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anthropology 2 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| language | a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules |
| symbol | a mark, sound, gesture, motion, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way |
| signal | an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning |
| linguistics | the modern scientific study of all aspects of language |
| phonetics | the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language |
| phonology | the study of language sounds (ex. "th" sound exists in english but not in dutch) |
| phonemes | the smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language (ex. bit and pit) |
| morphology | the study of patterns or rules of word formation in a language (ex. pluralization, verb tense, compound words) |
| morphemes | the smallest unit of sound that carry a meaning in language. different from phonemes because they have no meaning by themselves (cow *s*) s is the morpheme |
| syntax | the patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences |
| grammar | the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax |
| language family | a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language (relates to ) |
| linguistic divergence | the development of different languages from a single ancestral language |
| glottochronolgy | in linguistics, a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor; based on analyzing core vocabularies |
| core vocabulary | the most basic and long-lasting words in any language- pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects |
| linguistic nationalism | the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms (done for sense of cultural identity and dignity) |
| sociolinguistics | the study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories (ex. age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech |
| gendered speech | distinct male and female speech patterns, which vary across social and cultural settings |
| dialects | varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social class and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible |
| code switching | changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another |
| ethnolinguistics | a branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform each other |
| linguistic relativity | the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language (canada having different words for snow whereas michigan has different words for cars) |
| linguistic determinism | the idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us (sapir-whorf hypothesis) |
| sapir-whorf hypothesis | each language provides particular grooves of linguistic expression that predispose speakers of that language to perceive the world in a certain way |
| receptive/passive bilingualism | the ability to comprehend two languages but express oneself mainly |
| gesture | facial expression and body postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages |
| kinesics | a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages |
| proxemics | the cross-cultural study of people's perception and use of space |
| paralanguage | voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. these include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning, sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo |
| tonal language | a language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning |
| whistled speech | an exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of the sounds produced in spoken voice (allows people to communicate in an abridged form) |
| displacement | referring to thins and events removed in time and space (important when studying gesture-call both humans and primates have this) |
| writing system | a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way |
| alphabet | a series of symbols representing the sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order |
Created by:
cnoble620