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SLPA Anatomy
Phonation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spoken communication uses __ and __ sounds | voiced & voiceless |
| voiceless sounds are produced without the use of __ __ | vocal folds |
| __ sounds are produced by action of vocal cords | voiced |
| __ is also known as voicing | phonation |
| __ is the product of vibrating vocal folds | phonation |
| Phonation occurs within the __ | larnyx |
| Phonation is the source of __ for speech | voice |
| __ provides energy that allows phonation | respiration |
| The larynx is an __, __, __ structure located in the anterior neck region | midline, unpaired, musculocartilaginous |
| The larynx is located between the __ inferiorly and the __ __ superiorly, vertically about the level of the __-__th __ vertebrae | trachea; hyoid bone, 3rd-6th cervical |
| The __ is the principal structure for producing a vibrating air stream: the __ __ constitute the vibrating elements | larynx; vocal folds |
| Rapid opening and closing of the vocal folds, periodically interrupting the air stream to produce a vocal or __ tone | glottal |
| What are 3 biological functions of the larynx? | 1. Produce phonation 2. clamps airway to possible intrusion by foreign objects 3. Rapidly expels foreign matter away from opening of airway 4. Permit holding of breath |
| Vocal folds allow a person to hold their breath , which plays a part in what activities? | Swimming, lifting, childbirth, defecation |
| Name the general biological vs non-biological function for the larynx: | Bio = protective device for the lower respiratory tract, Non-bio = sound production |
| Closure of the __ __ forcefully expels foreign objects which threaten to enter the larynx or trachea | laryngeal valve |
| The larynx is a __ structure | musculo-cartilaginous |
| Where is the larynx located? | At the top of the first ring of the trachea |
| The larynx is adjacent to cervical vertebrae __ to __ | C4 to C6 |
| What is the average length of the larynx for males vs female? | male:44mm, female: 36mm |
| The larynx is composed of three __ cartilages and three __ cartilages | paired, unpaired |
| What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx? | Arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage |
| How many cartilages is the larynx composed of total? | 9 |
| What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx? | cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, epiglottis cartilage |
| The __ cartilage is the largest of the cartilages | thyroid |
| the __ cartilage is open in the back and goes around the vocal folds to protect the inner parts of the larynx | thyroid |
| The 2 quadrilateral plates on the thyroid cartilage are called __ __ | thyroid laminae |
| There is a midline incomplete fusion of the __ __ | thyroid laminae |
| The incomplete fusion of the thyroid laminae results superiorly in the __ __, located just above the __ __ | thyroid notch; thyroid (laryngeal) prominence |
| What is another name for the thyroid (laryngeal ) prominence? | adams apple |
| What are the posterior projects of the thyroid cartilage? | Superior horns (cornua); inferior horns (cornua) |
| The superior horns on the thyroid cartilage do what? | form rounded superior projections of the posterior border of the thyroid lamina |
| What is the function of the inferior horns on the thyroid cartilage? | form the rounded inferior projections of the posterior border of the thyroid lamina |
| The cricoid cartilage is __ shaped | ring |
| Where is the cricoid cartilage located? | immediately above the uppermost tracheal ring (it forms the lower portion of the laryngeal framework) |
| What are the 2 parts of the cricoid cartilage? | anterior arch (front) and the posterior quadrate laminae (back) |
| The anterior arch of the cricoid cartilage has two small __ __ on each side | articular facets |
| The anterior arch of the cricoid cartilage articulates with __ __ of the thyroid cartilage | inferior horns |
| What are the functions of the anterior arch of the cricoid cartilage? | Holds the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage in place; provides pivotal joint for rotation |
| The posterior quadrate laminae of the crocoid cartilage is a __ plate and provides __ facets for the __ cartilage | hexagonal; lateral; arytenoid cartilage |
| The arytenoid cartilages are located on __-__ borders of the __ cartilage | superior-lateral; cricoid |
| The __ cartilages serve as attachments for vocal folds | arytenoid |
| The __ cartilage is a three sided pyramid with 3 processes or "arms" | arytenoid |
| What are the 2 anterior processes of the arytenoid cartilage? | Vocal processes (inside); muscular processes(outside) |
| What is the function of the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilage? | Holds one end of each vocal folds |
| What is the function of the muscular processes of the arytenoid cartilage? | Holds one end of muscle pair that act in concert with vocal folds |
| Corniculate cartilage are __like shaped | horn |
| __ cartilages cap the apex of the arytenoid cartilages | corniculate cartilages |
| __ cartilages function as part of the arytenoid cartilages | corniculate |
| The __ is a leaf shaped cartilage attached to the thyroid cartilage | epiglottis |
| Where is the epiglottis located? | Just behind the hyoid bone and the root of the tongue |
| What are the 2 functions of the epiglottis? | 1. prevent food from entering the larynx during swallowing 2. Acts as a trapdoor: reflexively snaps down over the larynx while the bolus of food slides past it on its way to the esophagus |
| __ __ form the entrance to the larynx | aryepiglottic folds |
| __ are paired wedge-shaped rods of elastic cartilage | cuneiform |
| Cuneiform cartilage are embedded within the ___ folds | aryepiglottic |
| What is the function of the cuneiform cartilages? | support the ayrepiglottic folds and stiffen them to help maintain the opening to the larynx |
| Hyoid bone is __ shaped | u |
| The hyoid bone is __ and __ | suspended and isolated |
| The __ bone serves as a base for the __ muscles, and anchors the top of the __ cartilage | hyoid; tongue; thyroid |
| What is the bulk of the hyoid bone? | Unpaired ventral body or corpus |
| What are the 2 lesser horns of the hyoid bone? | they articulate with the greater horns at their junction with the body, they give attachment to the stylohyoid ligament |
| The greater horns of the hyoid bone terminate as __ and articulate loosely with the __ horns of the __ cartilage | tubercles; superior; thyroid |
| the ______ bone is a "U" shaped bone consisting of: body, 2 greater horns, and 2 lesser horns | hyoid |
| Muscles that attach to the hyoid bone and suspend it in position are called the __ __ muscles | hyoid sling muscles |
| What are the 5 hyoid sling muscles? | Geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid |
| The geniohyoid courses __ to __ | mandible to hyoid bone |
| thyrohyoid courses __ __ to __ __ | thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone |
| sternohypid courses __ of sternum to __ __ | manubrium of sternum to hyoid bone |
| sternothyroid courses __ of sternum to __ __ | manubrium of sternum to thyroid bone |
| omohyoid courses __ to __ __ | scapula to hyoid bone |
| How does the larynx produce glottal tones? | by generating a rapid series of short duration air pulses |
| How does the larynx generate air pulses? | Vocal folds are adducted to restrict airflow from the lungs; forces of exhalation produce an increasing amount of air beneath the vocal folds; as pressure increases, vocal folds are blown apart, releasing air to vocal tract; results |
| What is the glottis? | The space between the vocal folds |
| During ___, the vocal folds are open | abduction |
| During __, the vocal folds are closed | adduction |
| Vocal folds are __ layers of tissue | 5 |
| The __ is the space between the vocal folds | glottis |
| The __ is the most important laryngeal space for speech | glottis |
| The glottis is defined by the __ __ that allows voicing | variable sphincter |
| __ is the area below the vocal folds | subglottal |
| What are examples of how vocal folds are sensitive to the external environment? | cigarette smoke and other pollutants |
| What are examples of how vocal folds are sensitive to the internal environment? | Dry tissue harmful to vocal folds (causes ulcers and vocal nodules) |
| How is dry tissue harmful to the vocal folds? | It causes ulcers and vocal nodules |
| What does vocal fold therapy involve? | Humidification, fluids, and medication |
| the _____ bone supports the laryngeal structure | hyoid |
| Where is the thyroid cartilage located? | anteriorly in the neck |
| the thyroid cartilage is ________ connected to the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane | superiorly |
| the thyroid cartilage is _______ connected to the cricoid cartilage by the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage | inferiorly |
| The thyroid cartilage is _______ connected to the: arytenoid cartilage through the vocal ligament and thyroarytenoid muscle and to the epiglottis via the thyroepiglottic ligament | posteriorly |
| What is the epiglottis? | thin fibrocartilagenous lamella, leaf-shaped, and projecting obliquely upward posterior to the root of the tongue and on inlet of the larynx. |
| the epiglottis closes the larynx during swallowing to protect against entrance of food and water into the.... | lower respiratory tract |
| Where is the cricoid cartilage located? | in the inferior and posterior part of the larynx. superiorly connected to thyroid. inferiorly connected to first tracheal ring |
| What is corniculate cartilages? | small paired cartilages, conical in shape, consisting of yellow elastic cartilage |
| What is the body of the hyoid bone? | it forms the middle portion of the U-shape and it articulates with the greater horns on both sides |
| What are the 2 greater horns of the hyoid bone? | form the limbs of the U-shape and they are directed posteriorly |
| Where are the Cricothyroid joints located? | on both sides of the larynx between the lower part of cricoid cartilage and the inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. |
| Where are the Cricoarytenoid Joints located? | near the top of the larynx, between the cricoid cartilage and the inferior surface of arytenoid cartilages |
| What are the joints in the larynx? | cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid |
| What are the laryngeal muscles? | extrinsic muscles, suprahyoids, infrahyoid, |
| the _________ muscles connect the larynx to other structures in head & neck and they hold the larynx in its position | extrinsic |
| the extrinsic muscles pull the larynx upward and downward during swallowing and include: | suprahyoids and infrahyoids |
| muscles of the larynx | adductors (lateral cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid oblique, interarytenoid transversus); abductors (posterior cricoarytenoid); tensor of the cords (cricothyroid, thyrovocalis); relaxers of the cords (thyromuscularis) |
| muscles of the larynx achieve complex motions required for _______ and ______ | speech and non-speech |
| supra- and infrahyoid muscles _______ and _____ larynx and change length of ______ _______ | raise and lower; vocal folds |
| _________ muscular system works as a unit | laryngeal |
| elevation of the tongue, elevates the ______ and increases the tension of the _________ | larynx; cricothyroid |
| ________ folds extend from each side of the epiglottis to the apex of the corresponding arytenoid cartilage | aryepiglottic |
| What do aryepiglottic folds do? | cause the epiglottis to contract and close the inlet of the larynx during swallowing |
| What are the ventricular folds made of? | fibrous tissue and less muscle tissues than the true folds, and thus they provide limited movement to the vocal folds |
| Two shelf-like prominent structures that extend from the laryngeal wall into the laryngeal air way. | true vocal folds |
| stiff capsule | made of squamous epithelium |
| superficial layer of lamina propia | it is made of loose fibrous tissue and elastin fibers |
| intermediate layer of LP | consists of elastic fibers with soft rubbery bands; the 2nd and 3rd layers form the vocal ligament |
| deep layer of LP | made of collagen fibers |
| muscular layer | forms the main thickness of each fold and has the greatest degree of stiffness |
| the _____ layer and the _____ layer of LP are called the body of the VF | muscle; deeper |
| the stiff capsule, superficial layer and intermediate layers of the LP are called the _____ of the VF | cover |
| most inferior cartilage | cricoid |
| the space between the true VF | glottis |
| most important laryngeal space for speech | glottis |
| membranous part of the glottis | forms the anterior 3/5 of the whole fold and its formed by the vocal ligament on both sides |
| cartilaginous part of the glottis | forms the posterior 2/5 of the glottis and it is bounded by the vocal process |
| area below the vocal folds | subglottal |
| larynx is surgically removed, voicing source for speech is lost, and difficult to expectorate phlegm | laryngectomy |
| removal of trachea | tracheostomy |
| hyoid and laryngeal elevators | ant. and post. digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hypoglossus, and genioglossus |
| hyoid and laryngeal depressors | sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyroyoid |
Created by:
jjohns53