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Late Cold War
Late Cold War, Unit 7
| Perestroika | 1987, Gorbachev published a book with this title, which means "restructuring". It includes; denounced Stalin, notion of one ideology one party, admitted that Hungary,(1956) and Czech (1968) were mistakes, that he wanted to return to detente, wanted reform |
| Glasnost | 1986, means "openness" (connotation in Russian lanuage it is "making public". Gorbachev's announcement of glasnost as a policy, shocked both his own people, and the West. Opennes with West, freedom of speach, and freedom of the press. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | March, 1985--became Soviet union leader. Last of the absolute rulers of Soviet empire; his intention was to reform communism, move CLOSER to Marxist ideals; greatest strength was his personality. |
| Ostpolitik | German for "east politics". West German leader, Willy Brandt, wished to unite Germanies, wanted to improve relations b/w the two. 1972--a Basic Treaty was signed; accused of selling out to the communist East--others viewed it as detente. |
| Strategic Defence Initiative ("SDI") | American pet project, also called "Star Wars". (Came out soon after film--trying to capture the futuristic vision of those movies.) Purpose was to develop a defensive "umbrella" over USA from incoming missiles. |
| Helsinki Accords | August 1975--USA, USSR, France, UK & 31 other nations. Purpose: (1)to accept European borders--incl. 2 Germanys, 2 Berlins. Decrsd tension re: E. Europe. (2)respect human rights, esp. Soviets, (3)make poss. easier movemnt of people across national borders |
| SALT I & II | Strategic Arms Limitation Talks--began in 1969. SALT beg. in 1972: USSR/USA wd limit number of ICBMs. SALT II-1979, goal=establish nuclear parity. SALT I successful; SALT II not. |
| Detente | "Relaxation of tension" = warming of relations between USSR & USA--relaxation of tensions that existed during Cold War. Detente= the late 1960's to 1979. Examples: Brandt's Ostpolitik, SALT I, Helsinki Accords and Nixon's visit to China in 1972. |
| Ho Chi Minh | Communist leader in Vietnam. After 1954 agreements, he ruled NORTH Vietnam. |
| Geneva Agreement--1954 | Laos and Cambodia were granted independence and Vietnam was divided "temporarily" at the 17th parallel. |
| Vietnamization | Used to describe the overall Nixon plan to make the military of S.Vietnam capable of defending itself. Allowed U.S. to withdraw. Establishing a credible political regime in S.Vietnam. Wanted to withdraw honourably. |
| Dien Bien Phu | A major French garrison was surrendered at Dien Bien Phu in May, 1954. This marked the end of the war between Vietnamese and French forces. |
| Gulf of Tonkin | August, 1964. North Vietnamese torpedoed an American destroyer here. A key event in the escalation of the Vietnam War. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | Gulf of Tonkin led to Congress giving Johnson the infamous "all necessary powers" and "all necessary measures" authority. |
| Viet Cong | Communist group supported by the North Vietnamese Army, and by some South Vietnamese. Located in South Vietnam, this army fought against the Republic of Vietnamese army. "NLF" stands for National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam." |
| Camp David Accords | Signed in March, 1979. In it they agreed not to make war, and to negotiate the refugee problem. Israel was allowed to use the Suez Canal, and would get their supply of oil from Egypt. The result of it was that Egypt was expelled from OPEC. |
| Pathet Lao | A communist organization within Laos that worked easily with the Viet Cong of Vietnam. |
| Czechoslovakia | In 1968, a democratic, Alexander Dubcek, became secretary, and gained freedom of press, assembly of worship and the right to strike "socialism with a human face." Troops from satellite states moved in. Romania threatened. Dubcek arrested. |
| Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989 | Erich Honecker, E. German leader of a repressive soviet Satellite gov't. Demonstrators demanded greater freedoms, and Honecker wanted to shoot them, but was overruled and replaced by Eron Krenz. In Nov, Berlin Wall was opened and free elections were held. |
| Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979 | Sept, Soviets invade and instal Babrak Karmal as a puppet president. West, China, and India were alarmed and many boycotted the '80 Olympics because of it. Invasion and Reagan seen as the end of the detente. |
| Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty | Initiated by Lyndon Johnson, the Soviets and Americans led the world to sign a treaty limiting spread of nuclear weapons. 1968-U.S., USSR, & Britain sign it; 1975--other than France, China, Egypt, Japan, Israel,& S.Africa, 93 countries sign the treaty. |
| Alexander Dubcek | Slovak politician, leader of Czechoslovakia from 1968-69. Attempted to reform Communist regime; wanted to create "socialism with a human face" to allow greater freedom. This attempt called "Prague Spring." |
| Leonid Brezhnev | Leader of Soviet Union from 1964-1982. View of Socialism was limited; he could/would not recognize the decay encircling the Communist Party & Soviet State. Refused to adjust role of the state even though he was guiding the S.U. into very modern times. |
| Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) | The testing of larger and larger weapons= major issue in the 1960's. Partial Test Ban Treaty resulted after Cuban Missile Crisis & fear of MAD. Major focus for Richard Nixon as part of his detente policy. |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | Wealthy Texan Rancher. Kennedy's Vice President. Became President after Kennedy assasinated, & was reelected after 2nd term. Embroiled in the Vietnam War, championed the Civil Rights Bill, formed Peace Corps (VISTA), & wanted to create equality for blacks |
| Richard Nixon, 1968 | 37th President, promised to end the Vietnam War. Pulled troops, but increased bombing campaign. Implemented Vietnamization. Began Detente policy to lessen Cold War tensions. Resigned after being implemented in Watergate Scandal (1972). |
| Ronald Reagan | 41st President. Former Hollywood actor. Elected for 2nd term in 1984. Saw USSR as an "evil empire." More hardline than detente Presidents. Increased military spending dramatically as part of a renewed arms race with the USSR. |
| Jimmy Carter | 1976-1980. Most famous for his dealing with the Arab Israeli Conflict. Hosted the Camp David Accords in 1979. Was a strong supporter of detente, and oversaw the SALT II talks. |
| Gerald Ford | He was neither elected as President nor Vice President. He pardoned Nixon and all Vietnam draft dodgers, and continued detente. He was a straight-forward President who "restored the nation's faith in the government." |
| Barbrak Karmal | Taraki overthrown in Sept., 1979. Soviets invaded and installed Babrak Karmal as President. He was a puppet government. |
Created by:
drolston