |
| uses of nitrogen | production of ammonia for fertilizers; prevents oxidation and the growth of mold of foods; used in explosives and as fuels |
| nitrogen fixation | the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to a form that can be used by plants |
| symbiotic | mutually beneficial |
| nitrogen fertilizers | synthetic urea, liquid ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen |
| properties of ammonia(NH_3) | a colorless gas with an irritating odor; used for fertilizers |
| Haber process | an industrial nitrogen fixation process which produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen |
| uses of ammonia | smelling salts |
| danger of ammonia | inhaling excessive amounts of this have serious effects, even resulting in death |
| N_2_O (nitrous oxide) | colorless gas with a pleasant odor and sweet taste; used as a propellant in canned whipped cream; used as an anesthetic in minor surgery(laughing gas) |
| NO_2 (nitrogen dioxide) | toxic brownish gas with a choking odor |
| NaNO_2 (sodium nitrite) | used to preserve meat; gives meat the deep red color; prevents food poisoning |
| nitrites in stomach | they mix with the gastric juices to form nitric oxide(NO) which kills bacteria in acidic solutions |
| HNO_3 (nitric acid) | used in fertilizers, dyes, drugs, explosives, photoengraving processes |
| Ostwald process | the commercial method for producing nitric acid by the catalyzed reaction of ammonia with oxygen |
| C3_H5_N3_O9 (nitroglycerin) | unstable liquid |
| dynamite | the result of nitroglycerin absorbed into porous silica |
| phosphorus | the tenth most abundant element in the earth's crust |
| phosphorus | sixth most abundant element in the human body; found in DNA and RNA, in the skeletal mineral matter, tooth enamel, and in the blood |
| white phosphorus | transparent, waxy crystalline, tetrahedral, highly toxic(causes severe gastrointestinal irritation, liver damage, convulsions, & death); insoluble, contact with skin causes very painful and slow-healing burns |
| red phosporus | more stable; polymeric form; undergoes same reactions as white phosphorus but at higher temperatures |
| commercial method of preparing phosphorus | this element is obtained from phosphate rock by heating it to more than 1000'C with coke(carbon) and silica sand; byproduct is slag(gravel) |
| uses of phosphorus | matches, military ammunition, tracer bullets, smoke bombs |
| phosphoric reactions with halogens | forms trihalide PX_3 or pentahalide PX_5 |
| phosphoric reactions with oxygen | exist as both crystalline and molecular |
| phosphoric reactions with sulfur | P4_S3(phosphorus trisulfide) is formed when P4 is heated with sulfur; in safety matches, the rough surfaces is red phosphorus |
| phosphates | very important in fertilizers |
| H3_PO4 (phosphoric acid) | one of the most important industrial chemicals in the U.S.; nontoxic, pleasant sour taste like citric acid; used in the carbonated soft drink industry; emulsifier |
| organophosphates | are toxic to insects and are widely used to protect food crops from pests |
| melathion | one of the most important organophosphates |
| ATP(adenosine triphosphate) | an extremely important phosphate that serves as the energy carrier of the cell |
| sulfur | comprises only about 0.05% of the earth's crust; source of element is gypsum; this element also occurs in many proteins such as those composing hair |
| rhombic, monoclinic & plastic sulfur | 3 allotropes of sulfur |
| rhombic sulfur | puckered, ring-shaped molecule of 8 sulfur atoms; yellow, tastless, odorless solid which is insoluble in water |
| monoclinic crystals(sulfur) | composed of 8 sulfur atoms; low viscosity, pale yellow, transparent liquid |
| plastic sulfur | rubbery substance that's formed when liquid sulfur is cooled quickly by being poured into cold water |
| Frasch process | a process for mining sulfur using super-heated water |
| uses of sulfur | used mainly for the production of sulfuric acid(H2_SO4); used for vulcanization of rubber, preparation of insecticides, fungicides, pharmaceuticals, gunpowder, matches, dyes, photographic materials, textiles |
| H2_SO4 (sulfuric acid) | the most important chemical in the U.S.; used in the production of fibers, plastics, dyes, paints & detergents; also used in the refining of petroleum and the refining of metals |
| SO_2 (sulfur dioxide) | toxic colorless gas with apungent odor; major component of air pollution(to prevent pollution, use a scrubber) |
| uses of sulfur dioxide | bleaching agent in paper, oils and starches; food additive to stop browning; fungicide for grapevines |
| H2_S (hydrogen sulfide) | has odor of rotten eggs, highly toxic gas, colorless; high concentrations lead to collapse, coma, or death; its presence in the atmosphere in small quantities is demonstrated by the tarnishing of silver |
| mercaptans & thiols | skunks(example); organic materials containing the -SH group(sulfhydryl group) |
| CS_2 (carbon disulfide) | colorless flammable liquid formed by the heating of carbon and sulfur |
| Na2_S2_O3 (sodium thiosulfate) | is used on developing black-and-white film |
| halogens (salt formers) | too reactive to be found naturally; nonmetallic elements; highly reactive & toxic; furthur down the column the toxicity decreases |
| seawater | chlorine, bromine & iodine are found in this |
| fluorspar & cryolite | fluorine is found in these two |
| fluorine | most toxic; most reactive of any element; pale yellow gas |
| preparation of fluorine | 2-step process: H2_SO4 + CaF2 = 2 HF + CaSO4 2 HF (electric current) = H2 + F2 |
| uses of fluorine | fluoridation of water; anticavity treatment; uranium fuel; manufacture of refrigerants; Teflon; perfluorocarbons; high-powered lasers |
| chlorine | yellow-green gas; one of the most versatile elements; denser than the air; has a choking and irritating odor |
| preparation of chlorine | 2NaCl (electric currect) = 2 Na + Cl2 -OR- 4 HCl + MnO_2 = 2 H2_O + MnCl2 + Cl2 |
| uses of chlorine | bleaching agent in wood pulp, paper & textile industry; disinfectants; water purifications; household bleach[NaOCl-sodium hypochlorite]; PVC; pesticides, herbicides, plastics & medicine |
| bromine | reddish brown liquid |
| preparation of bromine | 2 NaBr + Cl2 = 2 NaCl + Br2 |
| uses of bromine | firefighting chemical; medicines, photographic film; some perfluorocarbons; added to gasoline to prevent lead deposits |
| iodine | least toxic; dark violent vapor/dark metallic solid |
| preparation of iodine | 2 H2_SO4 + MnO2 + 2 NaI = I2 + MnSO4 + Na2_SO4 + 2 H2_O |
Created by:
MP487
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