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micro symbiosis 1
test one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen Bond- | A bond bet. a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a oxygen or nitrogen and another covalently bonded oxygen or nitrogen atom. |
| Isotope- | A form of a chemical element in which the number of neutrons in the nucleus is different from the other forms of that element. |
| Solvent- | A dissolving medium |
| Phosphate group- | A portion of a phosphoric acid molecule attached to some other molecule |
| Amino Acid- | An organic acid containing an amino group and a carboxyl group |
| Covalent Bond- | A chemical bond in which the electrons of one atom are shared with another atom |
| pH- | The symbol for hydrogen ion concentration the measure for relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
| enzyme- | a molecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein |
| Peptide Bond- | A bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule |
| Atomic Number- | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | The class of nucleic acids that comprise messanger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA |
| Protein- | A large molecule containg hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen and (sulfer) |
| Electron- | A negatively charged particle in motion around the nucleus of an atom |
| Atom- | The smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction |
| Lipid- | A non water soluble organic molecule including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols |
| Polar molecule- | A molecule with an unequal distribution of charges |
| Triglyceride- | A simple lipid consisting of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Carbohydrate- | An organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, present in a 2:1 ratio |
| Nucleotide- | A compound consisting of a purine or a pyrimidine base, a five carbon sugar and a phosphate |
| Solute- | A substance dissolved in another substance |
| Nucleic Acid- | A macromolecule consisting of nucleotides,DNA and RNA are nucleic acids |
| Buffer- | A substance that tends to stabilize the pH of a solution |
| Substrate- | Any compound with which an enzyme reacts |
| Neutron- | An uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Base- | A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more positive ions |
| Ionic Bond- | A chemical bond formed when atoms gain or lose electrons in the outer energy levels |
| Chemical Element- | A fundamental substance composed of atoms that have the same atomic number and behave the same way chemically |
| Molecule- | A combination of atoms forming a specific chemical compound |
| Steroid- | A specific group of lipids, including cholesterol and hormones |
| Ion- | A negatively or positively charged atom or group of atoms |
| Atomic Weight- | The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of an atom |
| Chemical bond- | An attractive force between atoms forming a molecule |
| Acid- | A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions |
| Organic Compound- | A molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen |
| Electron Acceptor- | An ion that picks up an electron that has been lost from another atom |
| electron donor- | An ion that gives up an electron to another atom |
| Synthesis reaction- | A chemical reaction in which two or more atoms, combine to form a new, larger molecule |
| Cation- | A positively charged ion |
| Anion- | A negatively charged ion |
| Hydrolysis- | A decomposition reaction in which chemicals react with the H+ and OH- of a water molecule |
| Polymer- | A molecule consisting of a sequence of similar molecules, or monomers |
| Compound- | A substance composed of two or more chemical elements |
| Chemical reaction- | The process of making or breaking bonds between atoms |
| Polysaccharide- | A carbohydrate consisting of 8 or more monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis |
| ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) | An important intracellular energy source |
| 1st shell of an atom can carry a max of ____ electrons? | 1st shell of an atom can carry a max of 2 electrons |
| 2nd shell of an atom can carry max how many electrons? | 8 electrons in the outer shell |
| What do we call atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons? | Isotopes |
| The outer shell of the electron is called the? | valence shell |
| Name two ways atoms can complete their valence shell | Donate or receive |
| What do we call atoms that have lost or gained electrons to complete their valence shells? | Ions |
| When an atom gains an electron it results in the atom having a __ charge and is called an ___. | Negative, Anion |
| When an atom loses an electron it has a net __ charge and is called an ___ | Positive, cation |
| Ions of opposite charges (attract or repel) each other | attract |
| When ions of opposing charges combine what kind of bond is holding them together? | Ionic |
| Some atoms complete their valence by sharing electrons this bond is stronger than an ionic bond. Its called a ? | Covalent |
| 0=0 shows a covalent bond where the atoms are sharing __pairs of electrons | 2 |
| Weaker than both covalent and ionic bonds and occurs bet. different molecules is called a ____bond. | hydrogen bond |
| When one atom in a molecule doesn't share the electrons equally and it results in the molecule having ends with a slightly negative charge and ends with a slightly positive charge is called? | Electronegativity |
| Molecules that have opposite ends with slightly different opposite charges are called?and the bonds are called? | Polar molecules, Polar covalent bonds |
| If molecules show the atom in the molecule equally sharing electrons these covalent bonds are called? and they are ____ ____ molecules | Nonpolar covalent bonds, non polar molecules |
| What are two molecules found in living things that depend upon hydrogen bonding for their structure and function? | Protein and DNA |
| All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are called metabolic reactions or _____? | Metabolism |
| In chemical reactions bonds are ______ and new bonds are made between atoms | broken |
| The chemicals on the right side of the reaction are called the | products |
| the chemicals on the left side of a chemical reaction is called the | reactants |
| The formation of large molecules from smaller atoms is called a synthesis reaction or? | Anabolic reaction (anabolism) |
| the breakdown of large molecules into smaller atoms is called a decomposition reaction or? | catabolic reaction (catabolism) |
| When chemical bonds are broken energy is? | released |
| When chemical bonds are formed energy is? | consumed |
| Some chemical reactions are both anabolic and catabolic and are called _______ reactions? | exchange |
| NaOH+HCI>NaCL+H2O What are the reactants in this chemical reaction? | NaOH and HCI |
| Water, Salts, O2gas are all ? molecules? | inorganic |
| Fats, methane, sugar, protein, dna are all ? molecules? | organic |
| Water is inorganic therefore makes a great dissolving medium also called a ? | solvent |
| Molecules that dissolve in a solvent are called? | solutes |
| molecules that are held together by ionic bonds will dissolve in water are called? | electrolytes |
| When a molecule dissolves and produces or donates H+ ions that molecule is called a ? | acid |
| When a molecule dissolves and produces OH- ions or accepts H+ ions it is called? | base or alkaline |
| When we measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution we use a scale called a ? | pH scale |
| The greather the amount of H+ ions, the more ____ is the solution? | acidic |
| Blood is slightly? | Alkaline |
| Why is pure water called neutral? | same amt. of H+ and hydroxide ions |
| Proteins, Carbohydrates and fats are ______ molecules? | organic |
| All organic molecules contain at least what two things? | carbon and hydrogen |
| Proteins, carbs, and fats are large molecules called? you digest them (catabolism) into their building blocks or? | macromolecules or polymers; monomers |
| The building blocks (monomers) of proteins are? | amino acids |
| Carbs are usually considered to be ______ and starches | sugars |
| They are the first source of energy for cellular? | metabolism |
| Do we have a cell wall? | NO |
| Many sugars have chemical names that end in the suffix- | ose |
| Glucose is a major source of_______and_______ for most living organisms | carbon and energy |
| Glucose is a simple sugar called a ? | monosaccharide |
| Glucose is C6H12O6; Fructose is C6H12O6 but is a completely different molecule because the atoms are arranged differently. What do we call molecules same formula diff structures and properties? | isomers |
| To make larger carbohydrate molecules a process called ______ ________ also called a condensation reaction is performed | dehydration synthesis |
| In a dehydration synthesis reaction 2 small building block molecules(monomers) are combined using a covalent bond and a molecule of water is removed. the resulting sugar is calleda | disaccharide (2 simple sugars covalently bonded together) |
| The covalent bonds bet. sugar molecules are called a | glycosidic covalent bond |
| To break down larger organic molecules into their building blocks a process opposite of dehydration synthesis occurs called? | hydrolysis |
| Hundreds of simple sugars can be combined by dehydration synthesis to form? | polysaccharides |
| Polysaccharides are (soluble/insoluble) in water? they are? | insoluble/hydrophobic |
| Give the name of the polysaccharide called amylose, this molecule is used by plants to store their excess glucose | starch |
| The glucose polymer found in plant walls | cellulose |
| This molecule used by animals to store excess glucose is ? | glycogen |
| Lipids are organic molecules made up of what 3 things? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| Lipids are non polar so they are_______, but they do dissolve in non polar solvents | hydrophobic |
| Simple lipids are called fats or ______? | triglycerides |
| fatty acids with only a single bond are _____ fats? | saturated fats |
| Fatty acids in a double or triple bond are_______ fats? | unsaturated fats |
| Phospholipids has a ______ end and a _______end | hydrophobic; hydrophilic |
| Cholesterol is a important part of ___karyotic cell membranes. | eukaryotic |
| The monomers (building blocks) of proteins are called ? | Amino Acids |
| The covalent bond between two amino acids is called a ? | Peptide bond |
| By combining many amino acids together a _______ is formed | polypeptide |
| What do we call the covalent bonds that produce a polypeptides structure? | peptide bond |
| what type of bond is responsible for a polypeptides secondary structure? | hydrogen bond |
| what is a polypeptides tertiary structure? | 3 dimensional fully folded polypeptide |
| The forces that create the tertiary structure of a polypeptide include (4)? | Hydrogen, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges |
| Changing the shape of a protein is called ? how does this happen? | denaturation; increasing temp or changing the pH of its enviroment they are rendered useless |
| Nucleic acids are? | DNA/RNA |
| the monomers of nucleic acids are called | nucleotides |
| there are ____ nitrogenous bases what are they? | 5; adenine, cystine, guanine, thymine and uracil (GUTCA) |
| What is Carolus Linneaus knowm for doing in 1735? | Established system of scientific nomenclature |
| According to the system of scientific nomenclature each organism has __ names. what are they? | 2; genus and species |
| Archaea fun facts: Are __karyotic; lack ________; live in ____ environments;include methanogens are extreme ___/____philes | Prokaryotic; peptidoglycan; extreme environments; halophiles/thermophiles |
| Fungi Fun facts: Are ___karyotes; use _______ substances for energy; molds and mushrooms are _______; yeasts are ______. | Eukaryotes; organic; multicellular; unicellular |
| Bacteria fun facts: Are ___karyotes; Have ______ cell walls; Use _______ fission; For energy uses what 3 things; also the vast majority do not cause human disease t/f? | prokaryotes; peptidoglycan; binary fission; Energy uses organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis; vast majority do NOT cause human disease. |
| Protozoa fun facts: Are ____karyotes; absorb or ingest _____ substances; may be motile via pseudopods, cilia or _______ | Eukaryotes, organic, flagella |
| Algae (protists) fun facts: Are _____karyotes; Use ___________ for energy; Produce molecular _____ and _______ compounds | eukaryotes; photosynthesis; oxygen and organic compounds |
| Classifications of organisms : name the 3 domains: | Bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| what are the 4 sub classes under eukarya? | protists, fungi, plants, animals |
| Viruses fun facts: Are _____cellular; consist of ___ or ___ core; core is surrounded by a protein coat called _____; _____ protein coat may be enclosed in a liquid ________; viruses are replicated only when they are in a ____ _____ cell? | noncellular; DNA or RNA; capsid; capsid envelope; living host |
| In 1665 _____ _______ was first to observe biological cells under a microscope (cork cells) | Robert Hooke |
| the first live microbes were observed under a microscope in 1673 by ____ ____ _______. He observed microbes in _______ scrapings and___ ______. | Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek; teeth scrapings and rain water. |
| Multicellular Animal Parasites fun facts: Are ?___karyotes; Are ____cellular animals; Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called______; microscopic stages in____cycles | Eukaryotes; multicellular; helminths; life cycles |
| The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called? | spontaneous generation |
| The alternative hypothesis, that living organisms arise from pre existing life, is called? | Biogenesis |
| 3 scientists involved with experiments against spontaneous generation | Fransisco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, louis pasteur |
| scientist involved in evidence FOR spontaneous generation in 1745; what was experiment? | John Needham; nutrient broth in covered flasks results were microbial growth |
| What was the experiment Fransisco Redi performed against spontaneous generation? | 6 jars decaying meat, 3 covered/3 open maggots appeared in the uncovered jars |
| Louis Pasteur demonstrated microorganisms are in the air how? | His s shaped flask let air in kept microbes out |
| 1857-1914 the golden age of microbiology beginning with pasteurs work discoveries included relationship bet. microbes and _____, immunity, and _________ drugs | disease; antimicrobial |
| Who was the scientist responsible for fermentation and pasteurization? | Louis Pasteur |
| Alcohol fermantation breaks down? We use this in? | sugar to alcohol; process to make beer and wine (yeast) |
| Pasteur demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat. the app of high heat for a short time is called? | pasteurization |
| Germ Theory of diseaseis | idea that some diseases are caused by microbes |
| Agostino Bassi showed? | silkworm disease was caused by a fungus |
| Pasteur believed thta another silkworm disease was caused by a ? | protozoan. |
| Ignaz Semmelwise advocated? | handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one patient to another |
| Joseph Lister used? | A chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections |
| Robert Koch established a set of ______ used to prove? | postulates; a specific microbe causes a specific disease (anthrax) |
| Edward Jenner was the first to do what to a person? | inoculated a person with cowpox virus. the person was then protected from smallpox. |
| the term vaccination comes from the word vacca, latin for? | cow |
| treatment with chemicals is called? | chemotherapy |
| ______ are chemicals produced by living organisms that inhibit growth of or kill microbes | antibiotics |
| _____ drugs are laboratory made | synthetic |
| in 1910 paul ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug salvarsan to treat ___? | syphilis |
| Who discovered the first antibiotic? | Alexander Fleming |
| Bacteriology is the study of? | bacteria |
| mycology is the study of? | fungi |
| parasitology is the study of? | protozoa and parasitic worms |
| virology is the study of? | viruses |
| immunology is the study of? | immune system |
| recombinant DNA technology is | dna from two or more different sources are combined |
| What nutrients can bacteria recycle that can be used by plants and animals? | carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus. |
| The term used for bacteria degrading organic matter in sewage is? | bioremediation |
| Think of the exxon oil spill bacteria degrage or detoxify pollutants such as | oil and mercury |
| An alternativeto chemical pesticides are ___________ insecticides. Which are used to prevent insect attack on crops | Biological |
| Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal to ? Application is two ways...... | Insects; sprayed or genetically engineered. |
| Genetic Engineering is a form of | biotechnology |
| through genetic engineering bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including? (2) | vaccines and enzymes |
| Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy by using? | viruses |
| genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from? | insects and freezing |
| A simple microscope has _(how many)____ len(s)? | one |
| A compound light microscope has how many lenses? | Multiple |
| The image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ____ lens | ocular |
| How do you calculate total magnification? | Objective lens X ocular lens |
| Resolution is? | the ability to distinguishbetween two points |
| _______ is the bending of light? | refraction |
| _______ is used to keep light from bending? | oil immersion |
| Brightfield illumination is when _____ objects are visible against a ______ background | dark; bright |
| In brightfield illumination Light is concentrated by the _______ and _____ ______ the specimen | condenser; passes through the specimen |
| Im so tired im dying | its 2:26am and this info is so damn dry |
| Darkfield illumination: ______ objects are visible against a ______ background | light;dark |
| In darkfield illumination condenser causes light to _____ _____ the specimen, which then enters the objective lens | reflect off |
| What kind of Microscopy accentuates differences in the refraction of different regions of the specimen? | Phase- Contrast Microscopy |
| What Microscopy uses Ultra violet light? | Fluorescence |
| Electron microscopy uses ______ instead of light; resolution is greater or worse than light microscopes? What are the two types of electrom microscopes? | electrons; greater; transmission and scanning |
| What microscopy is used to magnify tens of thousands of times and used to visualize internal structures? | Transmission Electron Microsope (TEM) |
| If you were wanting to magnify tens of thousands of times but only needed to scan the surface of a specimen you would use what microscope? | Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) |
| What time is it? | Its 7am cram time, this sux |
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