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Rad concepts ch. 2
chapter two key terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Amplitude | the intensity of the wave defined by its maximal height |
| atom | the smallest particle of an element that still possess the chemical properties of that element |
| atomic mass number (A) | the mass of an atom; used when precision is not necessary; is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Atomic number | the number of nuclear protons in an atom unique to each element; also known as the Z number. |
| chemical energy | the form of energy released during a chemical reaction. |
| compound | a complex substance; two or more elements that are chemically united in a definite proportion. |
| electrical energy | the result of movement of electrons; also known as electricity |
| electricity | the result of movement of electrons; also known as electrical energy |
| electromagnetic energy | a form of energy resulting from electric and magnetic disturbances in space. |
| ectromagnetic radiation (EM) | a form of energy that is the result of electric and magnetic disturbances in space |
| electromagnetic spectrum | describes the different forms of electromaganetic radiation |
| electron (e-) | negatively charged subatomic particle of an atom |
| electron binding energy (Eb) | the amount of energy needed to remove the electron from the atom. |
| electron volt (eV) | measurement of the binding energy of an electron; the energy one elctron will have when it is accelerated by an electrical potential of 1 volt. |
| element | a simple substance; it cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by ordinary means. |
| excitation | process in which electrons in an atom are moved to a higher energy state without actually being removed from the atom. |
| frequency | the number of waves that passes a particular point in a given time frame. |
| heat | the result of the motion of atoms and molecules; also known as thermal energy |
| ion | an atom that has gained or lost an electron |
| ionization | process of removing or adding an electron from an atom |
| isotope | atoms that have the same number of protons in the nucleus but differ in the number of neutrons |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| K-shell | the orbital shell closest to the nucleus |
| lambda | the greek letter that represents the measurement of a wavelength |
| M theory | electrons and quarks may not be particles, but instead may be extremely small loops of rapidly vibrating string like matter. |
| mass | the quantity of matter contained in an object. |
| mechanical energy | the result of the action of machines or physical movement; can be potential or kinetic. |
| mixture | the combination of two or more substances |
| molecule | two or more atoms chemically united; the smallest particle of a compound that still possesses the characteristics of the compound. |
| neutron (n (superscript 0)) | subatomic particle of an atom containing no charge. |
| nu | greek letter used to denote the number of cycles per second. |
| nuclear energy | the energy stored in the bond of the nucleus of an atom. |
| nucleon | the protons and nuetrons that make up the nucleus. |
| nucleus | the small dense center of the atom; consists of protons and neutrons. |
| octet rule | that the number of electrons in the outermost shell will never exceed 8 electrons. |
| period | the time required to complete one cycle of a wave. |
| photon | a small bundle of energy. The specific amount of energy depends on frequency; also known as quantum. |
| potential energy | the energy an object has because of its position. |
| proton (p+) | positively charged subatomic particle of an atom. |
| quantum | a small bundle of energy. The specific amount of energy depends on frequency; also known as a photon. |
| quark | subnuclear structure that makes of protons and neutrons. |
| radiation | energy emitted and transferred through matter. |
| shell | the energy level occupied by an electron determined by the distance from the nucleus. |
| string theory | the idea that matter behaves differently depending on the vibration on the string-like matter. |
| substance | a material that has a definite and constant composition. |
| temperature | a measure of thermal energy |
| thermal energy | the result of the motion of atoms and molecules; also known as heat. |
| valence | the chemical combining characteristic of an element; determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell. |
| wavelength | the distance between two successive points on a wave. |
| weight | the force that an object exerts under the influence of gravity |
| Z number | the number of nuclear protons in an atom, unique to each element; also known as the atomic number. |
| list 5 types of energy | electrical energy, mechanical energy, nuclear energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic energy. |
| for electromagnetic radiation what is the relationship between frequency and wavelength? | if wavelength decreases, frequency increases and vice versa, if wavelength increases, frequency decreases. |
| for electromagnetic radiation what is the relationship between frequency and photon energy? | photon energy and frequency are directly proportional. If the photon energy is doubled the frequency is doubled. |
| List 5 properties of x-rays | 1. they are highly penetrating, invisible rays which are a form of electromagnetic radiation. 2. travel in straight lines. 3. can ionize matter. 4. cannot be focused by a lens. 5. affect photographic film. |
| the two major branches of sciences are? | physical science and biological science. |
| what are the three basic subatomic particles? | protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| In the periodic table of elements the elements are arranged in periods and groups. How are the elements similar within each period? Within each group? | 1. The periods represent elements with the same quantum number or number of electron shells. 2. The groups represent elements with the same number of electrons in the outermost shell. |
| What formula is used to determine the maximum number of electrons that can be contained in a given shell? How many electrons can be contained in the N-shell? In the Q shell? | 1. 2(n2)..... 2. 2(4 squared) = 2x16=32 3. 2(7squared) = 2x49=98 |
| How do radiations differ along the electromagnetic spectrum? | visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared and violet light, x-rays and gamma rays. |
Created by:
Baker RAD 2012
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