Save
Upgrade to remove ads
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

PSYCH-2

Test 3

QuestionAnswer
Compared to anxiety, panic is more intense.
Agoraphobia is best described as a fear of experiencing a panic attack.
Individuals who do not show a decrease in cortisol levels in response to an injection of dexamethasone have an HPA axis that is not functioning normally.
Virtual reality environments d. allow exposure therapy to be conducted in a simulated setting.
Which of the following is NOT a brain area that has been found to exhibit abnormalities in depressed patients? Basal ganglia
Margaret has been suffering with dysthymia for several years and has sought treatment on several occasions. About one month ago she developed more severe symptoms of depression, which have been maintained almost daily. The condition she is experiencing is a. double depression.
One factor that is especially likely to produce depression relapse is behavior by a spouse that can be interpreted as criticism.
Diane's treatment for depression included training in meditation techniques that helped her become aware of her unwanted negative thoughts and to accept them as just thoughts. She was undergoing a. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Over the past two years, Kelly has experienced depressive episodes three different times. Two of the three episodes occurred in the winter and the third occurred last spring. It is winter and Kelly's symptoms are consistent with major depressive disorder c. Recurrent major depressive disorder
Reynaldo has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The most effective drug for him is c. lithium.
Although bipolar I disorder is described as "bipolar," a. a depressed episode is not necessary for a diagnosis.
Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of OCD? The symptomatic behavior causes distress
The average duration of an untreated episode of depression is a. 6-9 months.
What do all mood disorders have in common? They are characterized by emotional extremes.
The main difference between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode is the amount of social and occupational impairment.
The majority of individuals who ATTEMPT suicide are ________ and the majority of those who COMPLETE suicide are ________. a. women and people between age 18 and 24; men and people over age 65
Why do many people with panic disorder continue to believe they are having a heart attack despite the fact that they never have? They tend to engage in "safety behaviors" that they believe are the reason the catastrophe didn't happen.
Martin is afraid to fly. He knows his boss wants him to take a trip for the business. Martin feels miserable, because he wants to keep his job but cannot even imagine getting on a plane. The most likely diagnosis for Martin is c. specific phobia, situation type.
Neurotic behavior is maladaptive but means that a person is not out of touch with reality.
Selective abstraction is a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects.
Most first panic attacks a. follow some distressing event.
Individuals who suffer from phobias avoid the feared stimulus.
Limited symptom attacks are panic attacks consisting of fewer than four symptoms.
An individual with a high stress tolerance a. can function well in the face of a high level of stress.
Dagmar is a musician and she loves the fact that she constantly hears new melodies in her head. In fact, she cannot remember a time when she did not hear music. Why is this NOT an example of an obsession? Obsessions must be intrusive thoughts the person finds disturbing.
Neuroticism a. is a tendency to experience negative mood states.
Derek's moods have always seemed to be unpredictable and irrational. Which of the following would be most likely to decrease Nancy's anxiety? c. Derek could call home each day and let Nancy know how the day went.
When Jill experienced her first panic attack, she felt as if she were outside of herself, watching herself struggle to catch her breath. Jill's sense of not being part of herself is one of the symptoms of a panic attack known as depersonalization.
Which type of cells release interleukin? Macrophages
Amber feels anxious almost all the time. Amber's most likely diagnosis is a. generalized anxiety disorder.
Which of the following is an example of a COGNITIVE diathesis for depression? c. Attributing negative events to internal causes
It is fairly easy to condition monkeys and humans to fear snakes but almost impossible to condition either to fear a flower. This supports the ________ theory of phobias. c. preparedness
What is one of the major ways the anxiety disorders differ from each other? c. Whether there are more fear/panic symptoms or anxiety symptoms involved.
A rapid return of symptoms immediately after drug treatment is terminated is a common example of ________; a return to depressive symptoms after a period of spontaneous remission of symptoms is called a ________. c. relapse; recurrence
If a pharmaceutical company were looking for a drug that would maximally treat generalized anxiety disorder they would want one that c. increased GABA levels while regulating serotonin.
________ was once thought to be a fear of crowded places, but now is seen as a complication of having panic attacks in public. a. Agoraphobia
Which of the following is NOT a brain area that has been found to exhibit abnormalities in depressed patients? Basal ganglia
Childhood depression is more likely in children with a depressed parent.
A hypomanic episode is best described as a a. mild manic episode.
Leroy is asked to engage in behaviors that activate the sympathetic nervous system. In other words, Leroy is engaging in behaviors that produce the physical sensation of fear. What type of treatment does this appear to be? Interoceptive exposure
Two months after her husband's death, Connie was still not herself. She often forgot to feed the dog, was late for work on a regular basis, and had not yet thrown out his clothes. Which of the following diagnoses would apply to Connie? Dysthymia
Depression during adolescence c. can affect a person into young adulthood.
According to Hammen's stress-generation model of depression, a. marital distress can lead to depression and depression can lead to marital distress.
Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of cyclothymia? c. Clinically significant distress or impairment
What is meant by the phrase "double depression"? An individual with dysthymia later develops major depressive disorder as well.
Agoraphobia is best described as a fear of experiencing a panic attack.
Evolutionary preparedness explains why some types of phobias are much more common than others.
Which statement about the risk of suicide is true? c. About half of people who complete suicide do so during or in the recovery phase of a depressive episode.
Research on the role of genetics in the development of OCD suggests that a. there may be "neurotic" personality factors that increase susceptibility to OCD.
Which of the following might explain why rates of depression are low in China and Japan? c. Symptoms of depression tend to be discussed as somatic.
One of the main functions that worry seems to serve in generalized anxiety disorder is it keeps people from feeling the emotional and physiological consequences of anxiety.
Which of the following is a research finding that is inconsistent with the monoamine hypothesis of depression? Increases in noradrenergic activity have been seen in the brains of depressed patients.
Virtual reality environments allow exposure therapy to be conducted in a simulated setting.
Which of the following is a true statement about Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance learning? The two processes that it refers to are classical and operant conditioning.
Individuals who suffer from phobias avoid the feared stimulus.
A recurrent depressive episode a. is preceded by one or more previous episodes.
When Jill experienced her first panic attack, she felt as if she were outside of herself, watching herself struggle to catch her breath. Jill's sense of not being part of herself is one of the symptoms of a panic attack known as depersonalization.
The cognitive model does not account for a. nocturnal panic attacks.
Which of the following seems to be the best treatment for phobias? a. Exposure therapy
Although bipolar I disorder is described as "bipolar," a. a depressed episode is not necessary for a diagnosis.
John's erratic behavior finally ruined his marriage. What kind of life event would this be described as? c. Dependent
Which of the following is true? a. Most first time episodes of depression are preceded by a very stressful life event.
Neurotic behavior is maladaptive but means that a person is not out of touch with reality.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary types of compulsive acts seen in individuals with OCD? Scanning
Which of the following is true of unipolar major depression? d. It is the most prevalent mood disorder.
Which of the following is true? Bipolar disorder is more strongly inherited than unipolar disorder.
Fear is a basic emotion that involves exhibits a fear of most social situations.
Knowing what we know about the neurotransmitter imbalances in bipolar disorder, a physician should give which of the following pieces of advice? "Don't take drugs that increase dopamine levels because they can produce manic-like behavior."
The new DSM classification which omits the concept of neurosis is an improvement b/c Diagnostic criteria are now based on shared, observable symptoms and are more clearly defined
Which is likely to maintain/strengthen conditioned fears over time? a. Overestimating the likelihood that the event will reoccur
Which of the following have studies of control in humans and monkeys provided support for? Early experiences may serve as protective factors, ↓ the likelihood of developing GAD
Fear or panic is a basic emotion that Involves activation of the “fight or flight” response
5. Which is unique about OCD, as compared to other anxiety disorders? The incidence is about equal for men and women
Which is a disadvantage of treating GAD with benzodiazepine? Such drugs are frequently misused
Studies of preparedness and social phobia Find that angry faces act as fear-relevant stimuli
James began having panic attacks immediately after his mother died suddenly. He then began to fear public situations… It is unusual for a person with severe agoraphobia to be a man
What disorder does GAD appear to be most related to? Major depression
Quentin is seeking medication to treat his panic disorder…. SSRI
Most first panic attacks Follow some distressing event
What are amongst the most common obsessive thoughts in people with OCD? Fear of contamination and fear of harming others
Social phobia Involves a fear of one or more specific social situations
Why do many people with panic disorder continue to believe they are having a heart attack They tend to engage in “safety behaviors” that they believe are the reason the catastrophe didn’t happen
Which is characteristic of the obsessions seen in OCD? The individual with OCD knows that their obsessions are irrational
Agoraphobia is best described as a fear of Experiencing a panic attack
What has research on the preparedness theory of phobias found? Acquired fear responses can be elicited with subliminal exposure to fear-relevant stimuli
Some things seem to be consistent across all the different forms that OCD takes An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen to the person or to others for which they are responsible
Which brain structure is recognized as playing a central role in panic attacks? Amygdala
Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of panic disorder? Uncued panic attacks
21. Recent research on relapse among bipolar patients suggests that Personality styles interact with stress to increase the likelihood of relapse
Which statement about the risk of suicide is true? About half of people who complete suicide do so during or in the recovery phase of a depressive episode
23. Seasonal affective disorder is best described as a _______ depressive disorder Recurrent
Margaret has been suffering with dysthymia for several years… Double depression
Selective abstraction Is a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects
Which statement about gender difference in unipolar depression is true? As a biological basis for the gender differences has not been established, researchers have sought a psychosocial explanation
Independent life events are those that Are out of the client’s control
Depression Can occur even in infants and very young children
Brittany came to a therapist complaining that she just doesn’t enjoy life lately… Major depressive disorder
Which is true statement about rapid cycling? It is seen in 5-10% of those with bipolar disorder
When Kenneth was a youg boy he went to a dentist who treated him uncaringly and inflicted a good deal of pain… Generalization in classical conditioning
If a pharmaceutical company were looking for a drug that would maximally treat GAD they would want one that Increased GABA levels while regulating serotonin
Mark feels the need to tap everything within his arms reach twice… Has OCD
Why do people with phobias continue to avoid the thing they fear? Avoidance is reinforced by anxiety reduction
What do all mood disorders have in common? They are characterized by emotional extremes
Debbie receives her paper back from her instructor… Selective abstraction
Which illustrates how cognitive variables may act to maintain acquired fears? Ryan’s fear of heights caused him to always wonder just how high up he was in a building
A relationship b/w depression and marital violence Is well-established, as is the contributory role of depressive symptoms in both participants
“Repeated stimulation of the limbic system by discharges from the locus coeruleus may lower the threshold for later experiences of anxiety” Panic disorder with agoraphobia
Individuals who suffer from phobias avoid the feared stimulus.
Which of the following have studies of control in humans and monkeys provided support for? Early experiences with mastery and control may serve as protective factors, decreasing the likelihood of developing generalized anxiety disorder.
The Life Events and Difficulty Schedule allows the rater to consider the person's unique circumstances.
The Life Event and Difficulty Schedule includes cognitive factors in its examination of the impact of life events.
Behaviorally inhibited young children are more likely to develop specific phobias. This is an example of a ________ causal factor. biological
It is fairly easy to condition monkeys and humans to fear snakes but almost impossible to condition either to fear a flower. This supports the ________ theory of phobias. c. preparedness
Which cytokine has been associated with depression and caring for family members with Alheizeimer's disease? Interleukin-6
According to the fear of fear model of agoraphobia, minimal signs of sympathetic arousal come to signal more intense levels of arousal such that slight changes in autonomic activity become triggers for panic attacks.
An individual with a high stress tolerance a. can function well in the face of a high level of stress.
According to Hammen's stress-generation model of depression, a. marital distress can lead to depression and depression can lead to marital distress.
The prognosis for bipolar disorder is guarded, most people continue to have some symptoms.
Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of OCD? The symptomatic behavior causes distress
Which of the following is characteristic of the obsessions seen in OCD? The individual with OCD knows that their obsessions are irrational.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder? a. Bouts of anxiety
Which of the following reactions to poor test performance suggests a cognitive diathesis for depression? I'll never understand this.
Compared to anxiety, panic is more intense.
As discussed in your text, much evidence now suggests a number of biological causal factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder including all of the following EXCEPT decreased activity in the orbital frontal cortex.
"Fear of fear," fear of anger and depression, and fear of internal bodily sensations are all cognitive causal explanations for agoraphobia.
George, a 22-year-old mechanic, always seems to have a cloud over his head. Major depressive disorder
Transcranial magnetic stimulation Low serotonin, high norepinephrine, low dopamine
Which of the following is most characteristic of anxiety? Avoidant behavior
A review of several studies found that ________ increased the likelihood of developing a more severe depression. a. experiencing a stressful life event
________ was once thought to be a fear of crowded places, but now is seen as a complication of having panic attacks in public. a. Agoraphobia
Persistent and recurrent thoughts are obsessions.
What has research on the preparedness theory of phobias found? Acquired fear responses can be elicited with subliminal exposure to fear-relevant stimuli.
Tara believes that it is extremely important to be clean. has no disorder.
Margaret has been suffering with dysthymia for several years and has sought treatment on several occasions. About one month ago she developed more severe symptoms of depression, which have been maintained almost daily. a. double depression.
Although bipolar I disorder is described as "bipolar," a. a depressed episode is not necessary for a diagnosis.
One of the main functions that worry seems to serve in generalized anxiety disorder is it keeps people from feeling the emotional and physiological consequences of anxiety.
Angela has had several periods of extremely "up" moods. They last for a couple of weeks and she has gotten into trouble several times. During those times she doesn't sleep, spends way too much money,talks quickly and thinks even more quickly c. bipolar I disorder.
Social phobia c. involves a fear of one or more specific social situations.
Gradual exposure to feared cues is a common component of treatment for all anxiety disorders.
Nicole's mother is terribly afraid of snakes. Although Nicole has never actually seen a snake, her mother has told her time and again to be careful and look for them when she is walking. Now Nicole has an intense fear of snakes a. vicarious conditioning of a phobia.
According to the psychoanalytic view, what makes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) different from specific phobias? a. Defense mechanisms are not functional in GAD.
Jessica spends much of her day counting or saying certain words to herself. When she is not doing this, she is checking whether she left her doors unlocked. These symptoms illustrate a. compulsions.
Neurobiological factors involved in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder provide evidence for the hypothesis that fear and anxiety are fundamentally distinct.
A recurrent depressive episode a. is preceded by one or more previous episodes.
When Charissa was a young child, she stepped on a bee and was stung. Since that time, she has been terrified of flying insects and runs away if she sees any. According to the classical conditioning model, the bee was a conditioned stimulus.
Which of the following is true of unipolar major depression? It is the most prevalent mood disorder.
Betty is hyper-aware of such bodily sensations as heart rate and respiration rate. When she perceives heart or breathing as getting faster she becomes afraid that she is having a heart attack. These thoughts make her symptoms worse causing a panic attac a. cognitive theory of panic.
Neuroticism a. is a tendency to experience negative mood states.
Melissa is severely depressed and wants to commit suicide. If she is typical of most individuals who commit suicide, she is ambivalent about committing suicide.
Recent research on relapse among bipolar patients suggests that personality styles interact with stress to increase the likelihood of relapse.
Jacob says to his friends that there is no point in his continuing in the course because the teacher just doesn't like him. Matt says he is going to drop the course because he is just bad at math. According to the reformulated learned helplessness theor a. Matt is more likely to become depressed than Jacob.
Fear is a basic emotion that involves the activation of the "fight or flight" response.
A relationship between depression and marital dissatisfaction is well-established.
Parental loss only results in a vulnerability to depression when poor parental care is a consequence of the loss.
What are the two key moods involved in mood disorders? c. Mania and depression
2. Which of the following is one of benefits that those with GAD commonly believe they derive from worrying? a. If I worry about it now, I won’t be as upset when it happens
3. Neuroticism a. Is a tendency to feel anxious
4. Why do many people with panic disorder continue to believe they are having a heart attack despite the fact that they never have? a. They tend to engage in “safety behaviors” that they believe are the reason the catastrophe didn’t happen
5. Persistent and recurrent thoughts are a. Obsessions
Derek’s moods have always seemed to be irrational. Nancy has been diagnosed with GAD, and never knows when he is going to come home and yell at them. Family therapy has shown moods are not irrational Which would reduce Nancy’s anxiety? a. Derek could call home each day and let Nancy know how the day went.
7. Kayla has just started college and wants to make friends. She refuses to go to large parties because she is afraid she will blush and sweat. She is fine talking to people in one-on-one settings. a. Social phobia
8. Which of the following have studies of control in humans and monkeys provided support for? a. Early experiences may serve as protective factors, decreasing likelihood of developing GAD
9. Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of OCD? a. Symptomatic behavior causes distress
10. What disorder does GAD appear to be most related to? a. Major depression
11. The fact that bright light may be an effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder suggests that a. This form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that needs resetting
12. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors a. May lead to sexual problems
13. Drugs that alter availability of norepinephrine and serotonin are not clinically effective in the treatment of depression for several weeks. What does this suggest? a. Changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level, cause depression
14. John’s erratic behavior finally ruined his marriage. What kind of life event would this be described as? Dependent
15. Mania and depression may reflect defensive strategies for coping with severe stress. This is a theory associated with the a. Psychodynamic approach
16. When Jill experienced her first panic attack, she felt as if she were outside of herself… a. Depersonalization
17. Which of the following is associated with a unique physiological response pattern? Blood-injection-injury phobia
18. Which of the following reactions to poor test performance suggests a cognitive diathesis for depression? a. I’ll never understand this
When Kenneth was a young boy he went to a dentist who treated him uncaringly and inflicted a good deal of pain. Now, he is afraid of dentists and physicians. This is a. Generalization of classical conditioning
20. In order to meet criteria for a major depressive episode, a person must have Significant distress or impairment
Tara believes it is extremely important to be clean. She cleans her kitchen and bathroom daily, and the rest of the house at least once every few days. She says she wants people to be able to eat off her floors. She Has no disorder
22. Neurobiological factors involved in panic disorder and GAD provide evidence for the hypothesis that Both disorders are caused by an excess of the GABA neurotransmitter
23. Anxiety disorders Probably exists in all societies, but take different forms in different cultures
Quentin is seeking medication to treat his panic disorder. Due to his history of substance abuse, his doctor hesitates. He will most likely write a prescription for a. SSRI
25. Cognitive approaches to social phobia focus on a. Challenging automatic thoughts
26. Evolutionary preparedness explains Why some types of phobias are much more common than others
27. Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of cyclothymia? Clinically significant distress or impairment
28. Which of the following is supported by research on the role of genetic influences in unipolar disorders? a. The more severe the depressive disorder, the greater the genetic contribution
29. Why is it not wise to treat an individual who has a bipolar disorder with an antidepressant? a. The drug may trigger rapid cycling
30. A study of poor women in London found that ______ increased the likelihood of developing depression after experiencing severe stress Having more than three children still at home
31. What is the most important characteristic used to distinguish dysthymia from major depression? Whether or not there are occasional brief periods of normal moods during the disorder
32. Which of the following is most likely to attempt suicide? a. A twenty-five year old divorced woman
33. Postpartum blues are Common, usually brief, and not a disorder
34. Stressful life events a. Appear to increase the time to recovery from a manic episode
Joanne tends to blow up at people and then feel guilty. She worries a lot. She complains that she just doesn’t really find anything exciting and life is boring. She She evidence of neuroticism and low positive affectivity, and has a high risk of developing depression
Childhood suicide Is one of top 10 causes of death for children in United States
Which of following is NOT an existing piece of evidence that provides support for role of cognitions in panic? Only individuals who tend to catastrophize develop panic disorder
38. Which of the following explanations for Diana’s scissors phobia would Freud be most likely to offer? Diana’s mother is a seamstress and Diana unconsciously wants to kill her
39. Which of the following is most characteristic of anxiety? a. Avoidant behavior
40. The new DSM classification which omits the concept of neurosis is an improvement because a. Diagnostic criteria are now based on shared, observable symptoms and are more clearly defined
41. What is meant by the phrase “double depression”? a. An individual with dysthymia later develops major depressive disorder as well
42. Knowing what we know about neurotransmitter imbalances in bipolar disorder, a physician should give which advice? a. Don’t take drugs that increase dopamine levels because they can produce manic-like behavior
43. Which of the following is true of OCD? a. Disorder tends to begin in adolescence or early adulthood, but is not uncommon in children
44. Depression during adolescence a. Can effect a person into young adulthood
45. The fact that dirt and contamination were threats to our ancestors suggest a. That preparedness theory may help explain OCD
46. Most people with OCD a. Experience both obsessions and compulsions
47. Panic disorder is best described as a _________ condition a. Chronic
48. Which of the following provides evidence against a role for inherited factors in development of phobias? a. Impact of nonshared environmental factors
49. Which is not a common type of obsession seen in OCD? a. Fear of discrimination
50. If a pharmaceutical company were looking for a drug that would maximally treat GAD, they would want one that a. Increased GABA levels while regulating serotonin
51. The effectiveness of Valium in treating GAD supports hypothesis that a. A GABA deficiency underlies GAD
52. A relationship between depression and marital violence a. Is well-established, as is the contributory role of depressive symptoms in both participants
53. Which is true? a. Most first time episodes of depression are preceded by a very stressful life event but that is not as true for recurrent episodes
54. Which would eliminate a potential diagnosis for cyclothymia? a. Carol was absolutely convinced her mother wanted to kill her, although there was no evidence for this
55. Cross-cultural studies of mood disorders are made difficult due to a. Differences in diagnostic practices
56. ________ was once thought to be a fear of crowded places, but now is seen as a complication of having panic attacks in public a. Agoraphobia
57. According to the behavioral viewpoint, compulsions are repeated ecause a. They serve to reduce anxiety
58. Which is true about suicide? a. About half of people who complete suicide do so during or in the recovery phase of a depressive episode
59. Lauren is phobic of birds. Her therapist shows her how to approach birds in a cage. Then the bird is taken out, petted, and fed. Therapist then encourages Lauren to do the same. This is a. Participant modeling
60. The prognosis for bipolar disorder is Guarded, most people continue to have some symptoms
61. An individual with a high stress tolerance a. Can function well in the face of a high level of stress
62. The Life Event and Difficulty Schedule a. Includes cognitive factors in its examination of the impact of life events
63. Which of the following is a characteristic of an adjustment disorder? Symptoms may lessen when the individual has learned to cope
64. Choosing between two equally attractive alternatives is a. Double-approach
65. Which of the following is likely to maintain or strengthen fears over time a. Overestimating the likelihood that the event will reoccur
Which are amongst most common obsessive thoughts in people with OCD? a. Fear of contamination and fear of harming others
Which of the following would be expected during the first phase of personality decompensation a. Julia struggled to control her emotions
68. PTSD May develop in the recovery stage of “disaster syndrome”
Adjustment disorder Occur within 6 months of a stressor
70. The fight or flight response a. Involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system
71. Which of the following would be an example of direct therapeutic exposure? Mandy visited the accident site
72. In DSM-IV-TR, psychosocial stressors are Specified on Axis IV
73. Which is a criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale It places too much emphasis on the role of cognitive factors
74. Which of the following statements about Mineka, Cook, and colleagues’ animal studies is NOT true? Observationally conditioned fear response were acquired quickly, but did not last more than a day or two
James began having panic attacks immediately after his mother died suddenly. Then, he began to fear going into public situations. Now he will not leave his apartment. What is unusual? a. It is unusual for a person with severe agoraphobia to be a man
Mowrer’s two-process theory of avoidance learning provides a theoretical rationale for an effective treatment for OCD. What is the treatment? a. Exposure therapy with response prevention
77. Social phobics are likely to a. Attribute events in their lives to external factors
Which of the following provides a unique challenge when trying to eliminate obsessions seen in OCD? a. Attempting to not think about something may lead to thinking about it more
79. Neurotic behavior May involve exaggerated use of avoidance behaviors
Which of the following is NOT one of 5 primary compulsive acts seen in people with OCD? a. Scanning
81. Panic disorders are often misdiagnosed because Symptoms are so somatic they are treated by physicians for medical problems
82. Which of the following would Freud most likely say about a man with OCD? a. He is fixated in the anal stage
Studies of preparedness and social phobia a. Reveal that an explicit perception of threat is necessary to evoke a sympathetic response
The pituitary gland Releases hormones that regulate many bodily functions
85. Dissociative and somatoform disorders Do not involve some obvious anxiety symptoms
All of the following involve psychological disturbances that occur in response to an identifiable experience except Depression
Prolonged stress leads to suppression of the immune system. What might explain evolution of such a seemingly flawed reaction? Such immune suppression might prevent the development of autoimmune illness
What has research on the preparedness theory of phobias found? Acquired fear responses can be elicited with subliminal exposure to fear-relevant stimuli
89. Virtual reality environments a. Allow exposure therapy to be conducted in a simulated setting
90. Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of panic disorder? Uncued panic attacks
Holmes and Rahe Developed an objective tool for measure stress
92. Which of the following is an example of interoceptive avoidance? a. Mark no longer views sexually explicit films
What is the thought to explain the effectiveness of the SSRIs in treating panic disorder They decrease noradrenergic activity
Fear or panic is a basic emotion that involves Activation of the fight or flight response
95. The individual with generalized social phobia a. Exhibits a fear of most social situations
Wendy went swimming in the ocean last week and became mildly fearful when she swallowed a lot of water. Yesterday someone told her a shark was seen in the water. Now she is petrified of going into the ocean. This illustrates The inflation effect
97. Harold’s panic attacks have become so severe that he has finally sought treatment. He sees a psychiatrist who writer Harold a prescription that should offer him some immediate relief. The drug is Benzodiozepines
98. High levels of anxiety sensitivity Are a diathesis for panic attacks
Which of the following are the antidepressants most widely prescribed today for the treatment of panic attacks? a. SSRIs
According to the fear of fear model of agoraphobia, Minimal signs of sympathetic arousal come to signal more intense levels of arousal such that slight changes in autonomic activity become triggers for panic attacks
Which is false The response an individual may have to a stressor can be easily predicted
102. Agoraphobics are highly likely to have all of the following except a. Neurotic personality disorder
One way in which phobic individuals differ from nonphobics is that a. Phobics have a tendency to be constantly on alert for phobic stimuli
Prepared fears are a. Fears that are especially easily acquired and/or especially resistant to extinction
It is easier to be afraid of pictures of snakes and crocodiles than mushrooms and flowers, which is evidence of Preparedness theory
Fear of negative evaluation by others is a hallmark f a. Social phobia
The most common specific social phobia is a fear of a. Public speaking
Individuals exposed to the same types of traumatic social experiences differ as to whether they will develop a social phobia because Preexisting differences in individuals’ temperament and experience
Some things seem to be consistent across all the different forms that obsessive-compulsive disorder takes. These include: o An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen to the person or to others for which they are responsible
Which of the following is true of obsessive-compulsive disorder? a. This disorder tends to begin in adolescence or early adulthood, but is not uncommon in children
It is fairly easy to condition monkeys and humans to fear snakes but almost impossible to condition either to fear a flower. This supports the ____theory of phobias preparedness
Which of the following provides a unique challenge when trying to eliminate the obsessions seen in OCD? attempting to not think about something may lead to thinking about it more
Fear or panic is a basic emotion that involves a. the activation of the “fight or flight” response
115. Which of the following is most characteristic of anxiety avoidant behavior
When Charissa was young child, she stepped on a bee and was stung. Since that time, she has been terrified of flying insects and runs away if she sees any. According to the classical conditioning model, the bee was a conditioned stimulus
Martin is afraid to fly. He knows his boss wants him to take a trip for the business. Marin feels miserable, because he wants to keep his job but cannot even imagine getting on a plane. The most likely diagnosis for Martin is specific phobia, situation type
Neuroticism is a tendency to experience negative mood states
119. The fact that bright light may be an effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder suggests that this form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that needs resetting
Although bipolar I disorder is described as “bipolar,” a. a depressed episode is not necessary for a diagnosis
recurrent depressive episode is preceded by one or more previous episodes
122. Abramson revised the learned helplessness theory to suggest that a. hopelessness is needed in addition to helplessness in order to produce depression
123. According to Hammen’s stress-generation model of depression, a. marital distress can lead to depression and depression can lead to marital distress
124. The new DSM classification which omits the concept of neurosis is an improvement because a. diagnostic criteria are now based on shared, observable symptoms and are more clearly defined
125. Which of the following is one of the seven primary types of anxiety disorders recognized in the DSM- IV-TR? a. obsessive-compulsive disorder
126. Which of the following is a true statement about rapid cycling? a. it is seen in 5-10 percent of those with bipolar disorder
127. One of the main functions that worry seems to serve in generalized anxiety disorder is a. it keeps people from feeling the emotional and physiological consequences of anxiety
128. Transcranial magnetic stimulation a. is a noninvasive biological treatment for depression.
129. All of the following are explanations for the increased prevalence of DID EXCEPT a. the increased incidence of sexual abuse
130. Somatization disorder a. involves multiple symptoms of at lease four different types
131. All of the following are associated with DID except a. psychosis
Dan’s medical complaints and hospital stays finally led him to a psychiatrist. After medical and psychological evaluation, the 28 year old teacher and father of two was diagnosed with depression and somatization disorder. What is atypical about this case a. Somatization disorder is seen much more commonly in women
Ryan has diabetes but has no trouble functioning. One day, his wife informs him that she is leaving him. Ryan suddenly develops terrible pain in his back His wife agrees to stay to take care of him. Ryan probably has a. pain disorder associated with psychological factors
134. Which of the following is the most commonly true of the host identity in DID? a. It is not the original identity
135. The most common quality of parents’ interactions with their daughters who have eating disorders is a. control
136. Families of people with anorexia a. exhibit tendencies towards perfectionism
137. Which of the following characterizes most anorexia nervosa patients in Asia? a. fear of stomach bleeding
her dentist commented on the damage her practice of vomiting had caused to her teeth, Hilda realized that she had a problem. Hilda was diagnosed with anorexia,Due to severity Hilda immediately entered a treatment program and embraced it. What is unique? a. Hilda’s lack of ambivalence about treatment
139. All of the following people have had one heart attack. Which of the following has the best chance of living longest? a. Reuben, who is unmarried and has lots of close friends
140. T-cells a. are a type of leukocyte
141. No association has been found between nonfatal heart attacks and a. anxiety
142. What would be most helpful to a person with pain disorder a. stating physically active despite the pain
143. Which of the following has been demonstrated about the effects of psychogenic amnesias on memory a. implicit memory is generally in tact
144. Family therapy for anorexia appears to be most effective when it is used to treat a. adolescents
145. Chronic fatigue syndrome a. has an unknown cause, but may have something to do with the immune system
146. The German man, in the study mentioned in the text, who had dissociative fugue denied that he could speak German. However, he learned German-English word pairs much faster that control words. This supports that a. mainly episodic memory is lost, implicit memory stays intact
147. Someone who binges and purges and is severely underweight is diagnosed as anorexic, not bulimic. This is because a. anorexia has a much higher rate than bulimia
148. Which of the following is true? a. negative emotions make an individual susceptible to disease and positive emotions seem to produce a certain immunity.
An evolutionary psychologist might say, “The unique physiological response in this disorder, involving fainting at the sight of the feared object, may have evolved because fainting might inhibit further attack from a predator.” a. blood-injection-injury phobia
41. The cognitive model does not account for a. nocturnal panic attacks
42. According to the behavioral viewpoint, compulsions are repeated because a. they serve to reduce anxiety
When Kenneth was young boy he went to a dentist who treated him uncaringly and inflicted pain. Even years later, he has a uncontrollable and intense fear of not only dentists, but physicians, too. This best illustrates how phobias might be the result of a. generalization in classical conditioning
Mrs. B tells her psychologist, “I cannot leave a certain region around my home without having terrible fears. I am terribly worried when I am in a car or in a bus. I am afraid I will have another one of those terrifying experiences.” a. the disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack
____was once thought to be a fear of crowded places, but now is seen as a complication of having panic attacks in public. agoraphobia
If a pharmaceutical company were looking for a drug that would maximally treat generalized anxiety disorder they would want one that a. increased GABA levels while regulating serotonin
47. The individual with generalized social phobia exhibits a fear of most social situations
Which of the following is a sociocultural explanation for the higher incidence of anxiety disorders in women? it is more acceptable for women to exhibit fear
Mowrer’s two-process theory of avoidance learning provides a theoretical rationale for an effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. What is this treatment? exposure therapy with response prevention
Panic disorders are often misdiagnosed because symptoms are so somatic they are treated by physicians for medical problems
Virtual reality environments allow exposure therapy to be conducted in a simulated setting
Kayla has just started college and wants to make friends. She refuses to go to large parties because she is afraid that she will blush and sweat, and that other people will laugh at her. She is fine talking to people in one-on-one settings. social phobia
Which of the following is not a common type of obsession seen in OCD? a. fear of discrimination
54. Fear or panic is a basic emotion that involves a. the activation of the fight or flight response
55. The main way to tell someone is having an uncued panic attack rather than is in a state of fear is a. if they have a subjective belief that something awful is about to happen.
56. Derek’s moods have always seemed to be unpredictable and irrational. Nancy, who has been…. a. Derek could call home each day and let Nancy know how the day went
57. Tara believes that it is extremely important to be clean. She cleans her kitchen and bathroom daily…. a. has no disorder
58. Which of the following is unique about OCD, as compared to other anxiety disorders? a. the incidence is about equal for men and women
59. High levels of anxiety sensitivity a. are the diathesis for panic attacks
60. Quentin is severely depressed and presents an immediate and serious suicidal risk. In the past he has not responded to tricyclics. A wise course of action is to treat him with a. electroconvulsive therapy because it can rapidly reduce symptoms
61. Which of the following is a true statement about he recurrence of depressive symptoms? most individuals diagnosed with major depression will exhibit a recurrence.
Efforts to find the gene or genes that underlie bipolar disorder suggest that multiple genes are involved
63. One factor that is especially likely to produce depression relapse is behavior by a spouse that can be interpreted as criticism
A diagnosis of bipolar I disorder is best described as a _____ depressive disorder a. recurrent
According to Freud, depression is a consequence of loss
66. Which of the following is a hormonal abnormality associated with both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression? increased cortisol levels
67. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive biological treatment for depression
68. George, a twenty-two-year-old mechanic, always seems to have a cloud over his head. For the past three years… major depressive disorder
Which of the following provides evidence against a role for inherited factors in the development of phobias? a. the impact of nonshared environmental factors
Agoraphobics are highly likely to have all of the following EXCEPT neurotic personality disorder
71. Why do many people with panic disorder continue to believe they are having a heart attack despite the fact that they never have? they tend to engage in “safety behaviors” that they believe are the reason the catastrophe didn’t happen
When Jill experience her first panic attack, she felt as if she were outside of herself, watching herself struggle to catch her breath. Jill’s sense of not being part of herself is one of the symptoms of a panic attack known as a. depersonalization
73. Which of the following is a disadvantage of treating GAD with a benzodiazepine? such drugs are frequently misused
74. Nadia has been depressed for several months. She is considering cognitive therapy. What advice would you give her? a. “Many studies have shown the usefulness of cognitive therapy and it seems to prevent relapse.”
The majority of individuals who ATTEMPT suicide are _____ and the majority of those who COMPLETE suicide are ____. women and people under the age of 35; men and people over the age of 65
Harold’s panic attacks have become so sever that he has sought treatment. He sees a psychiatrist who writes Harold a prescription that should offer him some immediate relief. Which of the following drugs is Harold most likely to have been prescribed? a. benzodiazepines
Which of the following is true? Bipolar disorder is more strongly inherited that unipolar disorder
78. Lauren is phobic of birds. Her therapist shows her how to approach a bird cage. The therapist then takes the bird out, pets it and feeds it. She then encourages Lauren to do the same behaviors. This type of procedure is called a. participant modeling
Recent research on relapse among bipolar patients suggests that personality styles interact with stress to increase the likelihood of relapse.
Why do many people with panic disorder continue to believe they are having a heart attack despite the fact that they never have? They tend to engage in "safety behaviors" that they believe are the reason the catastrophe didn't happen.
Most social phobics can identify the origin of their social phobia.
Which of the following neurochemical profiles has been associated with manic episodes? Low serotonin, high norepinephrine, high dopamine
Social phobia involves a fear of one or more specific social situations.
No matter what prisoners try to do, they cannot escape. Eventually, they become passive and depressed. This illustrates the central idea in the ________ theory of depression. learned helplessness
A therapist with a ________ orientation would emphasize the depressed person's need to improve their social skills. behavioral
Gradual exposure to feared cues is a common component of treatment for all anxiety disorders.
What are the two key moods involved in mood disorders? Mania and depression
Which of the following is a hormonal abnormality associated with both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression? Increased cortisol levels
According to Freud, depression is a consequence of loss.
Which of the following is unique about OCD, as compared to other anxiety disorders? The incidence is about equal for men and women.
elective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may lead to sexual problems.
Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits that those with GAD commonly believe they derive from worrying? If I worry about it now, I won't be as upset when it happens.
Virtual reality environments allow exposure therapy to be conducted in a simulated setting.
Kerry suffers from depression. He is experiencing delusions that his brain is deteriorating and that he is aging quickly. These delusions are typical of depressive delusions because they are mood-congruent.
Depressogenic schemas predispose a person to develop depression.
Thought-action fusion is the belief that thinking about something is as bad as actually doing it.
Sean describes himself as having hardly ever been happy. He occasionally feels okay, but it never lasts more than a day or so. He has trouble sleeping, doesn't eat much, and feels like nothing will ever change in his life. dysthymia.
A diagnosis of bipolar II disorder indicates that the person has experienced an episode of hypomania and an episode of major depression.
What is thought to explain the effectiveness of the SSRIs in treating panic disorder? They decrease noradrenergic activity
Which of the following is a research finding that is inconsistent with the monoamine hypothesis of depression? Increases in noradrenergic activity have been seen in the brains of depressed patients.
A recurrent depressive episode is preceded by one or more previous episodes.
According to Hammen's stress-generation model of depression, marital distress can lead to depression and depression can lead to marital distress.
According to the behavioral viewpoint, compulsions are repeated because they serve to reduce anxiety.
Efforts to find the gene or genes that underlie bipolar disorder suggest that multiple genes are involved.
A hypomanic episode is best described as a mild manic episode.
Depression can occur even in infants and very young children.
Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder? The occurrence of at least one manic episode
High levels of anxiety sensitivity are a diathesis for panic attacks.
The individual with generalized social phobia exhibits a fear of most social situations.
The majority of individuals who ATTEMPT suicide are ________ and the majority of those who COMPLETE suicide are ________. women and people between age 18 and 24; men and people over age 65
How does dysthymia compare to major depressive disorder? Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major depressive disorder.
The main difference between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode is he amount of social and occupational impairment.
Which learning process best accounts for the progression of agoraphobia? Generalization
Neurobiological factors involved in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder provide evidence for the hypothesis that fear and anxiety are fundamentally distinct.
Which of the following have studies of control in humans and monkeys provided support for? Early experiences with mastery and control may serve as protective factors, decreasing the likelihood of developing generalized anxiety disorder.
What of the following are among the most common obsessive thoughts in people with OCD? Fear of contamination and fear of harming others
One of the main functions that worry seems to serve in generalized anxiety disorder is it keeps people from feeling the emotional and physiological consequences of anxiety.
Lithium has both antimanic and antidepressant effects.
***george, a 22 yr old mechanic, always seems to have a cloud over his head. for the past 3 years he has had problems sleeping and he seems to always overheat. he is only sometimes content. what is his most likely diagnosis?*** major depressive disorder
which of the following would eliminate a potential diagnosis of cyclothymia? carol was absolutely convinced that her mother wanted to kill her, although there was no evidence for this.
when kenneth was a young boy he went to a dentist who treated him uncaringly and inflicted a good deal of pain. now he has an intense fear of dentists and physicians too. this best illustrates how phobias might be the result of generalization in classical conditioning
which of the following is most characteristic of anxiety? avoidant behavior
margaret has been suffering with dysthymia for several years and has sought treatment on several occasions. about a month ago she developed more severe symptoms of depression. the condition she is experiencing is best described as double depression
according to the behavioral viewpoint, compulsions are repeated because they serve to reduce anxiety
it is fairly easy to condition monkeys and humans to fear snakes but almost impossible to condition either to fear a flower. this supports the ______ theory of phobias preparedness
when charissa was a young child, she stepped on a bee and was stung. since that time, she has been terrified of flying insects and runs away if she sees any. according to the classical conditioning model, the bee was a conditioned stimulus
some things seem to be consistent across all the different forms that obsessive-compulsive disorder takes. these include an overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen to the person or to others for which they are responsible
which of the following is a behavioral explanation for depression? lack of environmental reinforcers
which of the following statements about mineka, cook, and colleagues' animal studies is NOT true? observationally conditioned fear responses were acquired quickly but did not last more than a day or two
which learning process best accounts for the progression of agoraphobia? generalization
drugs that alter the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin are not clinically effective in the treatment of depression for several weeks. which of the following does this finding suggest? changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level, cause depression
although bipolar I disorder is described as "bipolar" a depressed episode is not necessary for a diagnosis
which of the following are the antidepressants most widely prescribed today for the treatment of panic disorder? SSRI's
the main way to tell someone is having an uncued panic attack rather than is in a state of fear is if he or she has a subjective belief that something awful is about to happen
a hypomanic episode is best described as a mild manic episode
if a pharmaceutical company were looking for a drug that would maximally treat generalized anxiety disorder they would want one that increased GABA levels while regulating serotonin
which of the following is associated with a unique physiological response pattern? blood-injection-injury phobia
panic disorders are often misdiagnosed because symptoms are so somatic they are treated by physicians for medical problems
one of the main functions that worry seems to serve in generalized anxiety disorder is it keeps people from feeling the emotional and physiological consequences of anxiety
which of the following is a disadvantage of treating GAD with a benzodiazepine such drugs are frequently misused
what do all mood disorders have in common? they are characterized by emotional extremes
the new DSM classification, which omits the concept of neurosis, is an improvement because diagnostic criteria are now based on shared, observable symptoms and are more clearly defined
which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of panic disorder? uncued panic attacks
which of the following is NOT an existing piece of evidence that provides support for the role of cognitions in panic? only individuals who tend to catastrophize develop panic disorder
a recurrent depressive episode is preceded by one or more previous episodes
depression can occur even in infants and very young children
the main difference between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode is the amount of social and occupational impairment
behavior activation treatment emphasizes activity and involvement in interpersonal relationships
which of the following is most likely to attempt, but not complete suicide? 14-year-old joan who has been depressed since her parent's divorce
agoraphobia is best described as a fear of experiencing a panic attack
which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of OCD? the symptomatic behavior causes distress
a therapist with a _____ orientation would emphasize the depressed person's need to improve their social skills behavioral
kerry suffers from depression. he is experiencing delusions that his brain is deteriorating and that he is aging quickly. these delusions are typical of depressive delusions because they are mood-congruent
which of the following seems to be the best treatment for phobias? exposure therapy
reynaldo has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. the most effective drug for his is lithium
which of the following is a true statement about the recurrence of depressive symptoms? most individuals diagnosed with major depression will exibit a recurrence
depressogenic schemas predispose a person to develop depression
compared to anxiety, panic is more intense
Created by: julielava
 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards