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Psych 220 Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Conditioning and Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement. | operant stimulus generalization |
| any event that increases the probability that a response will occur again. | reinforcement |
| a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience | learning |
| a fundamental type of learning in which responses are reflexive (involuntary) | classical conditioning |
| a type of learning that is based on the consequences of voluntary responses | operant conditioning |
| the weakening or disappearance of a non-reinforced operant response | operant extinction |
| gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern | shaping |
| non-learned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs | primary reinforcers |
| a learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer | secondary reinforcer |
| occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event | positive reinforcement |
| occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event | negative reinforcement |
| any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again | punishment |
| removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made | response cost |
| reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person | social reinforcer |
| information returned to a person about the effects a response has had | feedback |
| the brief return of an operant response after extinction | spontaneous recovery |
| learning to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus | escape learning |
| learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort | avoidance learning |
| an internal representation of an area, such as a maze, city or campus | cognitive map |
| learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided | latent learning |
| learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules | rote learning |
| learning based on insight and understanding | discovery learning |
| learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions | observational learning |
| A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. | Learning |
| two basic types of associative learning. | classical or respondent and instrumental or operant |
| the formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses | associative learning |
| higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation. | cognitive learning |
| any event that increases the probability that a particular response will occur | reinforcement |
| events that precede a response | antecedent |
| effects that follow a response | consequences |
| an innate, automatic response to a stimulus; for example, an eyeblink | reflex |
| a stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response | unconditioned stimulus (US) |
| an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus | unconditioned response (UR) |
| a stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus | conditioned stimulus (CS) |
| a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus | conditioned response (CR) |
| Classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning; that is, a CS is used as if it were a US | higher order conditioning |
| reinforcement that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus closely follows a conditioned stimulus | respondent reinforcement |
| the period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced | acquisition |
| an anticipation concerning future events or relationships | expectancy |
| the weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement | extinction |
| the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction | spontaneous recovery |
| the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus. | stimulus generalization |
| the learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli | stimulus discrimination |
| an emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning | conditioned emotional response (CER) |
| classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus | vicarious classical conditioning |
| responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not | law of effect |
| ant event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows | operant reinforcer |
| the assembly of separate responses into a series of actions that lead to reinforcement | response chaining |
| a behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary | superstitious behavior |
| gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern | shaping |
| the weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response. | operant extinction |
| occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event | positive reinforcement |
| occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event | negative reinforcement |
| any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again. | punishment |
| removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made | response cost |
| nonlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs | primary reinforcer |
| a learned reinforcer, often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer | secondary reinforcer |
| a tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like | token reinforcer |
| reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person | social reinforcer |
| information returned to a person about the effects a response has had. | feedback |
| any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners | programmed instruction |
| a pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced | partial reinforcement |
| responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction | partial reinforcement effect |
| stimuli present when an operant response is acquired tend to control when and where the response is made | stimulus control |
| the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement | operant stimulus generalization |
| the tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimulus associated with nonreward are present. | operant stimulus discrimination |
| the process of suppressing a response | punishment |
| any event that decreases the probability of frequency of responses it follows | punisher |
| learning to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus | avoidance learning |
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