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Microbiology Exam 2
2011 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bionary fission | single organisms turning into two organisms |
| ribosomes are made of what? | RNA and Protein |
| Ribosomes function is to do what? | protein synthisis |
| Are Ribosomes Required or Optional? | Required |
| What is an Inclusion? | A storage vessel |
| What are Inclusions made of? | Made of whatever is being stored in them...exampes would be Carbohydrates, Oxygen or Iron |
| Are Inclusions Required or Optional? | Optional |
| What is an endospore? | They are formed when the organism is dying or is dead |
| What is the purpose of the endospore? | For survival of the organism during times of high stress...too hot, too cold, too dry or wet |
| 5/10 steps of endospore creation | 1.) organism becomes stressed-DNA/RNA replicated 2.)produce layers to surround DNA/RNA 3.) fill membrain with peptidoglycan 4.) Spore coat containing calcium and dipocolinic acid 5.) Dehydration of organism |
| 6/10 steps of the endospore creation | 6.) release endospore into environment 7.) origninal cell dies 8.) If endospore finds perfect environment 9.) Endospore germinates 10.) Create vegatative cells and re create the bacteria |
| What is Metabolim? | All the biochemical reactions taking place in the body |
| What is Catabolism? | Breaking food down into energy to form ATP |
| What is Anabolism? | Putting the small things together to build bigger things |
| Energy of Activation | what is used to carry out chemical reactions or processes |
| Enzymes are what? | Biological catalysis that drive chemical reactions |
| What do enzymes do in the body? | Lower the required energy of activation |
| Do enzymes change when a reaction takes place? | No |
| What do enzymes end in when they are named? | -ase |
| Name some Enzymes in the body | polymerase nitrogenase amalyase |
| What is respiration? | When you take in O2 adn breath out CO2 water vapor is also produced |
| What is fermentation? | when glucose is converted to an organic compound (6 carbon) |
| What does fermentation not require? | Oxygen |
| Does fermentation produce a high or low energy yeild? | Low |
| Aerobic Respiration can take place in the presence of what? | Oxygen |
| Anerobic Respiration can not take place in the presence of what? | Oxygen |
| Respiration has a high what? | Yield of ATP |
| Substate Level Phospherylation is what? | taking 2 phosphates from a five phosphate chain and creating ATP |
| Glycolysis creats how many ATP? | 2 |
| Pyruvic acid creates what? | 3 carbon compound |
| Fermintation is what? | Taking pyruvate and creating something organic |
| What two things does fermintation not have? | Oxygen and doesn't create ATP |
| What function does the electron transport chain do? | solutes go from high concentration to low concentration |
| What is the Krebs Cycle? | take a carbon skeleton and modify it to produce intermediates |
| What is produced in the Krebs Cycle? | ATP |
| NAD and FAD are converted to what? | NADH and FADH |
| What does the Krebs Cycle give off by use of the Electron Transport Chain | protons and electrons |
| What does the Kreb Cycle both use and create? | ATP |
| How many times does the Kreb Cycle turn to produce one ATP? | Twice |
| what kind of molecules pick up the protons and electrons throughout the Kreb Cycle? | Carrier Molecules |
| For every glucose that is sent through the Kreb Cycle how many ATP are created? | 2 |
| In Euchariotic cells ATP is made in what organelle? | Mitochondria |
| In bacteria where is the ATP embedded? | Cell Membrain |
| What is the inorganic electron? | It is at the end of the chain serving as the final electron acceptor |
| Three Groups contained within the ETC? | FMN, Qubicranone, Cytochrome |
| What do the three groups do in the ETC? | give and accept electrons to create the Redox Reaction |
| The ETC is a series of what? | Reduction and Oxidation reactions |
| what is the process called that turns ADP into ATP? | Chemosmosis |
| Protein NADH contains how many ATP? | 3 |
| Protein FADH contains how many ATP? | 2 |
| What controls microbial growth? | Temperature, PH, AW, and Atmosphere |
| what does AW stand for? | Avail of Water |
| What is a psychrophile? | loves the cold temp-10*C / 50*F close temperature to the refridgeorator food spoilage organism once they enter the body they will die |
| What is a Mesophille? | They like medium temperature 37* C/ 98.6*F they are disease causing Organisms |
| What is a Thermophile? | They like heat 60* C/ 120*F they are used in firmentation of food products |
| What is Pschotophs? | -They like to grow in the cold temperature but don't love the cold -They cause food borne pathogens Once they are placed in the refridgeorator they continue to grow -once they are consumed they continue to grow |
| What is an Acidophile? | -They like the acid conditions -They live in the stomach, vagina -used in food firmention |
| What is an Halophile? | -Love Salt -Some are present on the serface of the human body |
| What is an obligate aerobe? | -Must have oxygen -aerobic respiration -we are obligate aerobes |
| What is an Obligate anerobe? | -No oxygen -oxygen will kill them -gangrene causing organisms -they carry out firmintation reactions |
| What is facultive anerobe? | -they can have oxygen or not have oxygen they don't care -CO2 is okay also |
| What is aerotolerant anerobe? | -they tolerate the oxygen but they don't use it -they are used in firmentation or in anerobic respiration |
| What is an Microaerophile? | -they only need a little bit of oxygen -8/10% oxygen -use a condled jar in order to reduce the oxygen and allow the food source to grow |
| How much times is needed in order to grow the bacteria for lab testing? | 18-24 hours |
| How is microbial growth measured? | -serial dillution -filtration -direct microscopic count -turbidomentric assey |
| What is an colony? | dots on a petry dish each colony is one single bacterium |
| How is tider determined? | colony forming units/per millimeter |
| When is filtration used? | whenever you have a large sample size...ie: lake, pond, waterwell |
| How many hours is needed to allow bacteria to grow when using filtration? | 18-24 hours |
| How big is the sample size for filtration method? | 100 mL |
| How big is the sample size for serial dillution? | 1 mL |
| What is the method used to determine filtration? | pour sample through membrain filter and bacteria will not go through the holes thus lying on the top and growiing |
| When we are counting the sample size what are we counting? living or dead bacteria? | Living only |
| What is direct microscopic count? | use a microscope and a petry dish that has a grid on it. usually you count five squares and multiply. |
| in direct microscopic count are you counting living or dead bacteria? | Both |
| What instrament does tubidometric Assay use? | spectrophotmeter |
| What is the method for measuring using Tubidometric Assay? | shine a light through a sample and measure the light in percentage trasmitted through the sample |
| Tubidometric Assay is a _________method of counting? | Indirect |
| What is sterilization? | complete and absolute distruction of all ife forms |
| What is Disinfection? | Destruction of vegatative cells usually used on serfaces |
| What is Antiseptsis? | Disinfection of tissues used on the skin serface |
| What is santitation? | reduce the number of pathogens to an acceptable public health level |
| What is Bacteriostatsis | inhibitation of growth |
| what is bacteriocidal? | killing of organisms |
| what is asepsis? | Absence of pathogens from object or an area ` |
| What is aceptic technique? | protect self and patient |
| What are some things to consider when killing organisms? | -70*C will kill all bacteria in 10 minutes -number of organisms trying to kill -different microbes vary in susceptibility |
| What is the most diffucult organism to illiminate? | Prions |
| what different conditions will affect kill rate and the growth | -temperature -ph -if activiely replicating they are easier to kill -warmer temperatures kill things easier -ph is neutral it is easier to kill |
| What is basic hand wash procedure? | 15 seconds of rubbing warm water not HOT use paper towel 25 cent peice of soap |
| Two ways to control growth of bacteria? | Heat or Paseurization |
| What is the intstrament used to control growth of bacteria by heat? | Autoclave |
| Autoclave | Heat under pressure using Steam |
| What are the three ways pasturization is used to control growth of bacteria? | Batch, HTST (high temperature short time), UHT (ultra high temperature) |
| Batch heat is used in what situation? | Mom and Pop businesses where a small amount is heated to 63*C for 30 Minutes |
| When is HTST used? | sometimes it is called "flash" heating where milk is run through tubes at 72* C for 15 seconds |
| When is UHT used? | When milk is run through a celing tube system for 3 seconds at a temperature of 74-140* C it burns the milk but allows it to be placed on the shelves without refridgeoration. Half and Half is pasturized this way. |
| Two other ways to control growth of microbes other than using heat? | Controling PH and The AW |
| What do you need to do to the PH of an item in order to control growth. | Microbes like neutral Ph so making it more acidic makes the microbes less likely to grow |
| What do you need to do to the Aw in order to control growth? | Microbes like water so removing the water makes microbes less likely to grow |
Created by:
kmarchio