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Micro 4
Microbial metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define: Metabolism | The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring within a living organism. This includes anabolism (building reactions) and catabolism (breakdown reactions). |
| Define Endergonic | Endergonic reactions are chemical reactions that require an uptake of energy. Anabolic reactions require that energy be provided, and are endergonic. |
| Define Holoenzyme | A holoenzyme is the active form of a conjugated enzyme and is formed by combining a protein (apoenzyme) with some type of helper (cofactor, coenzyme or prosthetic group). |
| Define Phosphorylation | Chemical reactions that yield ATP are referred to as phosphorylation reactions, and are endergonic (ADP + Pi + energy = ATP). However, other reactions that involve the addition of inorganic phosphate to organic molecules are also phosphorylation reactions |
| Define Oxidation | Chemical reactions that involve the addition of oxygen to or the removal of electrons and hydrogen protons from atoms or molecules are called oxidation reactions (LEO). |
| ___________________________________ may be defined as energy transfer mechanisms occurring within living organisms, and is closely associated with metabolism. | bioenergetics |
| Chemical reactions that are anabolic (building reactions) require an input of energy (take up energy) and so are said to be ________________________________ while catabolic (breakdown) reactions give off more energy than is required to initiate them. | endergonic |
| _____ may be defined as all the chemical reactions which occur within living organisms and includes both building and breakdown reactions. Each different type of reaction is catalyzed by a globular protein molecule known as a/an ___. | metabolism/enzyme |
| Anabolic reactions which result in the formation of ATP (or other high energy phosphate compounds) are referred to as _____________________________ reactions and may be categorized as substrate level, oxidative, or photo. | phosphorylation |
| Chemical reactions which result in the release of energy (give off more energy than was required to get them started) are catabolic in nature and are called __________________________ reactions. | exergonic |
| The energy released during the catabolism of organic compounds such as carbohydrates is not used directly to drive cell processes, but is instead used to form high energy phosphate compounds such as ATP. Such reactions are called __ reactions and may be | phosphorylation |
| Living cells use a type of energy “currency” known as _______________ to drive physiological processes such as flagellar movement, active transport and anabolic reactions. | exergonic |
| A single eukaryotic cell may use as many as 2 million of these molecules per second. What other types of high energy compounds may be found within living cells? ___________________________ | phosphorylation |
| When an atom or molecule loses oxygen, or if it gains electrons and hydrogen protons, it is said to have been _________________________________. (Remember, LEO-GER) | ATP (adenosine triphosphate)/ GTP, CTP, UTP, etc. Nucleotide triphosphates that include ribose are called r-NTPs while those that include deoxyribose are called d-NTPs. Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-Co-A) and succinyl-coenzyme A (succinyl-Co-A) may also be c |
| A molecule is said to have been ______________________________ if it has gained oxygen or has given up one or more electrons and hydrogen protons | reduced |
| According to the models presented in lecture, enzymes exert their influence by: 1) __________ ________________________ and 2) ___________________________________________. | increasing the interaction between molecules/ decreasing the energy of activation (activation energy) required to initiate chemical reactions |
| A molecule is said to have been ______________________________ if it has gained oxygen or has given up one or more electrons and hydrogen protons. | oxidized |
| Globular proteins which serve as biochemical catalysts and which increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur within living cells are called _____________________________. | enzymes |
| The function of these molecules can be influenced by a variety of factors including _____________, ____________________ and concentration. | temperature, pH |
| Enzymes are globular protein molecules that serve as biochemical catalysts. Their overall function is to ______. Enzymes are usually very specific in their action, but are not changed by the reactions they catalyze, so can be ____. | increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur. They may increase the speed of chemical reactions hundreds or thousands of times./ Since they are not changed by the reactions they catalyze, enzymes can be used over and over again. |
| Enzymes that are functional as proteins alone are called simple enzymes, but if they require some type of “helper” group, they are called ____enzymes. | conjugated |
| Inorganic "helper" groups (Ca++, Mg++, etc.) are referred to as ___ and may be associated with more than one type of enzyme. | cofactors |
| The rate at which enzymes catalyze chemical reactions is influenced by factors such as pH, temperature and _________________________________ (of enzyme or substrate). | concentration |
| Enzyme activity may also be influenced by chemicals known as____ which can bind to the active site of an enzyme in place of the normal substrate molecules and block the enzyme’s action.Toxins such as cyanide and arsenic exert their action in this manner. | competitive inhibitors |
| An enzyme inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site, and thereby changes the active site so it can no longer function is called an _________________________________ inhibitor. | allosteric |
| Enzymes which are released into the environment and so are active outside the cell are called _____. Bacteria use this type of enzyme to break down food materials, so they are easier to transport across the cell membrane. | exoenzymes |
| A ___________________________________________ is a non-protein organic group which can bind to an apoenzyme and make it a holoenzyme | coenzyme |
| NAD, FAD, and NADP are examples of non-protein organic "helpers" known as _____ and are much less specific than are enzymes. FAD is derived from the B-complex vitamin _____. | coenzymes/ riboflavin |
| Catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups between organic compounds. | Kinase |
| Catalyzes the conversion of organic compounds into their chemical isomers. | Isomerase |
| Pigmented enzyme which has an iron prosthetic group that can accept or donate electrons. | Cytochrome |
| Active form of a conjugated enzyme, made up of protein plus a "helper" of some type. | Holoenzyme |
| Protein portion of a conjugated enzyme. This portion is inactive alone. | Apoenzyme |
| Non-protein organic group which can bind with an apoenzyme to form a holoenzyme. | Coenzyme |
| Enzyme which is active as a protein alone, i.e., does not require a "helper". | Simple enzyme |
| Inhibitor that binds to a site other than the active site and changes the configuration of the active site. | Allosteric |
| Inorganic group which can bind with an apoenzyme to form a holoenzyme. | Cofactor |
| Inhibitor which binds to the active site in place of the normal substrate. | Competitive |
| ________________________________ is a coenzyme derived from the B-complex vitamin niacin. | NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) |
| A group of enzymes called ___________________________ are pigmented proteins with iron prosthetic groups. The function of the prosthetic groups bound to these enzymes is to_____. | cytochromes/ pick up and release electrons (they serve as electron carriers). |
| Enzymes that are always present within the cell (are not inducible nor repressible) are referred to as _______________________________________ enzymes. | constitutive |
| Enzyme names often end in “ase” and provide information about the enzyme (what it acts on or what it does). Proteinases and lipases are enzymes that catalyze _______________. | chemical reactions that result in the catabolism of proteins and lipids respectively |
| An enzyme called a carboxylase would be expected to ________________ ____________________________________ to molecules, and a polymerase is an enzyme that _____. | add one or more carboxyl groups to a molecule/ builds a polymer such as DNA or RNA. |
Created by:
MichelleCheri