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Intro to Psychology
Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | The ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION of a behavioral tendency that persists over a relatively long period of time. |
| Habituation | Learning that occurs when REPEATED EXPOSURE of a stimulus DECREASES an organism's RESPONSIVENESS to that stimulus. |
| Classical Conditioning (Palovian Conditioning) | Type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes ASSOCIATED with a stimulus that causes a REFLEXIVE BEHAVIOR, and in time, this stimulus is sufficient to ELICIT that behavior. Ex: When a sound becomes associated with a memory or feeling. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | Stimulus that elicits an automatic response, without requiring prior learning. Ex.- Food in Palov's Experiment |
| Unconditioned Response | reflexive or automatic response elicited by a particular stimulus. Ex.-Salivation in Palov's experiment |
| Sensitization | Repeated exposure increases responsiveness. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | An originally neutral stimulus that comes to produce a response evoked by an unconditioned stimulus after it has been paired enough times with that unconditioned stimulus. Ex.-The tone in Palov's experiment |
| Conditioned Response | Response that depends on pairing the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, once learned, the response to the unconditioned stimulus now occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone. Ex.-Salivation in response to the tone alone |
| Acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial learning of the conditioned response. |
| Avoidance learning | In classical conditioning, learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unpleasant unconditioned stimulus that leads the animal to try to avoid the conditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Emotional Response | An emotionally charged conditioned response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus. |
| Phobia | An irrational fear of a specific object or situation |
| Biological Preparedness | Built in readiness for certain perviously neutral stimuli to come to elicit particular conditioned responses, meaning that less training is necessary to produce learning when these neutral stimuli are paired with the appropriate unconditioned responses. |
| Contrapreparedness | A built-in disinclination (or even inability) for certain stimuli to be conditioned to elicit particular conditioned responses. |
| Extinction (in classical conditioning) | Process by which a conditioned response comes to be eliminated through repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Pavlov's Experiment | Dogs, food, salivation. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The event that occurs when the conditioned stimulus again elicits the conditioned response after extinction has occurred |
| Stimulus Generalization | A tendency for the conditioned response to be elicited by neutral stimuli that are similar but to identical to the conditioned stimulus. |
| Stimulus Discrimination | The ability to distinguish among stimuli that are relatively similar to the conditioned stimulus and to respond only to the actually conditioned stimulus. |
| Food Aversion (Taste Aversion) | Classically conditioned avoidance of a certain food or taste. |
| Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning) | Process by which a stimulus and response become associated with the consequences of making the response. |
| Law of Effect | Actions that subsequently lead to a "satisfying state of affairs" are more likely to be repeated. Lies at the heart of Operant Conditioning. |
| Reinforcement | The process by which the consequences of a response lead to an increase in the likelihood that the response will occur again when the stimulus is present. |
| Response Contingency | The circumstance in which a consequence depends on the animal's producing the desired response. |
| Reinforcer | An object or event that when it follows a response, increases the likelihood that the animal will make that response again when the stimulus is present. |
| John Watson | Little Albert research. Associated behaviorism. |
| Positive reinforcement | Occurs when a desired reinforcer is presented after a response, thereby increasing the likelihood of that response in the future. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Occurs when an unpleasant object or event is removed after a response, thereby increasing the likelihood of that response in the future. |
| Punishment | Process by which an unpleasant object or event is presented after a response which decreases the likelihood of that response in the future. |
| Positive Punishment | When a response leads to an undesired consequence, thereby DECREASING the likelihood of that response in the future. |
| Negative Punishment | Occurs when a response leads a pleasant object or event to be removed, thereby DECREASING the likelihood of that response in the future. |
| Primary Reinforcer | An event or object such as food, water, or relief from pain, that is inherently reinforcing. |
| Secondary Reinforcer | An event or object (such as attention) that is not inherently reinforcing but instead has acquired ts reinforcing value through learning. |
| Behavior Modification | A technique in which behavior is changed through the use of secondary reinforcers. |
| Edward Thorndike | "trial and error learning" Puzzle box. Led to Law of effect. |
| B.F. Skinner | Prominent leader in behaviorism. Showed how conditioning could explain 'daily behavior.' |
| Immediate Reinforcement | Reinforcement given immediately after the desired response is exhibited. |
| Delayed Reinforcement | Reinforcement given some period of time after the desired response is exhibited. |
| Generalization | Ability to transfer a learned stimulus-response association to a new stimulus that is similar to the original one, making the same response to it that led to reinforcement previously. |
| Discrimination | Ability to respond only to a particular stimulus and not to a similar one. |
| Extinction (in Operant Conditioning) | Fading out of a response following the initial burst of that behavior after reinforcement ceases. |
| Spontaneous Recovery (in Operant Conditioning) | Process by which an extinguished, previously reinforced response reappears if there is a period of time after extinction. |
| Shaping | Gradual process of reinforcing an animal for responses that get closer to the desired response. |
| Successive approximations | Series of relatively simple responses involved in shaping a complex response. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcement given for each desired response. |
| Partial Reinforcement | Reinforcement given only intermittently after desired responses. |
| Interval Schedule | Partial reinforcement schedule based on time. |
| Ratio schedule | Partial reinforcement schedule based on a specified number of responses. |
| Fixed interval schedule | Reinforcement given for responses only when they are produced after a fixed interval of time. |
| Variable interval schedule | Reinforcement given for responses produced after a variable interval of time. |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | Reinforcement given for responses produced after a fixed number of prior responses. |
| Response Contingency | Circumstance in which a consequence depends on the animal's producing the desired response. |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | Reinforcement given after a variable ratio of responses. |
| Cognitive Learning | Acquisition of information that may not be acted on immediately but is stored for later use. |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs without behavioral indications. |
| Insight Learning | Learning that occurs when a person or animal suddenly grasps how to solve a problem or interpret a pattern of information and incorporates that new knowledge into old knowledge. |
| Observational Learning | Learning that occurs through watching others, not through reinforcement. |
| Punishment is most effective when: | It is swift (immediate), consistent (given each time a behavior occurs), Aversive |
| 3 cautions about punishment | 1. might decrease behavior but does not eliminate capacity to engage in behavior. 2. physical punishment might increase undesired behavior. 3. observation can lead to inadvertently learned undesired behavior. |
| Neutral Stimulus | Stimulus not previously associated with the stimulus and that does not elicit the reflexive behavior by itself. Ex- Tone in Palov's Experiment before experiment |
| Forward Conditioning | Occurs when the conditioned stimulus begins before the unconditioned stimulus. Procedure most likely to lead to classical conditioning. |
| Backward Pairing | Unconditioned Stimulus comes first, followed quickly by the conditioned stimulus |
| Simultaneous Conditioning | Presenting the unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus simultaneously. |
| Example in Biological Preparedness | Eating a type of cheese for the first time, becoming nauseated and avoiding that type of cheese from then on. |
| Example in Contrapreparedness | A fear for a thing that evoked pain is developed, not a fear for the object that did the damage. Ex- A woman sees a snake, attempts to jump back in the car,slams her hand in the car door. She does not develop fear for car door but develops fear of snakes. |
| Example in Extinction (in Classical Conditioning) | Tone continues to be present, but is no longer followed by presentation of food, after a while the dogs will no longer salivate at the tone. The conditioned response will be extinguished. |
| Operant Conditioning | Also called instrumental conditioning. Differs from classical conditioning because it requires behavior, classical conditioning usually involves involuntary reflexes. |
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