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A & P 1 SG2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. The structure of bones suits the function. List several bones which are adapted to withstand stress? | • Compact bone |
| 2. Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of _____________ | • fat |
| 3. The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the: | • osteoblast |
| 4. What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? | • Hyaline cartilage |
| 5. In bone formation, a deficiency of growth hormone will cause: | • Decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage |
| 7. A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the: | diaphysis |
| 9. The term diploe refers to: | internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones |
| _____ is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints | Ramus |
| 12. List the factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis | • Drinking fluoridated water |
| 13. Describe ossification of the ends of long bones: | • Is produced by secondary ossification centers |
| 14. Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces? | • Epiphyseal plate |
| 16. The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ___ | hyaline |
| 19. Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| 20. The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called | perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers |
| he canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of | blood vessels and nerve fibers |
| The small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live are called | lacunae |
| 23. Describe the conditions necessary for intramembranous ossification to take place. | • An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue |
| 24. The process of bones increasing in width is known as | appositional growth |
| 25. Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which cells accomplishes this process? | • osteoclast |
| 26. Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? | • Parathyroid hormones |
| 28. Describe the nature of the universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40: | • Reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization |
| 30. Wolff's law is concerned with | the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it____ |
| 31. How do cranial bones develop? | • Within fibrous membranes |
| 32. Which glands or organs produce hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? | • thyroid |
| 33. Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth is__________ | • The secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
| 34. Describe interstitial growth? | • Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within |
| 35. In the epiphyseal plate, describe the growth pattern of cartilage. | • By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis |
| 36. Spongy bones are made up of a framework called | rabeculae |
| 37. Osteogenesis is the process of: | • Bone formation |
| 38. Bone growth (lengthwise) during infancy and youth is exclusively through | interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates |
| 39. Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood? | • Growth hormones |
| 40. In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? | • Elevated levels of sex hormones |
| 42. Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of | calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D |
| 45. Blood cell formation is called | hematopoiesis |
| 46. A bone embedded in a tendon is called a ______bone. | sesamoid |
| 47. A Haversian canal may contain arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and _____ fibers | nerve |
| 49. A long bone forms by a process known as __________ ossification | endochondral |
| ______ growth is growth in the diameter of long bones | Appositional |
| ______ are multinucleated cells that destroy bone. | Osteoclasts |
| is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones | Osteoclasts |
| 53. A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called a | foramen |
| 54. List the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture. | • Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and remodeling |
| 55. What is found in a Haversian canal? | • Blood vessels and nerve fibers |
| 56. Several hormones control the remodeling of bones. Which two respond to changing blood calcium levels? | to keep bones in proper dimensions, PTH and calcitonin are the major determinants… |
| 57. Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly? | • Bones of children are not completely calcified, with a higher ratio of more flexible…. |
| 58. Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself? | • Bones only appear lifeless in gross anatomy. Microscopically, bone is full of cells and blood vessels that maintain and…. |
| 59. Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the inorganic materials in the matrix. | • The organic matrix contributes to the bone structure and its tensile strength…. |
| 61. How can a tooth be moved in a bony socket? | • Because done deposition and reabsorption can occur and because bone responds to mechanical stress (Wolff’s law)…. |
| 63. What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses? | • The diaphysis bone is composed almost entirely of compact bones (except in irregular and short bones), while the epiphyses are composed almost entirely of spongy bone… |
| 64. Describe how oxygen is carried from outside a bone to an individual osteocyte. | • Blood vessels enter through the periosteum into perforating canal… |
| 66. How is the beginning of intramembraneous ossification different from endochondral ossification? | • Intramembraneous ossification starts in connective tissue from mesenchynal… |
| 68. If your doctor notices a marked decrease in calcium ion levels in your blood, what gland might he suspect is not functioning properly and why? | • The parathyroid gland normally responds to low calcium ion levels and releases PTH… |
| 69. List the structures found on the femur | • Linea aspera |
| 70. What forms the major portion of the coxal bone? | • ilium |
| 71. The inferiormost part of the sternum is the: | • Xiphoid process |
| 73. The axial skeleton contains: | • The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| 74. The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except the: | • Inferior nasal concha |
| 75. Only the ________ vertebra does not have a body. | atlas |
| 76. The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the: | • sagittal |
| 77. The pituitary gland is housed in the: | • Sella turcica of the sphenoid |
| 78. The hyoid bone is unique because: | is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone |
| 79. Along with support, the broad anterior ligament of the vertebral column also acts to | • Prevent hyperextension of the spine |
| 80. The major function of the intervertebral discs is to: | • Absorb shock |
| 81. List the paired facial bones. List the unpaired facial bones | • vomer |
| 82. Paranasal sinuses are found in which facial bones? | • maxillae |
| 83. An abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region is called | • scoliosis |
| 84. Describe the function of the vertebral curves? | • To provide resilience and flexibility |
| 85. The body or centrum of the thoracic vertebrae are _____ | heart shaped |
| 86. Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body? | • The lumbar region |
| 87. Describe the location of the center of gravity of the body | • its 1 cm posterior to the sacral promontory |
| 88. Thoracic vertebrae T2 through T8 differ from the others in that: | • They have superior and inferior demifacets |
| 89. The major function of the axial skeleton is to: | • Provide central support for the body and protect internal organs |
| 90. The antebrachium is composed of which two bones? | • The radius and the ulna |
| 91. The "true wrist" or carpus consists of: | • A group of eight short bones united by ligaments |
| 92. The short bone that attaches to the third metacarpal is the: | • capitate |
| 93. The bone in direct contact with the first metatarsal (big toe) is the: | • Medial cuneiform |
| 94. The skull bone that the foramen magnum passes through is the: | • occipital |
| 95. Describe the composition of the orbits. | • The orbits are formed of both facial and cranial bones |
| 96. Describe the structure and function of the paranasal sinuses? | • Enhance the resonance of the voice and lighten the skull |
| 97. The middle nasal concha is part of which bone? | • ethmoid |
| 98. The superior orbital fissure is formed in the sphenoid bone, whereas the inferior orbital fissure is formed between the | sphenoid/maxilla |
| 99. The abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy is called | • lordosis |
| 100. Thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 are different from the others in which of the following characteristics? | The transverse processes do not have…. |
| 101. A bone that contains diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a curvature for strength, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone is the: | • Humerus |
Created by:
lgp001