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Fermintation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glycolysis | catabolism of glucose to form two pyruvic acid molecules with the associated production of two molecules of ATP and the reduction of two molecules of NAD to form NADH + H+ (also known as the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway). |
| Fermentation | anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds which involves an organic compound (usually) as the final electron acceptor. For those examples used in class, pyruvic acid serves as the final electron acceptor, but some organisms use other compounds. |
| Heterofermentative | Organisms that produce a variety of end products (more than one) as the result of their fermentation activities are heterofermentative. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces both ethanol and CO2 during its fermentation activities. |
| Kreb's cycle | Also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or citric acid cycle, the Krebs cycle is a cyclic series of chemical reactions that plays a central role in metabolism. When functioning catabolically, |
| Krebs Cycle cont. | it involves the decarboxylation of organic acids. The carboxyl groups removed form carbon dioxide, a waste gas. Most of the energy released during the cycle is captured in the form of reduce coenzymes (NADH + H+ and FADH2) |
| Krebs Cycle cont. | A small amount of energy is captured in the form of GTP or ATP. When functioning anabolically, the TCA cycle provides precursors for various biosynthetic pathways. |
| Cytochromes | pigmented enzymes with iron (haem) prosthetic groups. They are found within or on the surface of membranes (cristae, thylakoids or cell membranes) and are involved in electron transfers. |
| may be defined as the catabolism of glucose to two pyruvic acids with the associated production of two molecules of ATP and reduction of two molecules of NAD to NADH + H+. | glycolysis |
| A biochemical pathway known as glycolysis allows glucose to be catabolized to ____________ _____________ with the formation of 2 ATP (net) and the reduction of two NAD to NADH + H+. | two molecules of pyruvic acid |
| glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-diphosphate. These reactions are catalyzed by __ enzymes&require energy (energy of activation) which is provided by __. | kinase/ ATP |
| During glycolysis, ____________________ is catabolized to pyruvic acid, two molecules of ATP are formed and two molecules of NAD gain electrons so are said to be _______________. | glucose/ reduced |
| Kinase enzymes are those which catalyze reactions involving the transfer of ________________ groups between organic compounds. | phosphate |
| Enzymes which catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups between organic compounds are called ________________________ enzymes. Those which catalyze the reconfiguration of molecules into their chemical isomers are called __________. | kinase /isomerases |
| The series of chemical reactions known as glycolysis cannot continue unless they are linked to one or more additional reactions, i.e., glycolysis occurs as a part of fermentation or cellular respiration. Why is this so? | chem rnxs of glycolysis req enzymes that have coenzyme helpers (NAD). During glycolysis the NAD molecules pick up electrons, so are reduced. Since glycolysis req NAD(the oxidized form)its dependent upon additional rnxs to oxidize the NADH + H+. |
| may be defined as the anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds which involves an organic compound (e.g., pyruvic acid) as the final electron acceptor. If organisms can form only one end product (lactic acid) via this pathway,they are said to be ___. | fermentation/homofermentative |
| Homofermentative organisms such as Lactococcus lactis produce _______________________ as the only product of their fermentation activities. | lactic acid |
| The fermentation of glucose by bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis results in a net yield of ________ (#) ATP molecules per glucose. These ATP are produced via ___________________________________ phosphorylation. | two (2)/ substrate level |
| The coenzymes reduced during the glycolysis portion of fermentation are reoxidized by passing their electrons to _____________________________ (the final electron acceptor). | pyruvic acid |
| Organisms which yield lactic acid as their only fermentation product are said to be ______________________________ and are often used in food processing. One organism which has this characteristic is _________________________. | homofermentative/ Lactococcus lactis (formerly identified as Streptococcus lactis). |
| Organisms which can produce a variety of end products in association with fermentation are said to be ____________________________. One microorganism which has this characteristic and is often used in food processing is ____________________. | heterofermentative/ Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| Chemoheterotrophs which have a _______________________________ type metabolism, can catabolize glucose (and other organic compounds) more completely than can fermentative organisms. | respiratory |
| They can also capture more of the energy available in these compounds and so can make more _____________________________ molecules per glucose catabolized, i.e., 36/38 rather than 2. | ATP |
| Bacteria such as Pseudomonas can completely catabolize glucose to carbon dioxide and water by means of a metabolic process called ____________________________________. This process is often divided into three steps or stages; what are they? | cellular respiration/ glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain |
| During cellular respiration, pyruvic acid is decarboxylated (has a carboxyl group removed) and then binds with a coenzyme to form _______________________________________ (a high energy compound). | acetyl-CoA |
| In order for pyruvic acid to enter the Kreb's cycle, a ____________________________ group is removed from it, and the remaining two-carbon unit is bound to ________________________ to form acetyl-coA, a high energy compound. | carboxyl/ Coenzyme A |
| The _ is a cyclic series of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes found in the matrix of mitochondria. These reactions allow organic acids to be catabolized and the energy released to be captured in the form of ___________________ | Krebs, TCA, or citric acid cycle/ reduced coenzymes (NADH + H+ and FADH2) |
| The carboxyl groups removed from various acids just prior to and during the Kreb's cycle are released from the cell as ___________________________________, a gaseous waste product. | carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| The energy needed to bind the two-carbon remains of pyruvic acid to oxaloacetic acid at the beginning of the Kreb’s cycle is provided by the catabolism of ______________, a high energy compound. | Acetyl-CoA |
| The primary function of the Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle) is ________, a process that allows cells to release the energy stored in these molecules. What additional functions can be associated with this metabolic pathway? | the catabolism of organic acids. Energy is released as carboxylgroups are removed from these organic acids& this energy is eventually made available for use in the form of ATP/This pathway can also be used to synthesize organic acids. |
| The enzyme helper most often required for the reactions of the Kreb's cycle is a coenzyme called ____________ and is derived from the B-complex vitamin ___________________. | NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)/ niacin |
| In eukaryotic cells the enzymes associated with glycolysis are found throughout the cytoplasm, those associated with the Kreb's cycle are found in the ____ &those associated w the electron transport chain are bound to ______ in these same organelles. | matrix of mitochondria/ cristae (inner folded membranes) |
| NADH+H+ and FADH2 can be reoxidized by passing their electrons to the electron transportchain. This series of reactions involves a #of pigmented enzymes called _____ that have iron prosthetic groups, and are bound to membranes | cytochromes |
| Each NADH+H+ that is reoxidized via this pathway yields enough energy to make _____ (#) ATP and each FADH2 reoxidized yields enough energy to make_____ (#) ATP. | three/ two |
| In respiratory organisms, the coenzymes reduced during the reactions of glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle are eventually reoxidized by passing their electrons to the ___________________ __________________. | electron transport chain |
| This is a series of membrane bound proteins (enzymes), most of which have iron prosthetic groups that can be alternately oxidized and reduced. The final electron acceptor at the end of this chain is an exogenous oxidizing agent such as ____ or nitrate. | molecular oxygen (O2) |
| When cellular respiration occurs under aerobic conditions, the final e acceptor is usually__. This inorganic compound picks up electrons and hydrogen protons to become ____. Explain why a final electron acceptor is needed explain what function it serves. | O2/H2O/function of the final electron acceptor is to pick up electrons that have been removed from coenzymes. Without the final electron acceptor, the coenzymes (NADH + H+ and FADH2) couldnt be oxidized, &rnxs of glycolysis & Kreb’s cycle would stop. |
| The ATP molecules formed in association with the electron transport chain of respiration are produced via _______________________ phosphorylation, and the energy required is provided by the flow of ___________ across a membrane. | oxidative/ hydrogen protons (H+)/ |
| Prokaryotic organisms produce approximately ___________ (#) molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose they catabolize | 38 |
| The proton motive force generated in association with the electron transport chain of respiration is the gradient that causes hydrogen protons to flow through the _________________________ enzymes of membranes, thus providing the energy to make ATP. | ATP synthase |
| Research indicates that ____________ (#) hydrogen protons must cross the membrane in order to make one molecule of ATP. | 3 |
| Most of the electron acceptors in the electron transport chain are ________________________ (pigmented proteins with iron prosthetic groups). | cytochromes/ |
| The passage of electrons along this chain of proteins provides energy used to pump hydrogen protons across the membrane and to create a concentration and electrical gradient known as the _____________________________. | proton motive force |
| This gradient then causes protons to flow through an enzyme complex called __________________________________ thus providing the energy needed to make ATP. | ATP synthase |
| In eukaryotic cells, the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain causes ___________________________________ to accumulate within the intermembrane space of a mitochondrion. | hydrogen protons (H+)/ |
| The reoxidation of one molecule of FADH2 creates enough of an electrical and concentration gradient to drive the synthesis of (what and how many?) __________________. | two molecules of ATP |
| When a triglyceride is catabolized, the three-carbon glycerol “backbone” can be phosphorylated to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and then catabolized via the ____________________________ pathway. | glycolysis |
| The fatty acid chains can then undergo a process called ________ during which they are cut into two-carbon units and bound to a coenzyme to form ____________________________. This can then be catabolized by the reactions of the Kreb’s cycle. | b-oxidation/ acetyl-CoA |
| During protein catabolism, the amino acids are separated and ___________________________ to yield substances that can be catabolized via glycolysis or the Kreb’s cycle, thus yielding energy. | deaminated |
| During anabolism, metabolites such as pyruvate, oxaloacetate and α-ketoglutarate are used to make _______________________________ that are then assembled into new proteins. | amino acids |
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