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Crj 444
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Criminology | Scientific study of crime and criminal behavior, including their form, causes, legal aspects and control. |
| Criminal Behavior | Behavior that violates the laws that society has created. |
| Criminal Justice | The scientific study of crime, the criminal law and the components of the criminal justice system, including police, courts, and corrections. |
| Scientific Method | A methodology that relies on observable, empirical and measurable evidence to prove a hypothesis. |
| Consensus Perspective | Morality, and criminal law protects society from disorder and decay. |
| Conflict Perspective | A view based on the assumption that society is composed of diverse groups and that disagreement is common among people over laws and differences. |
| Etiology | Studies the cause or origin of various phenomena. |
| Deviance or Deviant Behavior | Behavior that violates social norms. |
| Criminalization | The process by which behavior is classified a crime. |
| Penology | The study of techniques of crime control, the punishment of criminals, and the management of prisons. |
| Victimology | The study of victims and their contributory role, if any, in crime causation. |
| Theory | A series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. |
| Deductive Reasoning | Reasoning that moves from given statements to conclusions. |
| Inductive Reasoning | Reasoning moves from an observation to arrive at a a hypothesis and then a theory. |
| Hypothesis | An explanation that accounts for a set of facts, which can be tested and further investigated. |
| Research Methods | The various methods that structure and offer logic to data gathering. |
| Conceptual Scheme | A set of concept used to build a theory. |
| Proposition | A statement that indicates a relationship between at least two properties. |
| Classical Perspective | Crime is the result of the exercise of free will and punishment can be effective in reducing the incidence of crime since it negates the pleasure to be derived from crime commission. |
| Rationality | The decision making process of determining the opportunities fro meeting needs, the potential costs of action, and the anticipated benefits. |
| Hedonistic Calculus | That behavior holds value to any individual undertaking it according to the amount of pleasure or pain that it can be expected to produce for that person. |
| Deterrence | The prevention of crime, and the only justification for punishment. |
| Social Contract | The Enlightenment concept that human beings abandon their natural state of individual freedom to join together and form a society. |
| Utilitarianism | Behavior hile value to any individual undertaking it according to the amount pleasure or pain that it can be expected to produce for that person. |
| Capital Punishment | The killing of a person by judicial process for retribution and incapacitation. |
| Panopticon House | A prison designed by Jeremy Bentham, which was to be a circular building with cells along the circumference, each clearly visible from a central location staffed by guards. |
| Neoclassical Perspective | Emphasizes deterrence and retribution with reduced emphasis on rehabilitation. |
| Capable Guardian | A person, who if present, could prevent the occurrence of the crime. |
| Routine Activities Theory | A brand of rational choice theory, which suggests that lifestyles contribute significantly to both the volume and type of crime found in any society. |
| Phrenology | The belief that the characteristics of the brain are mirrored in bumps in the skull. |
| Positivism | The product of eighteenth century Enlightenment philosophy, with its emphasis on the importance of reason and experience. |
| Atavism | "Ancestor" Subhuman or primitive trait used to describe the characteristics of criminals. |
| Criminaloid | Occasional criminals we were pulled into criminality primarily by environmental influences. |
| Constitutional Theory | A theory that looks at body type, or constitution, to explain human behavior. |
| Somatotyping | The classification of human beings into types according to body build and other physical characteristics. |
| Cycloid Personality | Individuals with heavyset, soft bodies who commit mostly nonviolent property crimes. |
| Schizoid Personality | Individuals with athletic muscular bodies deemed more likely to be schizophrenic. |
| Di-plastic Personality | Individuals who are highly emotional. |
| Endomorph | Overweight |
| Mesomorph | Athletic or Muscular |
| Ectomorph | Thin and Fragile |
| Eugenic Criminology | Theory that claimed that the root causes of criminal behavior were passed genetically from generation to generation. |
| Neurophysiology | The study of brain activity and the nervous system. |
| Neuroendocrinology | The study of the way the nervous system interacts with the endocrine system. |
| Sociobiology | The belief that the biological characteristics of an individual are only one part of in the equation of behavior. The other parts are the physical and social environments. |
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