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PSY 101 ch5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | a sysyematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experiance |
| Behaviorism | a theory of learning that focuses soley on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. |
| associative learning | when we make a connection or an association between two events |
| observational learning | the learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates anothers behavior |
| classical conditioning | a netural stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. |
| conditioning | the process of learning these associations |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | a stimulus that prduces a response without prior learning |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | an unlearned reaction that is automaticallyelicited by the UCS.involuntary, happen without conscious effort |
| conditioned stimlus (CS) | a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicts a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
| conditioned response (CR) | the learned response to response to the conitioned stimlus that occurs after CS-UCS pairing. |
| acquisition | the initial learning of the connection between the UCS and CS when these two stimuli are paired. |
| generalization | classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. |
| disctimination | In classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. |
| extintion | the weaking of the conditioned resonse when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. |
| renewal | the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context |
| counterconditioning | a classical conditioning preocedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response |
| systematic desensitization | a method of therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety producing situations. |
| aversive conditioning | repeatedly pairing a stimulus with somthing very unpleasent. |
| operant conditioning | a form of associative learning in whihch the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurence. |
| thorndikes law of effect | behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened |
| shaping | rewarding approximations of desired bahavior |
| reinforcement | the process by which a rewarding stimuls or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again |
| positive reinforcement | the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the presentation of somthing that is good. |
| negative reinforcement | the frequency of a behavio increase because it is followed by the removal of somthing unpleasent. |
| primary reinforcer | Does not take any learning on the oraganism's part to make it pleasurable |
| secondary reinforcer | acquites its postive value through an organisms experiance, a learned or conditioned reinforcer. |
| genealization- operant conditioning | performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. |
| discrimination-operant conditioning | responding appripriatly to stumuli that signals that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. |
| scheduales of reinforcemtn | specfifc patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. 4 types are fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ation and variable interval. |
| punishment | a consequence that decrease the likelhood that a behavior will occur. |
| positive punishment | a behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentaion of an unpleasent stimulus ex.spanking |
| negative punishment | a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed.ex time out |
| fixed ratio scheduale | reinforces a behavio afetr a set number of behaviors |
| variable ratio scheduale | a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpedictable basis. |
| fixed interval scheduale | a timetable in which a behavior is einforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed. |
| variable inteval scheduale | a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed. |
| applied behavior analysis (ABA) | the use of operant conditioning priciples to change human behavior. |
| latent learning | is unreinforces learning that is not immediatley reflected in behavior. |
| insight learning | a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution. |
| instinctive drift | the tendency of animals to revert to inctinctive behavio that intefers with learning |
| preparedness | the species specific biological predisposition to learn in a certain ways but noth others. |
Created by:
mattie.ropelewski@yahoo.com