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what is a thesis? Rule 34a
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apa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a thesis? Rule 34a | a thesis is one-sentence (or occasionally a two-sentence) statement of your central idea). |
| what is the purpose of a thesis? Rule 34a | analyzes the often competing conclusions drawn by a variety of researchers and expresses a reasonable answer to a central research question |
| if you have the following research question, what would your thesis be: is medication the right treatment for the escalating problem of childhood obesity? Rule 34a | Understanding the limitations of medical treatments for children highlights the complexity of the childhood obesity problem in the U.S. and underscores the need for physicians, advocacy groups & policymakers to search for other solutions. |
| if you have the following research question, what would your thesis be: how has the popularity of the Internet shaped presidential campaign strategies? | Because the Internet provides the public with more information about candidates' personal lives than ever before, campaigns now focus more on damage control than on developing substantive programs. |
| if you have the following research question, what would your thesis be: how has the managed care system affected the role of nurses on health care teams?rule 34a | as HMOs seek to increase the profitability with new cost-control methods, nurses have taken on more job responsibilities, but not always with adequate compensation. |
| Are headings recommended in APA? rule 34b | yes. |
| what standard models do major headings follow? rule 34b | method, results, discussion |
| what are the roles of sources? Rule 34c | providing background information or context, explaining terms or concepts, supporting claims, lending authority to your argument, and anticipating and countering alternative interpretations. |
| what three different acts are considered plagiarism?rule 35 | failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas; failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks; and failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words. |
| what is it called when you reuse your own papers? | self-plagiarism |
| what does providing background information or context involve? rule 34c | using facts and statistics to support generalizations or to establish the importance of your topic. |
| what does explaining terms or concepts mean? rule 34c | explaining words, phrases, or ideas that might be unfamiliar to your readers. quoting or paraphrasing a source can help you define terms and concepts in neutral, accessible language. |
| what does supporting your claims mean? rule 34c | backing up your assertions with facts, examples, and other evidence from your research |
| what does lending authority to your argument mean? rule 34c | expert opinion can give weight to your argument. but don't relay on experts to make your argument for you. construct your argument in your own words and cite authorities in the field for support. |
| what does anticipating and countering alternative interpretations mean? rule 34c | do not ignore sources that seem to contradict your position or that offer interpretations different from your own. Instead use them to give voice to opposing points of view before you counter them. |
| what must you cite? rule 35a | all direct quotations, any ideas borrowed from a source, paraphrases, statistics, and other specific facts; and visuals such as cartoons, graphs and diagrams. |
| what is the only exception of what you do not have to cite? rule 35a | common knowledge-information that your readers may know or could easily locate in general sources. |
| what is the author-date style of citation? Rule 35a | source introd w/signal phrase includes last names of the authors followed by date of publication in parentheses. T material being cited followed by page number in parentheses. At end paper, alphabetized list of references gives publication info @ sources |
| look at an example of author-date style of citation? Rule 35a | Yanovski, S.Z., & Yanovski, J.A. (2002). Drug therapy: Obesity. The Nw England Journal of Medicine, 346(8), 591-602. |
| why do you enclose information in quotation marks? Rule 35a | to show that you are using a source's exact phrases or sentences. |
| what is plagiarism? | to omit quotation marks claiming falsely that the language is yours. |
| when are quotation marks not needed? Rule 35b | when quoted sentences are set off from the text by indenting, quotation marks are not needed. (see pg 162). |
| what is the difference between a summary and a paraphrase? | a summary condenses information: a paraphrase reports information in about the same number of words as in the source. |
| what do a summary and a paraphrase have in common? Rule 35c | you must restate the source's meaning using your own language. |
| when do you commit plagiarism? Rule 35c | if you half-copy the author's sentences either by mixing the author's phrases with your own without using quotation marks or by plugging your own synonyms into the author's sentence structure. |
| examples of plagiarism? Rule 35c | original source: in an effort to seek the causes of this disturbing trend, experts have pointed to a range of important potential contributors to the rise in childhood obesity that are unrelated to media. (see questions marked examples) |
| What is an example of unacceptable borrowing of phrases? Rule 35c | according to Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2004), experts have indicated a range of significant potential contributors to the rise in childhood obesity that are not linked to media (p. 1). |
| What is an example of of unacceptable borrowing of structure? Rule 35c | According to the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2004), experts have identified a variety of significant factors causing a rise in childhood obesity, factors that are not linked to media (p. 1). |
| how do you avoid committing plagiarism? Rule 35c | set the source aside, write from memory, and consult the source later to check for accuracy. |
| what is an example of an acceptable paraphrase using the previous example? Rule 35c | A report by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2004) described sources other than media for the childhood obesity crisis. |
| Why should you not quote excessively? Rule 36a | Because it is almost impossible to integrate numerous long quotations smoothly into your own text, do not quote excessively. |
| How do you condense a quoted passage? Rule 36a | use the ellipsis mark (three periods, with spaces between) to indicate that you have omitted words. what remains must be grammatically complete... |
| see example of ellipsis? | Roman (2003) reported that "social factors are nearly as significant as individual metabolism in the formation of . . . dietary habits of adolescents" (p. 345). |
| How do you omit a full sentence but use an ellipsis? Rule 36a | When you want to omit a full sentence or more, use a period before the three ellipsis dots. |
| why do you use brackets when using an ellipsis? Rule 36a | Brackets allow you to insert your own words into quoted material to explain a confusing reference or to keep a sentence grammatical in your context. |
| how do you indicate an error in a quotation? Rule 36a | to indicate an error in a quotation, insert [sic] right after the error. Notice the term sic is italicized and appears in brackets. |
| how do you set off long quotations? Rule 36a | When you quote forty or more words, set off the quotation by indenting it one-half inch (or five spaces) from the left margin. use the normal right margin and do not single-space. |
| what should long quotations be introduced by? Rule 36a | Long quotations should be introduced by an informative sentence usually followed by a colon. Quotation marks are unnecessary because the indented format tells readers that the words are taken from the source. |
| what do you use whenever you include a paraphrase, summary or direct quotation in your paper? Rule 36b | introduce it with a signal phrase which usually names the author of the source and gives the publication dates in parentheses. |
| When do you use the author's initials? Rule 36b | if your paper refers to two authors with the same last name, use their initials as well. |
| What should you put between sentences of your own? Rule 36b | readers need to understand how source is relevant to your thesis. therefore-to embed your quotation-especially a long one- between sentence of your own, introducing w/signal phrase & interpretive comments linking source material to paper's thesis |
| how can you avoid monotony when using signal phrases? Rule 36b | try to vary language and placement of signal phrases: examples: In the words of Carmona (2004); As Yanovski (2004) noted, "..."; |
| what are some common verbs in signal phrases? Rule 36b | admitted; agreed; argued; asserted; believed; claimed; compared; confirmed; contended; declared; denied; emphasized; insisted; noted; observed; pointed out; reasoned; refuted; rejected; reported; responded; suggested; thought; wrote |
| what tense do you use in APA style? Rule 36b | use past tense or present perfect tense to introduce quotations and other source material: Davis (2005) noted that or Davis (2005) has noted that. DO NOT USE Davis (2005) notes |
| When do you use present tense in APA? Rule 36b | Use the present tense only to discuss the results of an experiment (the results show) or knowledge that has clearly been established (researchers agree). |
| what does a signal phrase indicate? Rule 36b | a signal phrase indicates the boundary between your words and the source's words. |
| what is a dropped quote? Rule 36b | when you put your quotation in w/o warning. Example: Obesity was once considered in a very different light. "For many years, obesity was approached as if it were either a moral failing or evidence of underlying psychopatholoyg" (Yanovski, 2002, p. 592). |
| what is an example of a quotation using a signal phrase? Rule 36b | As researchers Yanovski (2002) have explained, obesity was once considered "either a moral failing or evidence of underlying psychopathology" (p. 592). |
| do you need a signal phrase when citing a statistic or another specific fact? Rule 36 c | Not necessarily. In most cases, readers will understand that the citation refers to the statistic or fact (not the whole paragraph). In purely financial terms, the drugs cost more than $3 a day on average (Duenwald, 2004). if you prefer, use signal phrase |
| What are in-text citation? (Rule 37a) | provide at least the author's last name and the year of publication. |
| How do you deal with a quotation in APA? Rule 37a(1) | introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the year of publication in parentheses. Put the page number (preceded by "p") in parentheses after the quotation:Crister (2003) noted there were more (p. 5). |
| Where do you place the author's name if not in the signal phrase (Rule 37a(1)? | if the author is not named in the signal phrase, place the author's name, the year, and the page number in parenthesis after the quotation (Crister, 2003, p. 5). |
| Do you ever include the month in a citation? Rule 37a(1) | No, never include a month, even if the entry in the reference list includes the month and date. |
| what do you include in a summary or paraphrase? Rule 37a(2) | include the author's last name and the year in a signal phrase introducing the material or in parentheses following it. A page number or another locator is not required but include one if it would help readers find the passage in a long work. |
| Example of Rule 37a(2) | Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) explained that sibutramine suppresses appetite in the brain (p. 594). Sibtramine suppresses appetite by blocking reuptake (Yanovski & Yanovski, p. 594). |
| how do you cite when two authors? Rule 37a(3) | Name both authors in the signal phrase/parentheses each time you cite the work. In the parentheses use "&" between the author's names; in the signal phrase, use "and".According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), "Environmental factors contribute 80% (p. 104). |
| how do you cite when you have three to five authors?Rule 37a(4) | identify all authors in the signal phrase or parentheses the first time you cite the source. In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec and Cronquist concluded, "Sibutramine . . . must be carefully monitored" (p. 1811). |
| How do you cite three to five authors after the initial citation? Rule 37a(4) | use the first author's name followed by "et. al." in either the signal phrase or the parentheses: As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, "Until more extensive safety data results, things are the same (p. 1811). |
| How do you cite when six or more authors? Rule 37a(5) | use the first author's name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or the parentheses. McDuffie et al. (2003) tested 20 adolescents (p. 646). |
| how do you cite an unknown author? Rule 37a(6) | if the author is unknown, mention the work's title in the signal phrase or give the first word or two of the title in the parenthetical citation. Titles of articles and chapters are put in quotation marks and titles of books and reports are italicized. |
| what is an example of Rule 37a(6)? | Children struggling to control their weight must also struggle ("Television, 2002). |
| how do you cite an article, journal or book by anonymous? Rule 37a(6) | treat it as if it was a real name: (Anonymous, 2001). |
| How do you list a work by Anonymous in the reference page? Rule 37a(6) | also use the name anonymous as the author. |
| How do you cite if an organization is the author? Rule 37a(7) | if the author is a government agency or another organization, name the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004, p. 1). |
| Is there a difference in how you cite a familiar organization in subsequent citations? Rule 37a(7) | If the organization has a familiar abbreviation, you may include it in brackets the first time you cite the source and use the abbreviation alone in later citations. (First cite (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2001). later cite: (NIMH, 2001) |
| how do you cite two or more works in the same parentheses? Rule 37a(8) | when your parenthetical citation names two or more works, put them in the same order that they appear in the reference list, separate by semicolons. Researchers indicated that studies are inconclusive (Berkowitz, et al., 2003; McDuffie, et al., 2002). |
| how do you cite authors with the same last name? Rule 37a(9) | to avoid confusion, use initials with the last names if your reference list includes two or more authors with the same last name. Ex. Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that . . . |
| how do you cite personal communications? Rule 37a(10) | cite interviews, memos, letters, e-mails, and similar unpublished person-to-person communications as follows: (F. Johnson, personal communication, October 20, 2004). |
| Should you include personal communications in your reference list? Rule 37a(10) | No. Do not include personal communications in your reference list. |
| How do you cite an electronic document? Rule 37(a)11 | Cite as you would cite any other document. Atkinson (2001) |
| How do you cite an electronic document with unknown author? Rule 37a(11) | if no author is named, mention the title of the document in a signal phrase or give the first word or two of the title in parentheses. Ex. ("Exercise," 2003). |
| How do you cite an electronic document with an unknown date? Rule 37a(11) | when the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date"). Ex. (Magnus, n.d.). |
| How do you cite an electronic document with no page numbers? Rule 37a(11) | APA ordinarily requires page numbers. When source lacks stable numbered pages, your citation should include information that will help readers locate the particular passage being cited. if has numbered paragraphs, use "para" (Hall, 2001, para. 5). i |
| how do you cite an electronic document with no page numbers but paragraph numbers? Rule 37a(11) | if has numbered paragraphs, use "para" abbreviation: (Hall, 2001, para. 5). |
| how do you cite an electronic document with no page numbers and no paragraph numbers? Rule 37a(11) | if has headings, cite the appropriate heading and indicate which paragraph under that heading you are referring to: (Weight-Loss Drugs section, para. 6). |
| How do you cite electronic documents in pdf that have page numbers? Rule 37a(11) | Give the page number in the parenthetical citation. |
| How do you cite an indirect source? Rule 37a(12) | If you use a source that was cited in another source (a secondary source), name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include it in your parenthetical citation, preceded by words "as cited in". |
| Example of citing an indirect source? Rule 37a(12) | Former surgeon general Dr. David Satcher described "a nation of young people seriously at risk of starting out obese and dooming themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a touch illness (as cited in Critser, 2003, p. 4). |
| How do you cite two or more works by the same author in the same year? Rule 37(a(13) | When your list of references includes more than one work by the same author in the same year, use lowercase letters ("a", "b," and so on) with the year to order the entires in the reference list. Ex: Durgin (2003b) |
| what is the alphabetical list of work cited which appears at the end of the paper entitled? Rule 37b | References |
| What are the general guidelines for listing authors? Rule 37b | Alphabetize entries in the list of references by author's last names. |
| what do you do if a work has no author? rule 37b | if a work has no author, alphabetize it by its title. |
| how do you cite a single author? Rule 37b(1) | begin the entry with the author's last name, followed by a comma and the author's initial. Then give the date in parentheses. Perez, E. (2006). |
| How do you cite multiple authors? rule 37b)2) | list up to seven authors by last names followed by initials. Use an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author.If there are more than seven authors, list the first six followed by three ellipsis dots and the last author's name. |
| Examples of how to cite multiple authors? Rule 37b(2) | Sloan, F.A., Stout, E.M., Whetten-Goldstein, K., & Lian, L. (2000). Mulvaney, S.A., Mudasiru, E., Schlundt, D.G., Baughman, C.L., Fleming, M., VanderWoude, A., . . . Rothman, R. (2008). |
| how do you cite when an organization is the author? Rule 37b(3) | when the author is an organization, begin with the name of the organization. American Psychiatric Association. (2005). |
| how do you site a work with unknown author? Rule 37b)4) | begin with the work's title. Titles of books are italicized. Titles of articles are neither italicized not put in quotation marks. Ex. <I> Oxford essential world atlas.</I> (2001). Ex. Omega 3-fatty acids. (2004, November 23). |
| how do you cite two or more works by the same author? Rule 37b(5) | use the author's name for all entries. List the entries by year, the earliest first. |
| how do you cite two or more works by the same author in the same year? rule 37b(6) | List the works alphabetically by title. In the parentheses, following the year add "a", "b", and so on. Use these same letters when giving the year in the in-text citation. Ex.: Durgin, P.A. (2003a). At-risk behaviors in children. Ex. Durgin, P.A. (2003b) |
| how to cite an article in a journal paginated by volume? Rule 37b(7) | Morawski, J. (2000). Social psychology a century ago. <I>American Psychologist</I>, 55, 427-431. |
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