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MBC - Lecture 43
Important Amino Acid Metabolites (Douglas)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lecture 43 | Important Amino Acid Metabolites |
| Amino acids are also precursors of ___. | neurotransmitters (catecholamine, serotonin, histamine) |
| Glutamate can be converted to: | GABA, proline, and ornithine |
| Glutamate is a component of ___. | glutathione |
| Glutathione is made in the ___. | liver |
| ___ serves as precursors for the head group of phospholipids (ethanolamine, choline). | Serine |
| Serine carbon skeletons convert to ___, with sulfur transferred from ___. | cysteine, homocysteine |
| ___ provides the methyl group additions to ethanolamine to make choline. | SAM |
| ___ can serve as a neurotransmitter, primarily in inhibitor interneurons. | Glycine |
| Loss of methyl by SAM in norepinephrine and serotonin produces ___ and ___, respectively. | epinephrine, melatonin |
| Reactions involving methyl transfer by ___ are irreversible. | SAM |
| ___ B12 is the most stable form. | Methylated |
| Homocysteinemia | Elevated levels of homocysteine linked to cardiovascular and neurological disease, can involve B12 and folic acid deficiencies (reducing methionine synthetase activity) |
| Homocysteine can be reduced by reaction with ___ to form cystathionine. | serine |
| Neural tube defects can be prevented with ___ supplements. | folic acid |
| ___ and ___ are precursors to neurotransmitters and pigments. | Phenylalanine and tyrosine |
| Phenylalanine conversion can yield neurotransmitters ___, ___, and ___. | dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine |
| Catechol | A phenyl ring with two adjacent hydroxyl groups |
| ___ is required at each hydroxylation step in phenylalanine conversion. | Tetrahydrobiopterin |
| Adequate levels of ___ and ___ are needed in phenylalanine conversion. | B12 and folate |
| Inhibitors of catecholamine and serotonin degradation work as ___ (increase dopamine levels). | antidepressants (i.e. MOA inhibitor, COMT inhibitor) |
| Parkinson’s Disease | Tremors and progressive disease, loss of cells that form dopamine from tyrosine, treated with L-dopa/monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors/catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors |
| Ablinism | Light pigmentation/mentally and neurologically normal/photosensitivity, defect in tyrosinase (tyrosine hydroxylase) where tyrosine cannot be converted to melanin |
| Formation of catecholamine from tyrosine is dependent on ___. | biopterin |
| Tyrosine hydroxylase contains ___ and yields ___ (___). | pyridoxal phosphate, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) |
| DOPA decarboxylase forms ___. | dopamine |
| ___ is converted to serotonin and melatonin. | Tryptophan |
| Degradation of serotonin forms ___ (___), marker of serotonin deficiency. | 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) |
| Cysteine can be converted to ___, involved in neurodevelopment and conjugation with bile acids, and generation of ___. | taurine, pyruvate |
| Tryptophan is the precursor to __% of the body’s pyridine nucleotides, remainder from diet. | 50% |
| SAM donates methyl groups to lysine to form ___. | carnintine |
| ___ serves as a cofactor in catalyzing disulfide bond formation of cysteine –SH groups. | glutathione |
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