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Government Ch. 13
Bureaucracy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bureaucrats | People employed in a gov't executive branch unit to implement public policy; public administrators; public servants |
| Shadow bureaucrats | People hired and paid by private for-profit and non profit organizations that implement public policy through a gov't contract |
| Contracting-out | also called outsourcing or privatizing; a process by which the gov't contracts with a private for-profit or nonprofit organization to proved public services, such as disaster relief, or resources needed by the gov't, such as fighter planes |
| "Father of sociology" | Max Weber. Coined "bureaucracy" |
| Bureaucracy | Any organization with a hierarchical structure; most commonly used to designate a gov't agency or the collection of all national executive ranch organizations |
| Patronage | prez had authority to hire bureaucrats, whoever they wanted, noncompetitive |
| Plum book | A publication that lists the otp jobs in the bureaucracy to which the prez will appoint people through the patronage system. Every four years. |
| Downside to patronage positions: | No job security. |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | introduced a merit-based civil service system |
| Merit-based civil service | A personnel system i which bureaucrats are hired on the basis of the principles of competence, equal opportunity, political neutrality. Job protection! |
| Civil servants | Bureaucrats hired through a merit-based personnel system who have job protection |
| Rank determines | salary |
| Titles VI, VII, and IX of the Civil Rights Act | Descriptive representation. prohibits discrimination. |
| Civil servants can be fired for | Misfeasance, nonfeasance, or malfeasance |
| Hatch Act | Limiting civil servants' rights to engage in political activity |
| Office of Personnel Management (OPM) | Develops and implements merit-based civil service personnel policies and procedures |
| Merit System Protection Board (MSPB) | ensures proper implementation of the merit system |
| Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) | Monitors relations between unionized bureaucrats and fed gov't |
| Largest union | The American Federation of Government Employees |
| Senior executive service | A unique personnel system for top managerial, supervisory, and policy positions offering less job security but high pay that merit-based civil service system |
| SES bureaucrats: | Less job security, can be moved job to job, immune from firing except those three things |
| Pros of outsourcing: | Lowing costs, can hire experts/specialists, can keep off payroll at other times |
| Back in George Washington times, work of public servants was mostly ______ in nature | clerical |
| Number of bureaucrats now is equal to | nationals population in 1789 |
| Department | One of fifteen executive branch units responsible for a broadly defined policy area and whose top administrator is appointed by the prez, confirmed by the Senate, and serves at the discretion of the prez |
| Independent Administrative Agencies | An executive branch unit created by Congress and the prez that is responsible for a narrowly defined function and whose structure is intended to protect it from partisan politics |
| Independent regulatory commission | An executive branch unit outside of cabinet departments responsible for developing standards of behavior within specific industries and businesses, monitoring compliance with these standards, and imposing sanctions on violators |
| Initially independent regulatory commissions were centered on _______ now in direction of ____________. | Economic regulation; Social regulation |
| Independent regulatory agencies under the direction of | Bipartisan boards, don't have to be loyal to president's preferences. Prez nominates, Senate confirms. Staggered fixed terms. |
| Government corporation | An executive branch unity that sells a service and is expected to be financially self sufficient |
| Best known government corporation | USPS |
| Government corporations directed by | Bipartisan board, prez appoints, NO senate |
| Executive Office of the President (EOP) | dozens of offices and councils that assist the prez in managing the complex and sprawling executive branch of the bureaucracy |
| Top-level EOP bureaucrats appointed by | prez, NO senate. Prez can fire whenever he wants. |
| Hybrid agencies | have characteristics of more than one category. Ex. Food and Drug Administration |
| Politics-administration dichotomy | The concept that elected government officials, who are accountable to the voters, create and approve public policy, and then competent, politically neutral bureaucrats implement the public policy |
| Stages of public policy cycle | Agenda setting. Policy formulation. Policy approval. Resource allocation. Policy implementation. Policy evaluation. |
| Agenda Setting | 1st stage. Elected officials place issues on their agendas to discuss. |
| Iron Triangle | long-term collaborative efforts among bureaucrat in a gov't agency, members of interest group, and members of a legislative committee to get their mutual concerns on the agenda and then to formulate the policies they deem necessary to address |
| Issue networks | temporary collaborations among bureaucrats, elected officials, and members of several interest groups. Lobbying, influencing policy formulation. |
| Policy formulation | Defining a problem that has made it to the agenda and setting a plan of action (a policy) to address the problem |
| Anyone can formulate a public policy, BUT only __________ can officially introduce it to the lawmaking process. | Elected officials |
| Language in bill is often | Vague and ambiguous |
| Policy Approval | Congress and the prez vote to approve or reject the formulated policy |
| Authorization law | A law that provides the plan of action to address a given societal concern and identifies the executive branch unit that will put the plan into effect. May authorize existing OR create new! |
| Resource allocation | specify how much money each bureaucracy will be authorized to spend during the budget year |
| Appropriation laws | A law that gives bureaucracies and other gov't entities the legal authority to spend money |
| Budget process for bureaucrats? | Develop annual budget, justify, lobby, compete, voila! |
| Policy Implementation | Must first interpret the law and then carry it out |
| Administrative discretion | The authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgement when determining how to implement public policy |
| "Quasi-legislation" | "As-if legislation" - bureaucrats translate vague law into concrete plans of action |
| Administrative rule making | The process by which an independent commission or agency fills in the details of a vague law by formulating, proposing, and approving rules, regulations, and standards that will be enforced to implement the policy |
| Administrative Adjudication | The process by which agencies resolve disputes over the implementation of their administrative rules |
| Policy evaluation | Assessment of the intended and unintended effects of policy implementation |
| Sunshine laws | legislation that opens up gov't functions and documents to the public |
| If any fed bureaucracy's performance falls short of expectations, Congress and prez can | decrease its funding, or threaten to revamp or eliminate it |
| Administrative Procedure Act (APA) of 1946 | Standardized rule making procedures and makes bureaurcracies publicize their proposed rules in the Federal Register (a daily national gov't publication). ALso much publish invitation for people to offer comments on proposals. |
| Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) | Amendment to APA. Requires national agencies to give citizens access to gov't documents upon request and at a reasonable cost. |
| Sunshine Act of 1976 | requires all multiheaded national agencies, except EOP, to conduct open, public meetings where citizens can testify and present their concerns about these agencies' actions |
| E-Government Act | established a Federal Chief of Information Officer within the OMB |
| If a citizen thinks bureaucrats have violated due process and equal protection rights | can challenge bureaucratic actions through the agency's quasi-judicial processes |
| Through the litigation process, the U.S. judicial system: | Seeks to ensure that administrative agencies conduct their quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions in compliance with the constitutional guarantees of due process and APA |
| Congress approves the legislation that ___, ____, and ____ bureaucracies. | creates, regulates, and funds |
| Accountability to Congress | can launch investigation, can cut its budget, modify its legal authority, or can eliminate it |
| sunset clause | a clause in legislation that sets an expiration date for the authorized program/policy unless Congress reauthorizes it |
| The OMB evaluates bureaucratic performance for the prez. | Just sayin. |
| Bureaucracies have their own accountability, because of | Guidelines for ethical, efficient, and effective behavior |
| Ethics in Government Act | established United States Office of Government Ethics. Prevents conflicts of interest by bureaucrats |
| Conflict of interest | In the case of public servants, the situation in which they can personally benefit from a decision they make or an action they take in the process of doing their jobs |
| Civil Service Reform Act | provided protections to whistle-blowers. created Office of Special Counsel. |
| whistle-blowers | A civil servant who discloses mismanagement, fraud, waste, coruption, and/or threats to public health and safety to the gov't |
| False Claims Act | Allows for monetary reward for gov't whistle-blowers who expose fraud that harms the US gov't |
| Inspectors general | Political appointees who work within a gov't agency to ensure the integrity of public service by investigating allegations of misconduct by bureaucrats |
| Inspector General Act | ensure the integrity of public service by creating gov't watchdogs |
| Best-Performing Bureaucracies | legslative language that clearly states goal and high levels of adminstrative discretion, easily measure goals, high levels of support from officials, media, and citizens |
| Outsourcing gov't work can lead to | waste, fraud, overpricing, and corruption |
Created by:
13emily14