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Oceanography test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Derived from preexisting rock material that originates on the continents or islands from erosion, volcanic eruptions, or blown dust | Lithogenous sediment |
| Lithogenous sediment | Terrigenous sediment |
| Water, temperature extremes, and chemical effects break rocks into smaller pieces | Weathering agents |
| The greatest quantity of lithogenos material is found around | The margins of the continents |
| The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate | Paleoceanography |
| A bucket-like device that was used to scoop up sediment from the deep-ocean floor | Dredge |
| A hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top used to collect the first cores | Gravity corer |
| Used today to collect cores from the deep ocean | Rotary drilling |
| Eroded particles and fragments of dirt, dust, and other debris that have settled out of the water and accumulated on the ocean floor | Sediments |
| Turned to rock | Lithified |
| Rocks formed by lithified sediments | Sedimentary rock |
| One of the few complete and undisturbed records of Earth history | Sediments of the deep ocean floor |
| Picked up | Eroded |
| The greatest quantity of lithogenous material is found | Around the margins of the continents |
| All rocks are composed of discrete crystals of naturally occurring compounds called | Minerals |
| One of the most abundant, chemically stable, and durable minerals in Earth's crust | Quartz (composed of silicone and oxygen)same as glass |
| Boulders, cobbles, pebbles, granules, sand, silt, clay | Grain size; the Wentworth scale of grain size |
| Lithogenous sediment tends to become _______ with increasing distance from the shore | Finer |
| A measure of the uniformity of grain sizes | Sorting |
| Marine sedimentary deposits can be categorized as either ______ or _____ | Neritic or pelagic |
| Found on continental shelves. Course grained | Neritic deposits |
| Found in the deep ocean basins and are typically fine grained | Pelagic deposits |
| Lithogenous sediment in the ocean is _______, at least a small percentage of lithogenous sediment is found nearly everywhere on the ocean floor | Ubiquitous |
| Dominates most neritic deposits | Lithogenous sediment |
| Beaches are made up of | Whatever materials are locally available; mostly quartz-rich sand |
| Sediments that cover the continental shelf that have not been covered by recent deposits | Relict |
| Underwater avalanches | Turbidity currents |
| A sediment or rock formed from sediment deposited by turbidity currents | Turbidite deposit |
| Poorly sorted deposits layed down by the most recent ice age | Glacial deposits |
| Rock particles trapped in glacial ice are carried out to sea by icebergs that break away from coastal glaciers | Ice rafting |
| Deep ocean deposits containing less than 30% biogenous sediment sometimes referred to as red clay | Abyssal clay |
| Remains of hard parts of once living organisms | Biogenous sediment |
| Biogenous sediment that is large enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope | Macroscopic biogenous sediment |
| More abundant and smaller than macroscopic biogenous sediment | Microscopic biogenous sediment |
| Microscopic organisms produce tiny shells called | Tests |
| Accumulated tests on the ocean floor | Ooze |
| Ooze must contain 30% | Biogenous test material |
| Two organisms that chiefly contribute to biogenous sediment | Algae and protozoans |
| The two most common chemical compounds in biogenous sediment | Calcium carbonate and silica |
| Most of the silica in biogenous ooze comes from microscopic algae called ______ and protozoans called _______ | Diatoms; radiolarians |
| Free floating | Planktonic |
| A light weight white rock; lithified diatomic rich ooze | Diatomaceous earth |
| The accumulation of silceous tests of diatoms, radiolarians, and other silica-secreting organisms produces | Siliceous ooze |
| Two significant sourcs of calcium carbonate biogenous ooze | Foraminifers and coccolithophores (nannoplankton) |
| Lithified coccolithophores | Chalk |
| Deposits comprised primarily of tests of foraminifers, coccoliths, and other calcareous-secreting organisms | Calcareous ooze |
| One of the most common types of pelagic deposits | Biogenous sediment |
| 3 fundamental processes that the distribution of biogenous sediment on the ocean floor depends on | Productivity, destruction, dilution |
| When skeletal remains dissolve in seawater at depth | Destruction |
| The deposition of other sediments decreases the percentage of the biogenous sediment found in marine deposits | Dilution |
| The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor | Productivity |
| Rocks from the marine environmen composed primarily of calcium carbonate | Limestones |
| Lobate structures consisting of fine layers of carbonate that form in specific warm, shallow-water environments. Bulbous | Stromatolites |
| The depth in the ocean at which the pressure is high enough and the amount of carbon dioxide in deep ocean waters is great enough to begin dissolving calcium carbonate | Lysocline |
| The point at which calcium dissolves rapidly | Calcium compensation depth |
| Where deep ocean water comes to the surface and supplies nutriends that stimulate high rates of biological productivity | Upwelling |
| Derived from the dissolved material in water | Hydrogenous sediment |
| The change from the dissolved to the solid state | Precipitate |
| Rounded, hard lumps of manganese, iron, and other materials | Manganese nodules |
| The two most important carbonate minerals in marine sediment | Aragonite and calcite. Aragonite changes to calcite over time |
| Small calcite spheres | Oolites |
| Derived from extraterrestrial sources | Cosmogenous sediment |
| Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types | Microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris |
| Small molten pieces of crust | Tektites |
| Produced when asteroids collide or when tektites are ejected into space | Microscopic spherules |
| Composed of silicate rock material | Meteorite material |
| The ancient remains of microscopic organisms, buried within marine sediments before they could decompose, are the source of today's | Petroleum deposits |
| Unusually compact chemical structures made of water and natural gas | Gas hydrates |
| The most common hydrates in nature | Methane hydrates |
| Hard coatings on other rocks | Crusts |
Created by:
adm2595