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Chapter Eight
Social Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Conformity | A change in one’s behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people. |
| Informational social Influence | The influence of other ppl that leads us to conform bc we see them as a source of info2guide our behavior; we conform bc we believe that others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more right than ours&will help choose the right course of action. |
| Private Acceptance | Conforming to other people’s behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right |
| Public Compliance | Conforming to other people’s behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what we are doing or saying. |
| Contagion | The rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd. |
| Mass Psychogenic Illness | The occurrence, in a group of people, of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause. |
| Social Norms | The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members. |
| Normative Social Influence | The influence of other ppl that leads us to conform in order to be liked& accepted by them; this type of conformity results in public compliance with the group’s beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors. |
| Social Impact Theory | The idea that conforming to social influence depends on the strength of the group’s importance, its immediacy, and the number of people in the group. |
| Idiosyncrasy Credits | The tolerance a person earns, over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough idiosyncrasy credits are earned, the person can, on occasion, behave deviantly without retribution from the group. |
| Minority Influence | The case where a minority of group members influence the behavior or beliefs of the majority. |
| Injunctive Norms | People’s perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others. |
| Descriptive Norms | People’s perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others. |
| Why did individual estimates of a light’s apparent motion converge when participants in Sherif’s (1951) experiment called out their estimates in a group? | because participants used each other as a source of information |
| gave a sample of Cali residents information urging them to conserve electrical energy in their homes. The household members received one of four messages. Which of the messages was successful in causing people to conserve significantly more energy? | the message in which participants were told that the majority of their neighbors conserved electrical energy |
| How was Asch’s conformity study different from Sherif’s? | asch created an unambiguous situation while Sherif creeated an ambiguous one |
| When participants in Asch’s (1956) study indicated which of three comparison lines matched a standard line by writing their responses on a piece of paper rather than by saying them out loud, conformity: | dropped dramaically |
| According to Latané’s (1981) social impact theory, the amount of influence that people whose opinions differ from your own will exert will be greatest if they are in a group that is: | important and unanimous |
| Replications of Asch’s (1956) conformity research across many cultures and different time periods indicate that amounts of conformity: | vary from culture to culture and over time in a given culture. |
| Which of the following is true about people’s susceptibility to conforming due to informational social influence? | people are more likely to conform due to informational social influence when is it important to be accurate than when is it umimportant |
| In a study by Goldstein and colleagues (2008), which message was successful in getting hotel guests to reuse their towels? | In a study by Goldstein and colleagues (2008), which message was successful in getting hotel guests to reuse their towels? |
| pp played the role of teacher in wat dey believed was an exper on the effects of punishment. Through exper dey feared dey might kill a learnee w increasingly shocks. Mild prods by an authority2please continue were enough to get ___% of pp to obey | 62.5 percent |
| Which of the following forms of social influence induced the participants in Milgram’s obedience studies to administer the maximum level of shock possible to a helpless learner? | both normative and informational social influence |
| Whereas normative social influence leads to ____, informational social influence produces ____. | public compliance; private acceptance |
| hs reported the smell of gasoline;she experienced headache, nausea, shortness of breath&dizziness. Others later had similar symptoms. evacuated and closed. When investigators found nothing wrong and no cause for the symptoms, the symptoms were labeled | mass psychogenic illness |
| Asch presented pp w 3 comparison lines and a standard line that clearly matched one of the comparison lines. When participants were asked to publicly identify the matching line they went along with a rigged majority and made incorrect judgments: | about a third of the time. |
| Bibb Latané’s social impact (1981) theory describes: | characteristics that make a group influential. |
| Two Asch-type studies conducted in Japan found that when the group unanimously gave the incorrect answer, Japanese students were less conformist in general than North Americans. | true |
| Results of a national survey by Puhl and colleagues (2008) indicated that weight discrimination against women is _____ in American society and is | adf |
| After hearing a minority opinion, majority members may come to realize that there are different perspectives from their own and consider the issue more carefully. Subsequent change in the majority’s opinion will be the result of ____ social influence. | informational |
| Why did obedience by participants in Milgram’s studies drop drastically when two accomplices, acting as fellow teachers, refused to obey the experimenter? | because the accomplices served as allies which enabled participants to resist normative social influence |
| The “escalation” of shocks that subjects administered in Milgram’s studies resulted because: | sf |
| Mass psychogenic illness is a form of: | cognition and informational social influence |
| What did researchers discover was wrong with the message "Students at your school, on average, drink only X number of drinks per week?" | students who drank very little increased their drinking after reading the message |
| Normative social influence involves conformity to a group’s social norms. These norms are rules for acceptable: | dsf |
| Baron et al. (1996) found that people are ____ likely to conform due to normative social influence when an unambiguous task is an ____ one. | less; important |
| People learn what body type is considered attractive in their culture due to ____, and their attempts to create this ideal body type are an example of conformity due to ____. | informational social influence; normative social influence |
| Resisting the normative social influence of a group is easier if one has built up ____ with the group. | idiosyncrasy credits |
| Knowing that lying is wrong is a(n) ____ norm, while knowing that there are situations when people lie is a(n) ____ norm. | injunctive;descriptive |
| According to Kallgren et al. (2000), injunctive norms are: | more likely to produce desirable behaviors than are descriptive norms |
| R. held a relatively anti-envir. view in hs. Last year, she began attending a college where pro-environmental attitudes and ppl r da norm. \, Ramona starts to express more pro-environmental views than in the past. Her new attitudes are likely due to: | conformity processes |
| According to research on informational social influence, which of the following would be the best way to help a child overcome his fear of escalators? | have him watch as some of his classmates ride up and down the escalator. |
| Schachter’s (1951) “Johnny Rocco” study demonstrated that: | none of the above |
| Ambiguity is the most crucial variable for determining how much people use each other as a source of information. | df |
| A social phenomenon in Japan is the hikikomori, in which teenagers (mostly male) | withdraw from all social interaction and stay alone in their bedrooms in their parents’ homes. |
| Brain imaging research supports the idea that normative social influence occurs because people feel positive emotions when they stand up for their beliefs. | false |
| A heavy body type is considered the ideal female body in cultures with | food supplies that are frequently scarce |
| According to your text, Japanese women experience strong normative pressures to be | thin |
| Compared to the 1960s, the ideal male body is now much | more muscular |
| In social impact theory, the strength of the group refers to | sdf |
| “In America, the squeaky wheel gets the grease. In Japan, | the nail that stands out gets pounded down |
| Replications of the Asch study conducted 25 to 40 years after the original in the Western countries like the United States and Britain, have found that conformity percentages have | decreased |
| Why was Milgram's study of obedience criticized? | for being unethical |
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aelayan21