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Resna
Resna ATP Exam
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| Screening | Examinations aimed at detecting medical conditions early in their course or before they become symptomatic, often with the purpose of implementing treatment that will prevent or ameliorate the problem. |
| Rehabilitation | Restoration of the disabled person to self-sufficiency or maximal possible functional independence. |
| Pathology | The interruption of, or interference with, normal bodily processes or structures by a disease process. |
| Pathogenic | Causing disease or disorder. |
| Monitoring | Repetitive checking of a patient's medical, neurological, and functional status. |
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living | Complex activities required for independent living, such as using a telephone, home management, cooking, use of public transportation, or financial management. |
| Independent | Able to perform all usual functions without assistance or supervision. |
| Impairment | The loss or abnormality of physical or psychological capacities. |
| Handicap | A disadvantage resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfillment of a role that is normal for the affected individual. |
| Functional Limitation | Reduced ability or lack of ability to perform an action or activity in the manner or within the range considered to be normal. |
| Enviroment | All of the things mental and physical that affect a person's life and survival. |
| Disability | Reduced ability or lack of ability of an individual to perform an activity in daily life. A loss, absence or impairment of physical or mental fitness that can be seen or measured. |
| Diagnosis | Determining the exact nature of a specific disease. |
| Deficit | Loss of ability. In the case of a stroke, a loss of neurological function. |
| ADLS | Basic activities of daily living. Routine activities carried out for personal hygiene and health such as eating, dressing, grooming, shaving, etc. Sometimes called DLS or daily living skills. |
| environmental factors | physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives |
| participation | involvement in a life situation |
| activity | execution of a task or action by an individual |
| body structures | anatomical parts of the body, such as organs and limbs |
| body functions | physiological functions of body systems (including psychological) |
| Sagittal plane (median plane) | any vertical plane that divides body into left and right portions (“midsagittal” divides into equal left and right, i.e. through midline) |
| Frontal (coronal) plane | any vertical plane that divides into anterior and posterior portions |
| Transverse (horizontal) plane | any horizontal plane that divides into superior and inferior portions |
| prone | lying on stomach (face downward) |
| supine | lying on back (face upward) |
| anterior | towards front |
| posterior | towards back |
| superior | towards the head |
| inferior | away from the head |
| medial | towards midline |
| lateral | away from midline |
| dorsal | back portion of trunk or extremity |
| ventral | front portion of body or extremity |
| proximal | towards the trunk or point of attachment |
| distal | away from the trunk of point of attachment |
| superficial | outward or nearer surface |
| deep | further from skin surface |
| dorsal surface of hand | superior portion of forearm and hand |
| palmer (volar) surface of hand | anterior portion of hand |
| valgus vs varus deformity | an abnormal position in which part of limb is turned inward toward midline (e.g., knock-knee) vs bent outward (e.g., bow-legged) |
| afferent vs efferent | toward CNS (e.g., sensory input signals) vs away from CNS (e.g., motor signals) |
| ipsilateral vs contralateral | same side vs opposite side of body |
| terms common for 4 legged | superior-dorsal vs inferior-ventral; |
| terms common for 2 legged: | superior-cranial vs inferior-caudal; |
| Ankylosis | An abnormal bony or fibrous fusion of a joint. |
| Annular Ligament | Circular or ring-shaped ligament |
| Arachnoid Membrane | The middle of three membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord. |
| Articulation | Movement of the lips, tongue, teeth and palate into specific patterns for purposes of speech. Also, a movable joint. |
| Collagen | A strong, fibrous protein found in connective tissues, including the dermis, tendons, ligaments, deep fascia, bond and cartilage. |
| Deformity | Distortion of any part or general disfigurement of the body (may be acquired or congenital). |
| Fibroblast | A connective tissue cell that produces collagen, elastin and reticular fibers. |
| Fibrosis | Formation of abnormal fibrous tissue |
| Kyphotic | Abnormally increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side. |
| Lumbar | Pertaining to that area immediately below the thoracic spine; the strongest part of the spine, the lower back. |
| Subluxation | Complete or partial dislocation, or loss of joint alignment (as in shoulder). |
| Thoracic | Pertaining to the chest, vertebrae or spinal cord segments between the cervical and lumbar areas. |
| Atrophy | Wasting or decrease in size of a tissue, organ or entire body resulting from death or resorption of cell, and diminished cellular proliferation due to disuse (decreased activity) or other changes (e.g., malnutrition, denervation, hormonal). |
| Demyelination | The loss of nerve fiber "insulation" due to trauma or disease, which reduces the ability of nerves to conduct impulses (as in multiple sclerosis and some types of spinal cord injury). Some intact but non working nerve fibers might be coaxed into remyelina |
| Flaccidity | A form of paralysis in which muscles are soft and limp. |
| Hypertrophy | An increase in the size of a tissue, structure, or organ of the body, owing to growth rather than tumor formation (opposite of atrophy). |
| Prehension | The primary function of the hand (includes pinching, grasping, and manipulation of objects). |
| Proprioception | The sensory awareness of the position of body parts with or without movement. Combination of kinesthesia and position sense. |
| Reflex | An involuntary response to a stimulus involving nerves not under control of the brain. In some types of paralysis, reflexes cannot be inhibited by the brain and they become exaggerated, thereby causing spasms. |
| Synergistic Muscle | A muscle that aids or cooperates with another. |
| Aneurysm | A sac created by expansion of an artery, vein, or the heart. |
| Cerebrum | The main portion of the brain that includes the two cerebral hemispheres; this term is also used to refer to the entire brain. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities, including heart muscle, glands, and smooth muscle tissue. The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Sympathetic activities are marked b |
| Axon | The nerve fiber that carries an impulse from the nerve cell to a target, and also carries materials from the nerve terminals back to the nerve cell. When an axon is cut, proteins required for its regeneration are made available by the nerve cell body. A g |
| Brainstem | The lower extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal cord. Neurological functions located in the brainstem include those necessary for survival (breathing, heart rate) and for arousal (being awake and alert). |
| Central Nervous System (Cns) | The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The prevailing theory is that CNS cells won't repair themselves. Experiments show, however, that CNS nerves can re-grow and reconnect to appropriate targets. A clinical "fix" for spinal cord injury has not yet b |
| Cerebellum | The portion of the brain (located in the back) that helps coordinate movement. Damage may result in ataxia |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | A colorless solution similar to plasma protecting the brain and spinal cord from shock. Csf circulates through the subarachnoid space. For diagnosis purposes, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is used to draw csf. |
| Cervical | The upper spine (neck) area of the vertebral column. Cervical injuries often result in quadriplegia (tetraplegia). |
| Complete Lesion | An injury with no motor or sensory function below the zone of cord destruction at the site of primary tra |
| Contusion | A bruising of the neural tissues of the brain. |
| Coup | A blow to the head at the site of impact. |
| Contra Coup | Injury to the brain resulting from a blow to the opposite side of the head. Impact blows to the head cause the brain to be pushed against the inner surface of the skull opposite the side of impact. |
| Decerebration | Removal of the brain or cutting the spinal cord at the level of the brain stem. |
| Denervated | Loss of nerve supply to muscle or skin, resulting in paralysis or loss of sensation, respectively. |
| Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)) | An acute neurological dysfunction of vascular origin with symptoms and signs corresponding to the involvement of focal areas of the brain, caused by intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage (hemorrhage stroke) or the blockage of a blood vessel supplying o |
| Cerebral Palsy (CP) | Defect of motor power and coordination caused by maldevelopment of the brain. |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | A slowly progressive “chronic” disease of the central nervous system where myelin, the insulation on nerve fibers, is lost. MS is thought to be an autoimmune dysfunction in which the body turns on itself for some unknown reason. |
| Spina Bifida | A congenital defect caused by incomplete development of the posterior neural arch, leaving a portion of the spinalm cord without bony protection (usually in lumbrosacral region). |
| Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) | An acute trauamatic injury of the spinal cord, causing full or significant loss of sensation and muscle function I the trunk and extremities. Injury to the thoracic or lumbar regions causes paraplegia, injury in the cervical region causes quadriplegia. |
| Brain Injury (Traumatic or Accuired) | An injury to the brain regardless of severity. |
| Closed Head Injury | Trauma to the head regardless of severity. Also see traumatic brain injury, minor head injury and concussion. |
| Post Concussion Syndrome | A particular group of impairments that characterize the effects of injury on the brain and behavior. PCS include impairments in the ability to think, to do, and to know, and is characterized by diminished, self-awareness and diminished ability to benefit |
| Diffuse Axonal Injury | A shearing injury of large nerve fibers (axons covered with myelin) in many areas of the brain. It appears to be one of the two primary lesions of brain injury, the other being stretching or shearing of blood vessels from the same forces, producing hemorr |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of joints |
| Osteoarthritis | A type of arthritis marked by progressive cartilage deterioration in the synovial joints and new bone formation around the joint. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | A chronic, progressive, systemic disease marked by inflammation and tendency toward deformity of synovial joints. |
| Cumulative trauma | Injury resulting from the cumulative effect of repeated application of low stress, when tissues are not allowed sufficient time to recover. |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, located on the volar side of the wrist; this pressure is often attributed to cumulative trauma or poor wrist positioning. Initial symptoms are pain, tingling, or numbness of the hand that may radiate |
| Decubitus (Pressure) Ulcer | Ulcer of the skin that forms as a result of prolonged pressure in patients confined to bed or wheelchair. |
| Heterotopic Ossification (HO) | The formation of new bone deposits in the connective tissue surrounding the major joints, primarily the hip and knee (cause unknown). Twenty to 50 percent of spinal cord injury patients have HO (more common in people with higher level injuries, most like |
| Osteoporosis | Loss of bone density, common in immobile/unloaded bones. |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | An inherited disorder of the connective tissue causing excessively brittle bones, which are prone to fractures. |
| Agnosia | Failure to recognize familiar objects although the sensory mechanism is intact. May occur for any sensory modality. |
| Anesthesia | Partial or complete loss of sensation resulting from disease, injury or administration of an anesthetic agent. |
| Anosmia | Loss of the sense of smell. Syn: anodmia |
| Anoxia | A lack of oxygen. Cells of the brain need oxygen to stay alive. When blood flow to the brain is reduced or when oxygen in the blood is too low, brain cells are damaged. |
| Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) pressure measured from a needle or bolt introduced into the CSF space surrounding the brain. It reflects the pressure inside of the skull. |
| Plasticity | Long-term adaptive mechanism by which the nervous system restores or modifies itself toward normal levels of function. The peripheral nervous system is quite plastic, while the central nervous system was long thought to be "wired" permanently, lacking p |
| flexion vs extension (hyperextension) | movement which brings the limbs or body into a more bend vs straighten position (often in sagittal plane) |
| abduction vs adduction, leg or arm | moving extremity away from vs toward the body (often in a frontal plane) |
| circumduction | circular movement combining flextion, abduction, extension, and adduction |
| pronation vs supination, forearm | axially turning the forarm so the palm faces backdown/downward vs forward/upward |
| dorsiflexion vs plantar flextion | bending the ankle so the foot points upward vs downward |
| eversion vs inversion, foot | to rotate outward vs inward (e.g., toes), typically a combination of plantar flextion/supination/adduction vs dorsiflextion/pronation/abduction. |
| Antagonist Muscle | A muscle whose action is the opposite to that of another muscle. |
| Concentric action | A muscle that shortens while activated. |
| Constitutive relation | The governing equation describing the relation between two variables (e.g., force -extension relation for a spring). |
| Dynamics (Kinetics) | The study of the forces and motion caused by the forces. Forward dynamics: forces are inputs, motion evolves due to the dynamical equations of motion. Inverse dynamics: motions are known, forces are then back-calculated. |
| Eccentric action (plyometric) | A muscle that lengthens while activated |
| Isokinetic | An activated muscle "contraction" in which its velocity is constant (specified) and the force can change (e.g., depends on the level of effort). |
| Isometric | An activated muscle "contraction" in which its length does not change (special case of isokinetic in which the velocity is zero). |
| Isotonic | An activated muscle "contraction" in which the force is constant and the length can change (e.g., shorten) |
| Line of action | The conceptual center line of the pulling force of a muscle |
| Motor unit | Motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates |
| Multiarticular | A muscle crossing more than one joint. |
| Muscle fiber composition | The relative composition of "slow" and "fast" muscle fibers in a muscle. |
| Redundancy (actuator, kinematic) | Actuator redundancy refers to the concept of there being more muscle actuators that necessary to move in the joint degrees of freedom (e.g., more than two muscles cross the elbow joint). Kinematic redundancy refers to the there being more joint degrees o |
| Yield point | The point of stress on the load deformation curve that separates the elastic range from the plastic range, at which point increased load causes residual deformation after the load is removed. |
| Synergist muscle | Muscles working together to cause similar actions. |
| Stiffness | The local stiffness of a tissue (such as muscle, ligament, bone) or endpoint (such as at hand) is the change in force divided by the change in length. In reality the "stiffness" can depend on a range of factors, such as the magnitude of the applied chang |
| Rigid Body | A body segment that is assumed not to deform; commonly used assumption for movement biomechanics studies (e.g., limb segment). |
| Apraxia | A disorder of learned movement unexplained by deficits in strength, coordination, sensation, or comprehensi |
| Ataxia | A disorder of muscle coordination not due to apraxia, weakness, rigidity, spasticity or sensory loss. Caused by lesion of the cerebellum or basal ganglia. Can interfere with a person's ability to walk, talk, eat and to perform other self care tasks. |
| Balance | The ability to use appropriate righting and equilibrium reactions to maintain an upright position. It is usually tested in sitting and standing positions. |
| Clonus | A sustained series of rhythmic jerks following quick stretch of a muscle. |
| Decerebrate Posture / Rigidity | Exaggerated posture or extension as a result of a lesion to the prepontine area of the brainstem, and is rarely seen fully developed in humans. |
| Decorticate Posture | (Decorticate Rigidity) exaggerated posture of upper extremity flexion and lower extremity extension as a result of a lesion to the mesencephalon or above. |
| Dysarthria | Difficulty in forming words or speaking them because of weakness of muscles used in speaking. Speech is characterized by slurred, imprecise articulation. Tongue movements are usually labored and the rate of speaking may be very slow. Voice quality may be |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty in swallowing. It also includes difficulity in moving material from the mouth to the stomach. This definition also includes problems in positioning food in the mouth. |
| Electromyogram (EMG) | A test that records the responses of muscles to electrical stimulation. |
| Hemiparesis | Weakness, paralysis or loss of movement on one side of the body. |
| Hyperreflexia | Increased action of the reflexes. |
| Myelogram | A diagnostic test in which an opaque liquid is injected into the spinal canal, producing an outline of it on X-rays or fluoroscope. Now somewhat outdated by modern imaging diagnostics. Some dyes are suspected of causing additional neurological problems. |
| Spasticity | A state of increased muscle tone with exaggerated tendon reflexes that move or jerk involuntarily. Such uncontrolled muscle activity is caused by excessive reflex activity below the level of lesion. |
| Vital Capacity, Impaired Pulmonary Function | The measure of air in a full breath. It is an important consideration for people with high-level tetraplegia |
| Diplopia | Seeing two images of a single object; double vision. |
| sensory discrimination | A process requiring differentiation of two or more stimuli. |
| Hemianopsia | Visual field cut. Blindness for one half of the field of vision. This is not the right or left eye, but the right or left half of vision in each eye. |
| Perception | The conscious recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli through association, especially memory. The basis for understanding, learning, knowing and motivation. |
| Perceptual Deficit | Impaired mental activity such as cognitive processing, emotional response, attention or memory. May result from diffuse brain injury |
| Sensation | Feeling stimuli which activate sensory organs of the body such as touch, temperature, pressure or pain. Also seeing hearing, smelling and tasting. |
| Unilatel neglect | The state in which an individual is perceptually unaware of and inattentive to one side of the body (e.g., due to head injury or stroke). |
| Astereognosis | The inability to recognize or characterize objects by touch. |
| Perception | Conscious mental recognition of a sensory stimulus. |
| Proprioception | Perception of body movement or position. |
| Stereognosis | The ability to perceive the nature and form of objects by the sense of touch. |
| Unilateral neglect | A disturbance of a person's awareness of space on the side of the body opposite a stroke-causing lesion; often referred to as hemi-inattention. |
| Abstract Thinking | The ability to apply abstract concepts to situations and surroundings. It is characterized by adaptability in the use of ideas and generalization. |
| Alexia | Inability to understand written language |
| Anomia | Inability to recall names of objects. Persons with this problem often can speak fluently but have to use other words to describe familiar objects. |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Inability to consolidate information about ongoing events. Difficulty with new learning. |
| Aphasia | The loss of ability to communicate orally, through signs, or in writing, or the inability to understand such communications; the loss of language usage ability. The change in language function due to an injury to the cerebral cortex of brain. |
| Apraxia | The inability to produce voluntary speech due to a deficit in motor (muscle) programming caused by brain damage. |
| Attention Deficits | Impaired ability to concentrate |
| Cognition | The mental process involved in knowing, thinking, learning and judging. |
| Cognitive Process | Higher mental functioning; learning, memory, imagination, comprehension, decision making. The means by which an individual becomes aware of people, objects and situations in the environment and their subjective, symbolic meaning. |
| Coma | A state of profound unconsciousness. A state of unconsciousness from which the person is incapable of any conscious action. Typically, they do not respond to powerful stimulation; lack of any response to one's environment. |
| Concussion | A violent blow, jarring, shaking or other non penetrating injury to the brain. Frequently, but not always, accompanied by a loss of consciousness. Also called minor head injury and traumatic brain injury. Slang terms include: having one's "bell rung," an |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | A standardized system used to assess the degree of brain impairment and to identify the seriousness of injury in relation to outcome. The system involves three determinants (each evaluated independently by numerical score): eye opening, verbal responses a |
| Prosody | The inflections or intonations of speech. |
| Neuropsychological Assessment | An evaluation of the patient's brain functions relating to behavior; based on the results of standardized tests, history, present circumstances, attitudes and the expectations of the patient was well as the patient's behavior during the examination. |
| Rehabilitation | The restoration of skills by a person who has had an illness or injury so they regain maximum self-sufficiency and can function in a normal or as near normal manner as possible. (The word comes from the Latin "rehabilitare" meaning to make fit again.) |
| HAAT | Human Activity - Assistive Technology |
| Human Performance | "the result of a pattern of actions carried out to satisfy an objective" |
| AT appliance | provides benefits in the individual independent of skill level |
| AT tool | require development of skill for their use |
| Assistive Technology | Any item, piece of equipment or product system whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized that is used to increase or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities. |
| Assistive Technology Service | Any service that directly assists an individual with a disability in the selection, acquisition or use of an assistive technology device |
| HAAT Model | This is a framework describing the major elements of an assistive technology system. It consists of four parts: 1) activity, 2) context, 3) human, and 4) assistive technologies. |
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