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Soc 101 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is sociology as defined by the text and professor? | The study of human behavior in society and the study of the principles of social order. |
| What is the sociological imagination and what questions does it ask? | Soc. imagination-sees social patterns that influence individual and group life and seek to understand intersection between biography and history; what is the structure of society? where does it stand in history? what varieties of women/men now prevail? |
| What is social structure? | Organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions. |
| What are social institutions? | Established and organized systems of social behavior with a recognized purpose. |
| What is social change? | The alteration of social interaction, social institutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over time. |
| What is social interaction? | Behavior between two or more people that is given meaning. |
| Who are the three main classical theorists, what are their central ideas, and what theoretical schools have each influenced? | Emile Durkheim-social order is based on trust, functionalism; Karl Marx-social order is based on power, conflict theory; Max Weber-social order is based on meaning, functionalism, conflict, and symbolic interaction |
| What are the contributions of American sociologists Jane Addams and W.E.B. Du Bois? | Addams-Leader in the settlement house movement and used her skills as a research sociologist for community projects; Du Bois-Cofounded the NAACP, received the first PhD ever awarded to a black person. |
| What is the feminist theory? | Analysis of women and men in society in order to improve women's lives. |
| What is diversity? | The variety of group experiences that result from the social structure of society. |
| What is positivism? | A system of thought that regards scientific observation to be the highest form of knowledge. |
| What are social facts? | Social patterns that are external to individuals. |
| What is a theory? | A system of ideas intended to explain something. |
| What is culture and what characteristics do all cultures share? | Culture-complex system of meaning and behavior defines the way of life for a given group/society. Language, norms, beliefs, and values. |
| How does language shape culture and culture shape language? | Sapir-Wharf hypothesis-language was central in determining social thought; language determines other aspects of culture b/c it provides the categories through which sociological reality is defined. |
| What are norms? | The specific cultural expectations for how to act in a given situation. |
| How do norms govern situations? | They define how to act in a situation and give consequences of acting otherwise. |
| How do sanctions enforce norms? | They reward or punish for enacting certain norms. |
| How does functionalism understand and explain culture? | Culture integrates people into groups, provides coherence and stability in society, and creates norms and values that integrate people in society. |
| How does conflict theory understand and explain culture? | Culture serves the interest of powerful groups, can be a source of political resistance, and is increasingly controlled by economic monopolies. |
| How does symbolic interactionism understand and explain culture? | Culture creates group identity from diverse cultural meanings, changes as people produce new cultural meanings, and is socially constructed through the activities of social groups. |
| What are the sources of cultural change outlined in the textbook? | Changed conditions (econ. changes, pop. changes), cultural diffusion, or innovation (inventions and tech. development). |
| What does Ross Haenfler mean by “virtual self” and how do virtual and face-to-face interactions differ? | Virtual self-the person connected to the world and to others through electronic means such as the internet, tv, and cell phones. People can change their "real self" and create a "virtual self" so they can be completely different. |
| What are beliefs? | Shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture. |
| What is counterculture? | Subculture created as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture. |
| What is cultural capital? | Cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital. |
| What is cultural diffusion? | the transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another. |
| What is cultural lag? | The delay in cultural adjustments to changing social conditions. |
| What is cultural relativism? | The idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears. |
| What is dominant culture? | The culture of the most powerful group in society. |
| What is Ethnocentrism? | The belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups. |
| What are Folkways? | The general standards of behavior adhered to by a group. |
| What is language? | A set of symbols and rules that, when put together in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system. |
| What are laws? | The written set of guidelines that define what is right and wrong in a society. |
| What are Mores? | Strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. |
| Who are the Nacirema? | "a North American group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. Little is known of their origin, although tradition states that they came from the east...." |
| What is subculture? | The culture of groups whose values and norms of behavior are somewhat different from those of the dominant culture. |
| What are symbols? | Things or behavior to which people give meaning. |
| What are values? | The abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles. |
| What is the difference between conventional wisdom and science? | Conventional wisdom is not factual or proven, while science has gone through trials to be proven factual. |
| What makes sociology scientific? | Empirical and uses scientific method. |
| What are the three conditions that need to be met in order claim that a causal relationship exists between two variables? | Correlation or change, temporality (one comes before other), rule out spuriousness (influence on third variable on the other 2). |
| What are the ethical issues faced by social researchers as outlined in the reading, the video on “obedience” (or the Milgram experiment) and class discussion? | Being objective, deception, informed consent. |
| Based on the “Jeanie” video from class what is the “forbidden experiment”? | Purposefully permanently isolating someone in order to determine their reaction. |
| What is data? | The systematic information that sociologists use to investigate research questions. |
| What is data analysis? | The process by which sociologists organize collected data to discover what patterns and uniformities are revealed. |
| What is deductive reasoning? | The process of creating a specific research question about a focused point, based on a more general or universal principle. |
| What is the dependent variable? | The variable that is the presumed effect. |
| What is generalization? | The ability to make claims that a finding represents something greater than the specific observations on which the finding is based. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A statement about what one expects to find in research. |
| What is the independent variable? | A variable that is the presumed cause of a particular result. |
| What is inductive reasoning? | The process of arriving at general conclusions from specific observations. |
| What is peer-review? | Outside viewers evaluation and is objective. |
| What is a population? | A relative large collection of people (or other unit) that a researcher studies and about which generalizations are made. |
| What is qualitative research? | Research that is somewhat less structured than quantitative but that allows more depth of interpretation and nuance in what people say and do. |
| What is quantitative research? | Research that uses numerical analysis. |
| What is a random sample? | A sample that gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected. |
| What is reliability? | The likelihood that a particular measure would produce the same results if the measure were repeated. |
| What is a research design? | The overall logic and strategy underlying a research project. |
| What is a sample? | Any subset of units from a population that a researcher studies |
| What is validity? | The degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept. |
| What is a variable? | Something that can have more than one value or score. |
| What is socialization and how does it establish identity and personality? | Socialization-process through which people learn the expectations of society; by people absorbing the culture. |
| How do sociologists view the impact of nature and society on human identity? | Identity is a result of social experiences throughout life. |
| How do sociologists consider socialization a form of social control? | Society lives in people and individuals usually conform to the society's dominant culture. |
| How does the psychoanalytic theory explain the process of socialization and identity formation? | The unconscious mind shapes behavior, the self (ego) emerges from tension between the id and the superego, societal expectations are represented by the superego. |
| How does the functional theory explain the process of socialization and identity formation? | People internalize the role expectations that are present in society, internalizing the values of society reinforces social consensus, society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium. |
| How does the conflict theory explain the process of socialization and identity formation? | individual and group aspirations are shaped by the opportunities available to different groups, group consciousness is formed in the context of a system of inequality, social control agents exert pressure to conform. |
| How does the symbolic interaction theory explain the process of socialization and identity formation? | Children learn through taking the role of significant others, identity emerges as the creative self interacts with the social expectations of others, expectations of others form the social context for learning social roles. |
| What is the influence of class, race, gender, and other factors of diversity on socialization? | Changes our identity and personality. |
| What is Cooley’s looking glass self? | Self concept comes through reflection about relationships to others; how we think we appear, how we think others judge us, how these interpretations make us feel. |
| What is Mead’s theory on role taking and acquisition of the generalized other? | We go through 3 stages: imitation, play, and game. |
| What does Mead mean by “the self” and “the me”? | Self-unique part of personality(change); Me-passive, conforming part of personality(stability) |
| Based on the video from class, what was Genie missing as a result the abuse she experienced? | Proper socialization, concept of the "generalized other", culture, etc. |
| What is age cohort? | An aggregate group of people born during the same time period. |
| What is age discrimination? | Different and unequal treatment of people based solely on their age. |
| What is age stratification? | The hierarchical ranking of age groups in society. |
| What is anticipatory socialization? | The process of learning the expectations associated with a role one expects to enter in the future. |
| What is the game stage? | The stage of childhood when children become capable of taking a multitude of roles at the same time |
| What is the generalized other? | An abstract composite of social roles and social expectations. |
| What is identity? | How one defines oneself. |
| What is the imitation stage? | The stage in childhood when children copy the behavior of those around them. |
| What is personality? | The cluster of needs, drives, attitudes, predispositions, feelings, and beliefs that characterize a given person. |
| What is the play stage? | The stage in childhood when children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment. |
| What is resocialization? | The process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced. |
| What is a rite of passage? | Ceremony or ritual that symbolizes the passage of an individual from one role to another. |
| What are roles? | Behaviors others expect from a person associated with a particular status. |
| What is self? | Our concept of who we are, as formed in relationship to others. |
| What are significant others? | Those with whom we have a close affiliation. |
| What are socialization agents? | Those who pass on social expectations. |
| What is society, and how is it both a system of social interaction and sui generis? | Society-a system of social interaction that includes both culture and social organization; it is patterned on humans and their interactions, but it is something that endures and takes on shape and structure beyond the immediacy of any given group/people. |
| What is social organization and how are groups, statuses, and roles related to it? | Soc. organization-order established in social groups at any level; brings regularity and predictability to human behavior. |
| How do the theories and perspectives of social construction of reality, ethnomethodology, and impression management and dramaturgy analyze social interaction? | SCR-based on the meaning ppl give to actions in soc., ethno-a series of encounters in which ppl manage their impressions in front of others; IM-Enactment of soc. roles played before a social audience. |
| Which social factors are most important in determining personal attraction and the formation of pairs? | Proximity, exposure, perceived attractiveness, similar ascribed statuses. |
| What are the major social institutions in society and what are their primary functions? | Family, education, religion, econ, gov't; socialization, production and distribution of goods/services, replacement of members, maintain stability and existence, provide sense of purpose. |
| How is social structure observable? | Through observing class. |
| What holds societies together? | Body of beliefs common to a community or society that give people a senses of belonging and a feeling of moral obligation to its demands and values. |
| What is the difference between mechanical and organic solidarity? | Mechanical-society bonded by similarities; organic-society bonded by division of labor/differences. |
| According to the reading by Judith Treas what are some examples of “blaming the victim” for “The Great American Recession”? | Blaming auto employees of wanting "too high" of wages, blaming people for their houses being foreclosed, etc. |
| What structural explanations does Treas (Recession article) find more compelling for the recession than individual explanations? | Lack of regulations in banking, dependency on credit, etc. |
| What is an achieved status? | A status attained by effort. |
| What is an ascribed status? | A status determined by birth. |
| What is collective consciousness? | The body of beliefs that are common to a community or society and that give people a senses of belonging. |
| What is the division of labor? | The systematic interrelation of different tasks that develops in complex societies. |
| What is Macroanalysis? | Analysis of the whole society, how it is organized and how it changes. |
| What is master status? | Some characteristic of a person that overrides all other features of the person's identity. |
| What is microanalysis? | Analysis of the smallest, most immediately visible parts of social life, such as people interacting. |
| What is role conflict? | Two or more roles associated with contradictory expectations. |
| What is role modeling? | Imitation of the behavior of an admired other. |
| What is the role set? | All roles occupied by a person at a given time. |
| What is role strain? | conflicting expectations within the same role. |
| What is social structure? | The patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society. |
| What is status? | An established position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of prestige. |
| What is status inconsistency? | Exists when the different statuses occupied by the individual bring with them significantly different amounts of prestige. |
| What is status set? | The complete set of statuses occupied by a person at a given time. |
| How are sex and gender defined? | Sex-biological identity about being male/female; Gender-society learned expectations associated with members of each sex. |
| what is the relative influence of biology and culture on gender identity? | Sex & gender innate, characteristics universal and gender is learned through historical context and culture. |
| What are the processes of gender socialization and the formation of gender identity (See Anderson reading for more detail)? | Teaches expectations for each sex and effects: self concept, social and political attitudes, and perceptions (relationships with others). |
| What is the interplay of race and gender in gender and sexual identity? | Men and women from different racial groups may have different expectations regarding character. |
| What is biological determinism? | Explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics. |
| What is a gendered institution? | The total pattern of gender relations that structure social institutions, including the stereotypical expectations, interpersonal relationships, and the different placement of men and women that are found in institutions. |
| What is hermaphroditism? | A condition produced when irregularities in chromosome formation or fetal differentiation produces persons with biologically mixed sex characteristics. |
| What is homophobia? | The fear and hatred of homosexuality. |
| How do social issues (or social problems) differ from personal troubles? | Social issues are situations involving a large amount of people, while personal troubles are individual problems. |
Created by:
vandal93