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Histo Exam Blk 2
HISTO BLOOD & BONE MARROW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When blood comes into contact with connective tissue or foreign surfaces (such as glass), activation of ____ and ____ results in formation of a clot. | A. platelets B. thrombin |
| ____is the fluid obtained from clotted blood. | Serum |
| Erythrocytes are essentially sacks of ___. | hemoglobin |
| The shape (and flexibility) of the cell is dependent on the ___, and mutations in ____ and associated proteins result in diseases characterized by fragile, misshapen erythrocytes. | A. membrane cytoskeleton B. spectrin |
| Erythrocytes are continuously produced in the ___ | bone marrow |
| Under normal conditions, the lifespan of an erythrocyte is about ___ | 120 days |
| Platelets are secreted into the blood by an ____ mechanism by____ in the bone marrow | A. apocrine B. megakaryocytes |
| Unactivated platelets are discoid in shape. They consist of a clear outer region, the ___, and a central region, the ___. | A. hyalomere B. granulomere |
| The hyalomere contains a coil of ___, which are probably important in maintaining the discoid shape, and large amounts of____. | A. microtubules B. both F-actin and Gactin |
| the platelet contains three types of vesicles: ____, ____,and ____. | A. alpha-granules B. dense granules C. lysosomes |
| The dense granules contain factors which are involved in ____. | platelet aggregation (ADP and serotonin) |
| The alpha-granules contain a variety of substances which are involved in ___ and ___, including ___ factors, adhesion proteins, clotting factors, and ____ proteins | A. clot formation B. wound-healing C. growth D. anticoagulant |
| Platelets can become activated by binding to extracellular matrix proteins such as____, or by binding ___. | A. collagen B. activating factors |
| Activated platelets change their shape by forming numerous ____. | filopodia |
| filopodia involves polymerization of ___ and depolymerization of the____. | A. actin filaments B. microtubules |
| By activating an ____ which binds to ___, the activated platelets become sticky and adhere (via ____) to each other; this causes the platelets to “pile-up” and form a plug | A. integrin B. fibrinogen C. fibrinogen |
| Activation also results in secretion of the ___ and ___. | A. dense granules B. alpha-granules |
| Activated platelets also synthesize ____which cause vasoconstriction of the blood vessels (reducing blood loss) and which activate more platelets. | leukotrienes |
| leukotrienes causes: | vasoconstriction of the blood vessels (reducing blood loss) and which activate more platelets. |
| The three types of granulocytes: | A. neutrophils B. eosinophils C. basophils |
| The two types of “agranulocytes”: | A. monocytes B. lymphocytes |
| The azurophilic granules actually are ____. | primary lysosomes |
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNs are also known as: | Neutrophils |
| ___are the most common leukocyte in blood, accounting for approximately ___ of circulating leukocytes. | A. Neutrophils B. 60%- 70% |
| Nuetrophils have alot of ____ and have a nucleus that is segmented into 3-5 lobes connected by thin strands of heterochromitin. | Heterochromitin |
| Neutrophils are important in ___. | inflammation |
| The principal function of neutrophils is to ____. | phagocytose and destroy bacteria |
| The specific granules of Neutrophils contain ___. | antimicrobial enzymes (and proteins) |
| After maturing, PMNs normally spend ___ in the bone marrow | 3-4 days |
| Eventually the cells migrate across the endothelium (___). | diapedesis |
| eosinophils normally account for ___ of the circulating leukocytes | ~2%-4% |
| The nucleus of this cell is very heterochromatic and is bilobed: | eosinophils |
| Eosinophils are involved in resistance to ___, particularly infections by intestinal worms (helminths), and elevated numbers of eosinophils is characteristic of a parasitic infection. | parasitic infections |
| The eosinophilia of the specific granules is due to the presence of two ____, The eosinophil specific granules also contain a ___. | A. very basic proteins B. peroxidase |
| Eosinophils also produce ____ and ___ which stimulate the inflammatory process. | A. leukotrienes B. cytokines |
| Eosinophils appear to have an important role in allergic/inflammatory diseases such as ___ and___. | A. asthma B. atopic dermatitis |
| ___ are the least common of the leukocytes | Basophils |
| Functionally basophils are similar to ___. | mast cells |
| Both mast cells and basophils have secretory granules containing ____ and ____. | histamine (and) glycosaminoglycans |
| Both of these types of cells have receptors for IgE, and release their secretory granules in response to antigen binding to surfacebound IgE: | mast cells and basophils |
| Both ___ mediate the hypersensitivity seen in allergies. | basophils and mast cells |
| Basophils also differ from mast cells in that mast cells differentiate ___ migrating into the connective tissue, while basophils differentiate in the ___. | A. after B. bone marrow |
| ___ constitute ~9% of the circulating leukocytes, and they are the largest in size of the circulating leukocytes | Monocytes |
| Monocytes have a ___ nucleus that is not separated into distinct lobules. | kidney-shaped or irregularly-shaped |
| Monocytes are more ___ active than granulocytes; Thus, ___ are present. | A. metabolically B. RER, SER, and a prominent Golgi apparatus |
| monocytes then migrate out of the blood and differentiate into ___ | macrophages |
| ____ are important in tissue repair: they phagocytose dead cells and tissue debris. | Macrophages |
| Macrophages also are important in defense against ___: they phagocytose bacteria, protozoa, fungi, other parasites, and other foreign matter. | pathogens |
| Macrophages also are involved in immune responses: they present ___ to ___. | A. antigens B. lymphocytes |
| ___are the key cells in the immune system | Lymphocytes |
| ___ are the second-most common leukocyte in blood | lymphocytes |
| lymphocytes continue to ___ after they have left the bone marrow. | proliferate |
| Proliferating lymphocytes are ___(larger/smaller) than non-proliferating lymphocytes. As a result, lymphocytes of different sizes can be found in blood. | larger |
| lymphocytes differ from other leukocytes in that they frequently: | re-enter the blood after they have migrated into connective tissue |
| Order of commonality of leukocytes: | neutrophils (~2/3) > lymphocytes (~1/4) > monocytes (~10%) > eosinophils (~3%) > basophils (rare). |
| In the adult, blood cells are produced in the ___. | bone marrow |
| In the fetus, blood production occurs first in the ___, then in the ___, then in the ___, and finally in bone marrow. | A. yolk sac B. intermediate mesoderm C. liver and spleen |
| Although hemopoiesis does not normally occur in extramedullary sites after birth, the ___ can become sites of blood production in some diseases. | liver and spleen |
| Bone marrow is a ___ connective tissue which fills the internal spaces (marrow cavity, medullary spaces) of bone. | reticular |
| Blood to the bone marrow comes principally from ___ which penetrate through the bone | nutrient arteries |
| ____ are cords of cells contain blood cell precursors (i.e., stem cells, progenitor cells, and precursor cells. | hemopoietic cords |
| Besides blood precursors, hemopoietic cords contain ____, ____ and ___. | A. mature blood cells B. adipocytes C. stromal cells |
| The ___ cells are important because they create specialized micro-environments which support the proliferation and differentiation of different types of blood cell precursors. | stromal |
| ___ mean the process of formation and differentiation of blood cells. | “Hemopoiesis” and “hematopoiesis” |
| The formation of blood cells involves: | A. proliferation B. commitment C. differentiation. |
| We can broadly divide development of blood cells into three stages: | A. stem cells B. progenitor cells C. precursor cells |
| ___ divide slowly | Stem cells |
| ___ are self-renewing | stem cells |
| Three types of stem cells are generally recognized: | A. Pluripotent stem cell B. Myeloid stem cell C. Lymphoid stem cell |
| ____ is the most primitive stem cell | Pluripotent stem cell |
| Pluripotent stem cell can give rise to the ___ and ___ cells | A. Myeloid stem cell B. Lymphoid stem |
| The myeloid stem cell gives rise to progenitors of all of the blood cells except ___ | lymphocytes |
| This stem cell gives rise to lymphocyte progenitor cells: | Lymphoid stem cell |
| Unlike stem cells, these cells divide rapidly to produce large numbers of progeny, but they have little or no self-renewal capacity: | Progenitor cells |
| After becoming committed to a single cell lineage, the progenitor cells begin to differentiate, giving rise to ___ cells | “precursor” |
| The stages in formation of an erythrocyte are: | 1. Proerythroblast 2. Basophilic erythroblast 3. Polychromatophilic erythroblast 4. Orthochromatophilic erythroblast 5. Reticulocyte (6. Erythrocyte) |
| The ___ progenitor cell gives rise to neutrophils and monocytes | CFU-GM |
| ___ give rise to eosinophils and basophils. | CFU-Eo and CFU-Ba |
| In general, granulocyte precursor cells have nuclei which are ___ than the erythrocyte precursors. | less spherical |
| The stages of granulocyte development are: | 1. Myeloblast 2. Promyelocyte 3. Myelocyte 4. Metamyelocyte 5. Band cell (stab cell) |
| Monocyte lineage: | 1. Monoblast 2. Promonocyte 3. Monocyte |
| Lymphocytes develop from progenitor cells in the bone marrow, but then undergo further proliferation and maturation in the ___. | lymphoid organs |
| Platelet lineage: | 1. Megakaryoblast & Promegakaryocyte 2. Megakaryocyte |
| ___ are large polyploid cells and are easy to identify because of their large size | Megakaryocytes |
| Megakaryocytes do not produce platelets indefinitely; after generating ___ platelets, the megakaryocyte becomes senescent and is replaced by a new megakaryocyte. | ~4,000 - ~8,000 |
| ___ in addition to stimulating proliferation of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell, is necessary for neural crest development and migration. | stem cell factor |
| thrombopoietin stimulates proliferation of the pluripotent stem cell, but it also stimulates proliferation and differentiation of ____ and ____. | A. megakaryoblasts B. megakaryocytes |
| ___ (which stimulates erythrocyte precursors) is used to treat anemia. | erythropoietin |
Created by:
jsm30417