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sociology ch 3&4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior? | Culture |
| When they live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture? | Society |
| Standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers. | Culture Industry |
| All societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs. | Cultural Universals |
| refer to the tendency to assume that ones own culture and ways of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. | Ethnocentrism |
| Viewing peoples behavior from the perspective of their own culture. It places a priority on understanding other cultures, rather then dismissing them | cultural relativism |
| systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior | sociobiology |
| The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture | innovation |
| invloves making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality | discovery |
| results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before | invention |
| refers to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society | diffusion |
| "cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires" | technology |
| refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food, houses, factories, and raw materials | material culture |
| refers to ways of using material objects, as well as to customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication | nonmaterial culture |
| refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions | culture lag |
| a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern or mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. | subculture |
| when a subculture conspicuously opposes certain aspects of the larger culture | counterculture |
| anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture may be expecting... | culture shock |
| an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture | language |
| named for two linguists, describes the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality | Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
| gestures, objects, and words that form the basis of human communication | symbols |
| the established standards of behavior maintained by a society | norms |
| have been written down and specify strict punishments for violators | formal norms |
| generally understood but not precisely recorded | informal norms |
| norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of a people | mores |
| norms governing everyday behavior | folkways |
| penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm | sanctions |
| collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper- or bad, undesirable, and improper- in a culture | values |
| polarization of society over controversial cultural elements | culture war |
| describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests | dominant ideology |
| refers to the use of two or more languages in a particular setting, such as schoolroom, workplace, treating each language as equally legitimate | Bilingualism |
Created by:
jrae0903