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MBC - Lecture 46
Digestion and Absorption II, Nutrition I (Mock)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lecture 46 | Digestion and Absorption II |
| Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) | Concentration of bile acids at which micelles begin to form |
| As total bile acid concentration increases, the bile acid monomer concentration reaches ___ and levels off. | critical micelle concentration (CMC) |
| At the CMC point micelles begin to form and the concentration ___ as bile acid concentration increases. | increases |
| Bile acids are products of ___. | cholesterol |
| ___ property of bile acids are on both sides of the molecule. | Detergent |
| The primary bile acids are: | cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (chenic acid) |
| Primary bile acids are synthesized in the ___, and are the “___”. | liver, “good guys” |
| Primary bile acids secreted into the intestine are acted on by bacteria and turned into ___. | secondary bile acids |
| The secondary bile acids are: | deoxycholic and lithocholic |
| Lithocholic is toxic to the ___. | liver |
| Ursodeoxycholic Acid | Stereoisomer of chenodeoxycholic acid, used as therapy for cholesterol gall stones (primary biliary cirrhosis) |
| Bile acids are conjugated with ___ and ___ to lower ___. | glycine and taurine, pKa |
| Monomeric, micellar lipids, and bile salts are in ___ equilibrium. | dynamic |
| Bile salt micelles increase fatty acid ___, increasing the capacity of water to carry fatty acids. | solubility |
| Fat absorption persists in the absence of ___ or ___. | bile salts or pancreatic lipases |
| Complete system fat absorption is approximately ___%. | 98% (>90%) |
| Bile salt deficiency has ___ fat absorption % than a complete system. | lower |
| Pancreatic lipase deficiency has ___ fat absorption % then both complete and bile salt deficient. | lower |
| Pancreatic lipase deficiency presents with: | fat malabsorption, diarrhea, failure to thrive, and ravenous appetite |
| Total bile salt pool is ___-___g. | 3-5g |
| The body uses ___-___g of bile salt per day. | 20-30g |
| Bile salts are constantly ___ to meet the daily consumption from limited pool size. | recycled |
| Reabsorption of bile salts occur in the ___. | distal third of the ileum (terminal ileum) |
| Absorption of fat occurs primarily in the ___. | duodenum. |
| If cholesterol levels are ___ and bile salt and lecithin levels are ___, then in a CMC zone. | low, high |
| Stone formation occurs everywhere outside of ___, where cholesterol levels are ___ and bile salt and lecithin levels are ___. | CMC zone, high, low |
| ___ is not a good form of measurement in nutrition. | Moles |
| Typical U.S. diet is ___% fat, __% carbohydrate, and ___% protein. | 40%, 40%, 20% |
| Animal fat is ___% of fat consumed, with vegetable fat being the remaining ___%. | 50%, 50% |
| 1 kcal is ___ kJ. | 4.2 |
| Protein is ___ kcal per gram. | 4 |
| Fat is ___ kcal per gram. | 9 |
| Carbohydrate is ___ kcal per gram. | 4 |
| Ethanol is ___ kcal per gram. | 7 |
| Majority of energy consumption is by ___. | basal metabolic requirement (BMR) or resting state expenditure |
| A highly active individual can have “physical work” expenditure ___ to their BMR. | equal |
| Respiratory Quotient (RQ) | Eliminated CO2 over consumed O2, mole ration of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen consumed |
| RQ ratio ranges from ___ to ___. | 0.7 to 1.0 |
| RQ ratio of 1.0 indicates ___ diet. | carbohydrate diet (i.e. C6H12O2 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O equals RQ of 6/6 = 1.0) |
| RQ ratio of 0.7 indicates ___ diet. | fatty acid diet (i.e. C16H32O2 + 23 O2 → 16 CO2 +16 H2O equals RQ of 16/23 = 0.7) |
| A balanced diet will have RQ ratio somewhere in the ___. | middle |
| RQ can be used to calculate ___ (indirect calorimetry). | BMR |
| BMR is proportional to ___. | body surface area (BSA) |
| BSA is proportional to square-root of ___. | height times mass |
| Baby requires ___ of energy and ___ of protein. | 110 kcal per kg*day, 1.1 g per kg*day |
| Adult requires ___ of energy and ___ of protein. | 40 kcal per kg*day, 0.8 g per kg*day |
| Pregnant individual requires ___ % more energy and protein. | 15% |
| Lactating individual requires ___ % more energy and protein. | 25% |
| Adult energy requirement decreases by ___% per decade after 20’s. | 5% |
| Consume a mix of essential amino acids that matches the ___ of a human being. | composition |
| Human milk contains an almost perfect dietary ___ composition. | amino acid |
| Vegetarian diet deficiency of essential amino acids can be offset by ___ diets. | complimentary (i.e. offset methionine deficiency of beans with wheat, and offset lysine deficiency of wheat with beans) |
| Fat consumed exceeding essential levels are stored in ___. | adipose tissue |
| Carbohydrates consumed exceeding essential levels are stored in ___. | adipose tissue |
| Proteins consumed exceeding neutral nitrogen balance have the ___ stored in adipose tissue and the ___ broken down to ammonia for degradation to urea. | carbon skeleton, nitrogen |
| Essential fatty acid deficiency leads to defects in synthesis of ___ derived from the fatty acids. | lipids |
| EFA deficiency presents with ___, and progressive problem in synthesis of ___ leading to death. | rashes, higher order/complexity lipids |
| Essential Carbohydrates | No essential carbohydrates |
| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) | Established empirically, determines nutritional requirement for 98% of population |
| The EAR does not account for 100% of the population because of ___. | outliers (i.e. IBEM disorders) |
| Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) | Defines the 98th percentile requirements |
| Adequate Intake (AI) | If insufficient data to establish RDA, a best estimate or “adequate estimate” of RDI is made base off an assumed complete data set |
| Upper Limit | Defines the nutrition limit with no toxicity in 98% of the population |
| Adipocytes produce ___ that binds to leptin receptors in the ___. | leptin, hypothalamus |
| Leptin simultaneously stimulates the ___ of appetite and ___ of BMR. | suppression, promotion |
| Leptin and ___ work together in the hypothalamus to decrease appetite and increase BMR. | insulin |
| Antagonist of leptin is ___. | ghrelin (“growling/ghrelin of stomach”) |
| Ghrelin stimulates in the hypothalamus the ___ of appetite and ___ of BMR. | increase, decrease |
| OB gene (obese) codes for ___. | leptin |
| DB gene (diabetic) codes for ___. | leptin receptor, OB-R |
| Leptin has no known ___ with known proteins. | homology |
| Leptin is expressed only by ___. | adipocytes |
| Leptin functions as a “true hormone” and is secreted into the ___ to inform the brain of total body fat. | bloodstream |
| Leptin receptor is a ___ segment. | single transmembrane |
| The extracellular domain of OB-R resembles ___. | cytokine receptors |
| In truncated (db/db) receptors, leptin ___ but the ___ is not transduced. | binds, signal |
| Leptin binding OB-R activates ___. | AMPK |
| Activation of AMPK by leptin phosphorylates ___, inactivating it. | acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) |
| Inactivation of ACC leads to ___ concentration of malonyl-CoA. | decreased |
| Malonyl-CoA inhibits ___. | carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) |
| Decreased inhibition of CPT I leads to ___ fatty acid β-oxidation. | increased |
| Human obesity due to genetic leptin deficiency is ___. | small minority |
| Possible human obesity maybe due to ___. | leptin resistance |
| Insulin receptor knockout leads to increased ___, ___, and ___ serum levels. | leptin, triglyceride, and insulin |
| Ghrelin is secreted by the ___ into the bloodstream when the stomach is ___. | stomach, empty |
| Pro-Opiomelancortin (POMC) | Releases α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), inhibiting food intake and stimulating energy expenditure |
| Cocaine/Amphetamine-Related Transcript (CART) | Inhibits food intake and stimulates energy expenditure |
| Neuropeptide Y (NPY) | Stimulates food intake and inhibits energy expenditure |
| Agouti Related Peptide (AgRP) | Stimulates food intake and inhibits energy expenditure |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | BMI = [Weight (kg)] / [Height (m) ²] |
| Malnourished BMI | <18.5 |
| Underweight BMI | 18.5 to 20 |
| Desirable BMI | 20 to 25 |
| Overweight BMI | 25 to 30 |
| Obese BMI | >30 |
| Morbidly Obese BMI | >40 |
| US Dietary Goals for Total Fat (i.e. 42% total fat): | Decrease in total fat (30% total fat), but increase in polyunsaturated fats (“good” fat, heart healthy) |
| US Dietary Goals for Protein (i.e. 12% protein): | Unchanged |
| US Dietary Goals for Total Carbohydrates (i.e. 46% total carbohydrates): | Increase in total carbohydrates (58%), but increase in complex carbohydrates and natural sugars with decrease in refined/processed sugars |
| Malnutrtion | Combined deficiency of energy and protein, also vitamins and minerals |
| Marasmus | Severe protein and energy malnutrition |
| Kwashiorkor | Protein deficiency leading to pitting edema (“Kwashi is squashy”) |
Created by:
emyang
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