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t3-pwl-ra
| Scapha | The fossa between the inner and outer rims of the ear. It is the shallowest depression of the ear. |
| Antihelix | The inner rim of the ear. It starts at the superior border of the lobe and continues upward until it ends by becoming the crura. It forms the superior and posterior walls of the concha. |
| Crura | The superior and anterior bifurcating branches of the antihelix. |
| Triangular Fossa | Depression between the crura. The second deepest depression of the ear. |
| Concha | Concave shell of the ear; the deepest depression of the ear located posterior and superior to the ear passage. |
| Tragus | An elevation protecting the ear passage, Arises from the posterior margin of the lateral cheek. |
| Antitragus | A small eminence obliquely opposite the tragus. Located on the supericir border of the lobe of the ear. |
| Intertragic notch | A notch or opening between the tragus and the antitragus of the ear. |
| Lobe | Inferior fatty 1/3 of the ear; most inferior part of the ear. Attaches to the cheek. |
| Crus | The origin of the helix that is flattened and ends in the concha. |
| Nose | The prominent organ of smell located in the center or middle 1/3 of the face. It is the beginning of the respiratory tract and is triangular or pyramidal in shape. |
| Leptorrhine | A classification given to a nose that is long, narrow,and high bridged;common to individuals of Western European descent. |
| Platyrrhine | A classification given to a nose that is short, broad, and has a minimum of projection; common to individuals of African descent. |
| Mesorrhine | A classification given to a nose that is medium broad and medium low bridged; predominant among people of Asian descent. |
| Straight | Grecian, characterized as straight from tip to root. |
| Convex | Roman, aquiline or hooked. Curved, as the beak of an eagle, a nose that has a hook as seen from a profile; may exhibit a hump in the bridge. |
| Concave | Snub, pug, infantine, or retrousse. Characterized by a dip in the bridge and turned up at the end. |
| Nasal bones | the paired nasal bones are inferior to the glabella, forming a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity. |
| Nasal cavity | The orifice in the bony face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla, Nasal spine of the maxilla |
| Major cartilages | Septum and superior lateral cartilage. |
| Dorsum | The anterior protruding ridge of the nose extending from root to tip.it includes the bridge. |
| Root | The apex (top) of the pyramidal mass of the nose, which lies directly inferior to the forehead. The concave dip inferior to the forehead. |
| Bridge | Dome over the nasal cavity. Point of greatest projection. The arched portion of the nose supported by the nasal bones. |
| Wings | Lateral lobes of the nose. The widest part of the nose bordered by the nasal sulcus and the anterior nares. |
| Columna nasi | The fleshy termination of the nasal septum at the base of the nose located between the nostrils. The most inferior part of the nose. |
| Anterior nares | External nostril openings. |
| Sides of the nose | Lateral walls of the nose located between the wings of the nose and bridge. They recede laterally from the dorsum. |
| Protruding lobe of the nose | The rounded anterior projection on the tip of the nose. |
| Nasal Distortion | A state of being twisted or pushed out of natural shape or position, Nose may be twisted from its normal alignment by cancer of the cheek, by superficial pressure or by fractures. |
| Distortion by Cancer | Cancer in one cheek may pull the nose to the opposite side due to the natural tension of Muscles. |
| Treatment Distortion by Cancer | corrected with sutures that cross the diseased area and are secured in healthy tissue. |
| Temporary sutures may be used if cancer is to be | removed after the embalming. Once removed, then permanent sutures are used. |
| Distortion by Superficial Pressure: | This may occur if the decedent was in a prone position for some time before embalming or may be the result of pressure from a body bag or other facial covering. |
| Treatment Distortion by Superficial Pressure | Mortuary putty, non-absorbent cotton or other packing materials may be inserted into the nares, |
| mild distortion, | light massage or pressure against the side of the nose during embalming may be sufficient. |
| Distortion by Facture Treatment | If the skin is intact, fractured nasal bones may be externally manipulated back into position. nasal cavity may then be packed with mortuary putty, non-absorbent cotton or other packing materials. |
| Erosion of Nasal Tissue | This may be the result of a feeding tube, endotrachial tube or other medical device that was in the naves for an extended length of time. |
| Treatment for Erosion of Nasal Tissue | The tissue must be clean, firm and dry. Necrotic tissue may be excised. Wax may be used for this type of restoration. |
| Mouth | cavity in which mastication takes place. The beginning of the alimentary canal. |
| Prognathism | Projection of the jaw, or jaws. |
| Types of Prognathism | maxillary; mandibular; dental; alvelor |
| Maxillary Prognathism | the superior jaw (maxilla) protrudes |
| Mandibular Prognathism | the inferior jaw (mandible) protrudes |
| Dental Prognathism | (buck teeth) oblique insertion of the teeth front teeth protrude |
| Alveolar Prognathism | sockets of the teeth are inclined |
| Superior integumentary lip | The area between the base of the nose and the superior margin of the superior mucous membrane. |
| Inferior integumentary lip | That area between the inferior margin of the inferior mucous membrane and the mental eminence. |
| Mucous membrane | The visible red surfaces of the lips; the lining membrane of body cavities that open to the exterior. |
| Superior mucous membrane | upper lip |
| The upper margin of the Superior mucous membrane or upper lip has the shape of | the classic hunting bow. |
| medial lobe of Superior mucous membrane or upper lip is found in the | center of the membrane. Superior mucous membrane or upper lip Narrows |
| Inferior mucous membrane | lower lip |
| Inferior mucous membrane or lower lip | thicker than the superior mucous membrane; Lies posterior to the upper mucous membrane. |
| Weather line | The line of color change at the junction of the wet and dry portions of the mucous membranes. |
| The area where adhesive is applied to keep the lips closed | Weather line |
| Medial lobe | The tiny prominence on the midline of the superior mucous membrane. Line of closure |
| located at the lower border of the upper teeth has the shape of the classic hunting bow | Line of closure |
| Phi!tram | The vertical groove located on the superior integumentary lip. The width, form, and depth are different from person to person. |
| Angulus oris sulcus | The groove at the end of the line of closure. |
| Vertical lines of the mucous membrane | Fine vertical lines located on the mucous membrane. |
| Labial sulci | The vertical furrows on the lip extending from within the mucous membranes into the integumentary lips. |
| Eye | the organ of vision, which occupies the anterior part of the orbital cavity. |
| Sunken eyes | is a condition found in deceased individuals who have lost weight or experienced dehydration due to illness. |
| Sunken eyes is common because | it does not take a long-term illness or severe dehydration for the condition to occur. |
| Eyes sink in their sockets very quickly and continue to sink as the illness continues or the dehydration worsens | |
| most popular treatment for sunken eyes | inject tissue builder into the fatty tissue located beneath the eyeball of the eye socket. |
| proper technique to inject Sunken eyes | Move the needle down along the bone of the eye socket from the medial or lateral edge until it touches the bottom of the socket. As you inject the tissue fillet the eyeball and eyelid will raise up. |
| other thecnique for Sunken eyes | inject mortuary putty behind the eyeball. Instead of tissue builder, raise the level of the eyelids by placing cotton either over the eyelid in place of an eye cap or between the eyeball and the eye cap. |
| Eyelids usually become discolored due to | some type of trauma to the head and face. |
| The most common term you hear used is "black eye." Technically, this is known as | an ecchymosis |
| extravatsation of blood into a tissue, a bruise | ecchymosis |
| treatment options for discolored eyelids | same for any discoloration on the face; Apply a bleaching compress externally; Inject a bleaching agent hypodermically using the smallest size needles availsble; Attempt to cover the discoloration with opaque cosmetics. |
| eyelids may become wrinkled after | a swollen eyelid has reduced in size. |
| treatment for eyelid wrinkle are available | Cover the entire eyelid with wax and reproduce any natural lines or wrinkleg; Excise the part of the eyelid with wrinkles and then make a new eyelid out of wax; Massage the eyelid with massage cream and an electric spatula. |
| Protruding eyes caused by | ajection of eyeball |
| swollen eye, | external pressure can be applied using a finger or a cotton and water compress. |
| Protruding eyes swelling is caused by gas or fluid in the cranial cavity | trocar can be inserted in one of the external flares of the nose; trocar is then forced through the cribiform plate of the ethnoid bone, and the cavity is aspirated. |
| After the aspiration | cavity fluid can be injected, and then cotton saturated with sealer can be packed in the trocar opening and the superior area of the anterior nares. |
| Mortuary putty can be used in place of | cotton and sealer. |
| The eyeball itself can be aspirated to | remove fluid; then be filled to the size desired by using cotton or mortuary mastic; eye cap used for form and to help keep the lids closed. |
| most radical treatment for Protruding eyes would be | to surgically remove the eyeball(s). |
| eyelids that have received lacerations due to some form of trauma can be treated in a manner consistent with | other types of lacerated tissue, apply massage cream to the area around the eyelid and on the face in the path that arty fluid leaking from the laceration will take. |
| After normal arterial injection, the lacerations sould be | dried and the edges glued closed. If necessary, a soft wax can be applied to cover the line of closure of the laceration. |
| most radical treatment is to surgically remove | the entire eyelid which is reproduced using wax. |
| eyelashes used on the wax eyelid can be | artificial or Natural implanted into the wax eyelid. |
| Eyelids that will not always stay closed after the arterial injection can be treated using | perforated eye cap; covered with a soft adhesive to assist in the closing. |
| eye lid can be glued closed by | stretching both lids |
| The levator papebrae superioris muscle can be excised to | . |
| most radical treatment top keep eye lid closed is to | surgically remove lids and recreate the lid(s) out of wax. |
| soft tissue under the eyes, known as | orbital pouch; bags under your eyes swollen after arterial injection |
| first and easiest treatment for Swollen orbital pouch to is | to apply direct pressure to the area using either a finger or a moist cotton compress. |
| If the embalmer fears the area may swell during injection, | moist cotton compress can be applied during the injection. |
| Massage cream can be applied to Swollen orbital pouch area followed by | massaging with warm electric spatula. |
| Swollen orbital pouch can be aspirated using | hypodermic needle and syringe. |
| The opening created by the needle can be sealed with | drop of glue. |
| soft tissue at the medial margins of the eye forms a small oblique eminence known as | inner canthus. |
| common area for dehydration to occur around the eye | medial margin. |
| When dehydration does occur, the margins of the inner canthus may not close | naturally ; glued and covered with a soft wax. |
| Restorative wax | evolved over many decades. |
| developed wax 1920s for mortuary | ron schofield |
| mortuary restorative waxes must be able to | adhere to tissue, pliable at room temperature, able to take cosmetics;reflect light similar to normal skin. |
| four types of waxes used in restoration | firm; medium; soft; lip |
| waxes used in restoration are classified according to | firmness |
| wax used to fill large cavities ;model features; fill wound | firm wax |
| mostly used as restorative wax; derma surgery | Medium wax |
| soft, pliable wax used to fill shallow depressions | Soft wax |
| soft wax usually tinted; used to correct lip separations and mucous membrane surface | Lip wax |
| Firm wax is used to recreate | facial features ; nose or ear |
| fill large cavities and model features | Firm wax. |
| wax hold its shape once molded | least adhesive of any of the waxes |
| weave suture; used as a base for firm wax reconstruction art; restore deep cavity excisions | Firm wax |
| this wax fill the cavity to approximately one-quarter inch from the surface, where a softer wax is then used. | |
| medium wax aka | derma surgery wax |
| medium wax; derma surgery wax, is | softer than firm wax ;used as substitute for firm wax |
| This wax adheres to the tissue and will hold its shape once molded | derma surgery wax |
| easily softened by manipulation in the hand or with a blow dryer. | medium wax, or derma surgery wax |
| wax, when warmed, can be smoothed to a very fine layer, which makes it suitable for shallow surface restoration. | |
| Surface restorer | soft wax ; applied in very thin layer |
| suitable for repair of minor abrasions, razor burns, suture incisions, and as the surface layer of wax in a deep cavity repair | soft wax It is quite often used as a bp wax |
| This wax can readily accept cosmetics, pore effect can be recreated without the wax being damaged. | soft wax |
| Wax manufactured in various skin color; used to seat puncture sites due to hypodermic building | soft wax |
| The most adhesive of the waxes is | lip wax |
| This wax is translucent but is tinted in various warm hues | lip wax |
| mixed with cosmetics to recreate the surface contours on the mucous membrane. | |
| It is also used to correct lip separation that has occurred due to dehydration | lip wax |
| Applying a small amount of lip wax to corners of the mouth can create the illusion of | shortened line of lip closure. |
| Primary prerequisites for mortuary wax | underlying tissue must be thoroughly embalmed, making it firm and dry. |
| restricted cervical injection be made for a deceased with | head trauma, where restorative wax is to be applied. |
| The head should be injected with | an astringent arterial solution. |
| This will insure a firm, dry foundation for wax application; ideal waiting time before applying wax | eight to ten hours after embalming |
| For abrasions, fever blisters, skin slip areas, and second-degree burns, the tissue can be injected hypodermically using | cavity fluid or phenol solution |
| moist surface areas should be covered with | phenol or a cavity fluid pack to dry up the moisture. |
| adhesive applied to damaged tissue offer protection from | further leakage |
| A quick-drying liquid sealer | super glue;, clear nail polish, rubber cement |
| Once the area is properly sealed | a thin layer of wax is applied onto the surrounding tissue. |
| pore effect can be created in the wax by using | damp paper towel, gauze, or terry cloth. |
| Tissue restored with wax may be cosmetically altered to achieve | natural form and complexion color |
| three most common methods to restoreTissue with wax are | Cosmetics under wax; Cosmetics mixed with wax; Cosmetics over wax; Cosmetics under Wax. |
| If cosmetics are to be applied under wax, they must be | liquid, spray or water-based cream. |
| choice of cosmetic should be determined by | judging which will cover any discolorations that are present. |
| The spray or water-based cream cover discolorations better than | liquid |
| Liquids, sprays, and water-based creams will dry sufficiently to allow wax to be applied over the cosmetic, whereas | oil-based cream will not. |
| Once the undercoat has thoroughly dried, a surface restorative wax is applied over the undercoat wax should be worked from | center toward the sides and feathered onto the sound tissue. |
| Trichlo-roethylene; | dry hair wash solvent ; applied with brush to smooth out edges. |
| oil-based cosmetic applied | over wax to match tissue color. |
| Liquid or cream cosmetics can be mixed with wax to match | complexion color. |
| To match complexion begin with | lighter color, add more cosmetics until desired color is obtained. |
| Once skin tone match is made | apply wax to tissue; create skin texture |
| use opaque cosmetic blend over the wax to match | complexion color. |
| most common technique to apply cream cosmetic over the wax. | cosmetic over wax |
| restorative wax should be applied to | traumatized area. |
| simulated skin texture, pores, and wrinkles should be completed before | cosmetics are applied. |
| brush cosmetic over the wax and stipple-blend | surrounding complexion color. |
| method use to soften wax | kneading in the palm of the hand; Adding cream cosmetic or massage cream; Placing wax in warm water; holding wax under blow dryer |
| method to firm-up wax | refrigerator; cornstarch; talcum powder. |
| need for Wax Restoration | firm and dry tissue |
| Moist tissue or tissue not thoroughly embalmed will inhibit | ability of wax to adhere ; impair restoration. Methods for firming tissues |
| conditions that require extensive restorative art procedures | Injuries/Trauma ; Disease ; Postmortem tissue changes occurring |
| conditions that require extensive restorative art procedures Before embalming | decomposition, dehydration |
| conditions that require extensive restorative art procedures During embalming | swelling of a facial feature |
| conditions that require extensive restorative art procedures After embalming | tissue gas causing distention, decomposition |
| restorative art procedures can be done | before, during, or after embalming. |
| In reality it is not always easy to distinguish if a procedure is | restorative art or embalming. |
| order of treatments in reference to arterial injection of embalming solution is | pre-embalming; during and after embalming |
| Pre-embalming treatments | Removing dirt and external body stains; Setting facial features; Temporarily suturing loose flaps of skin; Shaving |
| During embalming | Appling pressure to prevent swelling; bleaching discolored area |
| After embalming | Excising tumors; Reducing swelling; Tissue building sunken areas; Drying; suturing incisions; Applying wax; Applying cosmetics; Hairstyling |
| Restorative art begins with | pre-embalming procedures |
| pre-embalming procedures | positioning deceased on embalming table; setting features ; washing entire body |
| considered pre-embalming procedures and setting of the features | shaving; cosmetics |
| Shave the face of | both young and old, males and females. |
| Cosmetics adhere to hair cause | finished application to look less appealing. |
| lubricate the face after shaving to prevent | razor burn development. |
| Pluck or cut nose and ear hair. Reduce blackheads, whiteheads, and pustules by | squeezing with a tissue or other soft paper product. openings left by exudates |
| first feature the family notices when looking at the deceased. | mouth usually |
| comments " the deceased doesn't look natural mean | mouth needs attention. dentures come with the deceased or are supplied by the family |
| mouth former | cut to size ; One size will not fit all |
| The mandible and maxilla can be secured closed by suturing the two features together or by securing them with a pin and wire and using a needle injector to secure them into each jaw. Mortuary mastic or cotton can be used to fill out | |
| Mortuary mastic | less dehydrating than cotton; it gives a more appealing finished look. |
| mastic can be inserted into the mouth by using | special injector; disposable syringe. |
| Eye closure should always be in | the lower one-third of the bony orbit. |
| eyelid should never | overlap |
| It gives the deceased a "surprised" appearance that is very unappealing. | overlap eyelid |
| Eye caps are | not "one size fits all," Trim eye cap to fit shape and size of individual eye. |
| petroleum jelly, mortuary mastic, or stay cream on eye caps | helps keep eyes closed and hydrated. |
| eyelashes | clean; curl, and close inner canthus |
| earlobe should have cotton placed behind to | keep from drooping; in older individuals with little connective tissue; lying in a supine position, the lobes lie against the head |
| Pinna | Ear |
| EAR | The organ of hearing consisting of the external ear, middle ear, and internal ear. |
| Helix | The outer rim of the ear has the general shape of a question mark. It begins superior to the lobe and ends by attaching to the cheek. |
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