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Crime 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an act that violates the criminal law and is punishable by the state | crime |
| actions that depart from social norms, values and beliefs. Criminologist are focused on this and its relationship to criminality | deviance |
| behaviors ranging from violent crimes to joining a nudist colony. Not all are criminal acts | deviant acts |
| Victim statistics show that 64% are | male offenders/male victims |
| must balance the public's right to know against the individuals right to privacy and they are often biased and inaccurate | media |
| an academic discipine that uses the scientific method to study the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior | criminology |
| refers to the study of the agencies of social control, police, courts and corrections | criminal justice |
| the area of study and research that taken together make up the field of criminology. Criminologists typically specialize in one of the subareas of criminology like victimology or the sociology of law | criminological enterprise |
| measure crime, figure statistics, sociology of law, construct theories and test them, assist police with creating effective policies. | criminologists |
| Criminologist are the experts and their opinions become the basis for this | social policy |
| the belief that the majority of citizens in a society share common ideals and work toward a common good and that crimes are acts that are outlawed because they conflict with the rules of the majority and are harmful to society | consensus view |
| those who control power and wealth determine which kinds of behavior are defined as crime and which kinds are permitted | conflict view |
| King of Babylon created written laws based on physical retaliation - "an eye for an eye" | Code of Hammurabi |
| Ten Commandments, laws of the Old Testament are known as | Mosaic Code |
| based on the principle that divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed (accused placed hand in boiling water if wound heals the person found innocent if not, they were guilty) | Trial by Ordeal |
| allowed the accused to challenge his accuser to a duel. Punishments included public flogging, branding, beheading and burning | Trial by Combat |
| English Courts began to publish their everyday decisions based on tribal customs and feudal practices and body of legal rules were established. | Common Law |
| murder, burglary, arson and rape are these type of law crimes whose elements were initially defined by judges | common law crimes |
| acts that are outlawed because they violate basic moral values such as rape, murder, assault and robbery | mala in se |
| acts that are outlawed because they clash with current norms and public opinions such as tax, traffic, and drug laws | mala prohititum |
| defines crimes and their punishments | substantive criminal law |
| Laws that set out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system such as the rules of evidence, law of arrest, law of search and seizure | procedural criminal law |
| set of rules governing relations between private parties, including both individuals and organizations such as business and corporations | civil law |
| deals with the government and its relationships with individuals or other governments - governs the regulations of city, county, state and federal government agencies | public law or administrative law |
| intentional act for the purpose of committing a crime that is more than mere preparation or planning, the crime is not completed | attempt |
| voluntary agreement between two or more persons to achieve and unlawful object or to achieve a lawful object using means forbidden by law | conspiracy |
| with the intent that another person engage in conduct constituting a felony, a person solicits, request, commands or otherwise attempts to cause that person to engage in such conduct | solicitation |
| unlawful killing of another human being with malice and premeditation and deliberation | first degree murder |
| intentional killing committed under extenuating circumstances that mitigate the killing, such as killing in the heat of passion after being provoked | voluntary manslaughter |
| unlawful touching of another with intent to cause injury | battery |
| intentional placing of another in fear of receiving an immediate battery | assault |
| unlawful sexual intercourse with a female without her consent | rape |
| wrongful taking and carrying away of personal property from a person by violence or intimidation | robbery |
| breaking and entering of a dwelling house of another with intent to commit a felony (night?) | burglary |
| intentional burning of a dwelling house of another | arson |
| taking and carrying away the person property of another with the intent to keep and possess the property | larceny |
| Crimes such as attempt, conspiracy and solicitation | inchoate or incomplete offenses |
| crime such as 1 degree murder, battery, assault, rape, robbery, voluntary manslaughter | crimes against the person |
| crimes such as burglary, arson and larceny | crimes against property |
| a serious offense - in prison over a year, such as murder, rape and burglary | felony |
| a minor or petty crime, such as unarmed assault and battery, petty larceny and disturbing the peace punished with a fine or short period of one year or less in a county or city jail | misdemeanors |
| criminal law is constantly what | evolving |
| all criminal law in the US must conform to the rules and dictates of what | US Constitution |
| willful, malicious and repeated following and harassing of another person | stalking |
| criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims | victimologists |
| victims may find that the police interrogation following the crime is handled callously, with insinuations that they were somehow at fault | victimization |
| System cost where the taxpayer is burdened with the costs of crime and justice and individual cost where victims may suffer long term losses in earnings and occupations | problems of crime victims |
| typical criminal cost society | 2 million |
| stress and anxiety long after the incident is over and the justice process has been completed. symptoms include depression, anxiety and self destructive behavior | PTSD - post traumatic stress disorder |
| more likely to be injured in attacks than older teens and adults and more likely to suffer stress | younger children |
| extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors | OCD - obsessive compulsive disorder |
| what victims of violent crimes feel | fear |
| viewing the world more suspiciously and as a less safe, controllable and meaningful place | fundamental life change |
| experienced and increase in their fear of crime that prompted them to protect thekmselves and their family by some sort of protective measure such as pepper stray or adding a security device to their home | vicarious fear |
| social problems, stress and anger, revenge | victimization causes this |
| the idea that victims of crime, especially childhood abuse and more likely to commit crimes themselves | cycles of violence |
| more likely to be victimized by someone they know or with whom they live. | women |
| these face a much greater victimization risk than do older persons | young people |
| less likely to become crime victims but are most often the victims of frauds, purse snatching stealing checks and scams | elderly |
| domestic violence by children and other relatives with whom elderly people live | elder abuse |
| These are the Americans most likely victims of violent and property crime | poorest |
| are victimized more often than married people | never married males and females |
| race more likely to be victims of violent crime | African Americans |
| households that have experienced victimization in the past are the ones most likely to experience it again in the future | repeat victimization |
| victims physical weakness or psychological distress renders them incapable of resisting and make them easy targets | target vulnerability |
| some victims have some quality possession, skill or attribute that an offender wants to obtain, use, have access to or manipulate EX -such as having a leather coat may make one vulnerable to predatory crime | target gratifiability |
| characteristics increase risk because they arouse anger, jealousy or destructive impulses. EX being gay may bring on undeserved attacks in the streets | target antagonism |
| victims trigger criminal acts by their provocative behavior, some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death | victim precipitation theory |
| it explains multiple victimization | strength of victim precipitation theory |
| occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words or even attack first | active precipitation |
| occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker | passive precipitation |
| victimization risk is increased when people have a high risk lifestyle. crime is not a random occurrence but rather a function of the victim's lifestyle increased exposure to criminal offenders | lifestyle theory |
| explains victimization patterns in the social structure | strength of lifestyle theory |
| the greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more likely people will become victims of crime and violence. usually poor, densely populated, highly transient neighborhoods | deviant place theory |
| shows why people with conventional lifestyles become crime victims in high risk areas | strength in deviant place theory |
| Cohen and Felson termed that the volume and distribution of predatory crime are closely related to the interaction of suitable target, motivated offenders and capable guardians. increase the likelihood that a crime will take place. | routine activities theory |
| explains crime rates and trends. risk can be reduced by increasing guardianship and/or reducing target vulnerability | strengths of routine activities theory |
| a target for crime that is relatively valuable, easily transportable and not capably guarded | suitable targets |
| effective deterrents to crime such as police or watchful neighbors (or dogs) | capable guardians |
| potential offenders in a population, crime rates will vary according to the number of these | motivated offenders |
| college students maintain a high risk lifestyle - ex partying, taking recreational drugs, that makes them victimization prone | college lifestyle |
| getting involved in criminality increases the chance of victimization, gangs risk personal victimization | criminal lifestyle |
| congregation in a particular neighborhood it becomes this for crime and violence | hot spots |
| government programs that help crime victims and witnesses, may include compensation, court services and/or crisis intervention | victim witness assistance programs |
| victim ordinarily receives compensation from the state to pay for damages associated with the crime | victim compensation program |
| requires that the name and sometimes addresses of known sex offenders be posted by law enforcement agencies. | Sex offender registries |
| sex offender registration is linked to the death of a girl and the has become known as | Megans Law |
| provide help for the victim with their rights | victim advocates |
| provides psychological support for the victim | victim counseling |
| provides help familiarizing the public with their services and agencies that assist crime victims | public education |
| refers to other services and agencies provided victims | crisis intervention |
| gives the victim an opportunity to tell or his/her experiences and describe the ordeal | victim impact statements |
Created by:
govern