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Wildlife Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| wildlife conservation | social process that include professional and lay activities that seek to attain wise use and perpetuation of resources |
| population | a group of organisms that occupy a particular space at the same time |
| local population | occupy a small region. example: florida panther. Easier to conserve. by conserving local populations we can save regional populations |
| regional populations | occupy a larger areas. Regional populations are isolated to good habitat and are made up of local populations. Harder to conserve. example: Wyoming/Montana/Idaho wolf pack. |
| community | assemblage of interacting plants and animals living in an area. Most conservationists are now focusing on saving the community rather than just the population. Populations usually occupy a community for specific attributes |
| wise use | to use resources rationally (both consumptively and non consumptively) such that the wildlife population will survive in perpetuity |
| 4 things that adversely affect small populations more than large populations | 1. Genetic Inbreeding 2. Demographic stochasticity 3. Environmental stochasticity 4. Catastrophes |
| demographic stochasticity | it is much more likely for a small population to go extinct due to random chance (coin flip problem) |
| environmental stochasticity | annual variation in a climate/habitat/living conditions |
| resident species | any species that doesn't move very far over the course of its life. Managed by the states |
| migratory species | crosses political boundaries. Managed by federal government (starting in 1911) |
| wildlife is owned by the public | originally it was owned by the king. with the signing of the magna carta wildlife was transferred from the king to the public. early colonists brought over this idea of public ownership |
| tragedy of the commons | common property will be selfishly used to the benefit of individuals but the detriment of everyone else |
| prisoner's dilemma | problem is that cheaters always win. true in nature. it is an evolutionary process. Nature selects for cheaters |
| regulation | authority rule. often used to conserve wildlife |
| markets | basically you pay for what you want. hunting licenses, price determines by wildlife committee. Example: out of state elk license is $1,000. |
| Bison | largest land mammal in North America. 3rd largest species of cattle. Heavy hide with thick hair specially accustomed to cold weather. nomadic: move in massive herds |
| Why so many bison | 1. High soil fertility 2. Thick topsoil 3. legumes 4. vastness of the prairie 5. co-evolution with habitat |
| native americans | were the main predators of bison. many tribes on the plains but not a very dense population. They were inefficient at killing bison until europeans introduced the horse. |
| buffalo jumps | cliffs used to drive buffalo off of and kill them |
| uses of bison by native americans | flesh for food, hides for clothing, bones for tools, sinew for string, organs for medicine, chips for fuel, hooves for glue |
| travois | a sled that allowed natives to pack up and move their campsites. introduction of the horse lead the native americans to being completely nomadic |
| Liquidation of Bison- 1500s | began with Spanish using bison to feed explorers |
| Liquidation of Bison- 1800s | scattered herds east of the mississippi eliminated by subsistence hunting colonists. |
| Liquidation of Bison -1840 | Audobon noted perceptive differences in western herds |
| Homestead Law 1860 | gave away free plains land to anyone who wanted it. Encouraged more people to get to the plains |
| Railroads (bison) | wanted to get rise of the bison, and also made killing and transporting the bison easier |
| Market Forces (bison) | people were making money off bison. Buffalo skin coats cost close to $700. The tongue was valuable as well. |
| Buffalo Bill | killed 20,000 buffalo in his lifetime |
| Bison-1905 | 23 wild bison were in Yellowstone. 300 were in captive herds |
| Teddy Roosevelt | became president in 1901. Started a captive breeding program with the intent of reintroducing the buffalo. |
| William Hornaday | founded the American Bison Society. In 1905 he bought an additional 21 bison from texas. These cattle were moved to the Lamar Valley in Yellowstone, and introduced brucellosis to the herd. They were kept in pens like cattle. |
| Brucellosis | bacterial disease the causes abortions. cattle have to come in contact with infected birth material in order to get it |
| Wichita Mountains National Forest | in Oklahoma. Teddy Roosevelt founded this forest in 1900 and bison were reintroduced there in 1907. Currently maintained at about 600 animals, brucellosis free |
| Wind Cave National Park | founded by Roosevelt in South Dakota in 1903. Bison were reintroduced in 1914 in the game preserve around the park |
| National Bison Range | Set up in Montana in 1908 and currently has a population between 350-400 animals |
| Buffalo as a food source | better meat, withstands harsh environments better, don't tend to over graze. But not as domesticated, can be dangerous, not easy to contain |
| John James Audobon | ornithologist (studied birds) very important contributer to early conservation. loved to paint and draw birds |
| Great Awk | similar to a penguin. about the size of a goose. popular for down and eggs. only laid 1 egg a year. had no fear of humans, and were used for fish-bait. Extinct by 1840. |
| Stellar Sea Cow | lived off the North Pacific coast. Discovered in 1741. Extinct by 1770. Used for food by fishermen. looked like a giant manatee |
| Market Hunting | hunting for profit. Contributed to the extinction of many animals |
| subsistence hunting | hunting for food |
| recreational hunting | hunting for sport |
| negative feedback | something the controls a system and keeps it in check |
| positive feedback | a loop where conditions keep getting worse. this happened in early america because there was no cost to keep things regulated |
| first market hunters | native americans. Pilgrims paid native americans for the collection of wildlife for food and materials |
| beaver | early colonists hunted and trapped them in large numbers |
| beaver-1650 | eliminated from Maine through the Carolinas |
| beaver-1830 | nearly eliminated, $100/pelt. Then nutria became the new beaver. this trend change saved the beaver |
| Heath Hen | subspecies of prairie chicken. Lived in New England. Originally extremely common. Hunted extensively for food. Extinct in the mainland by 1850, but held out in Martha's Vineyard until about 1932 |
| Predators | we don't like them. Kill due to control, competition, scared of them, eat our pets. |
| Passenger Pigeon | most common bird in north america at one time. 4 to 6 billion. 40% of the birds in the entire US. Lived in massive migratory flocks. laid 1 egg every year. Were killed in masses using nets. Extinct by 1900 (in the wild) |
| Carolina Parakeet | loss of habitat contributed to extinction. Also popular for market hunting for feathers. Considered at pest for farmers. Extinct by 1904 |
| european farming techniques | contributed to habitat loss. cut timber, farm soil until exhausted, move to new site |
| poor timber operations | cut timber, let slash lay, often followed by fire. no reforestation. |
| refuge | a place where wildlife can;t be hunted |
| 1870: Washburn-Langford-Drane Expedition | sent to explore yellowstone. people were interested in it because it was a geologic wonder |
| Cornelius Hedges | suggested yellowstone become a national park and leave it be |
| 1872: Organic Bill | set aside yellowstone national park for the benefit and enjoyment of the people. It was the first national park signed by Grant. The Bill made a park superintendent which had no authority |
| Langford | the first superintendent of Yellowstone |
| Norris | the second superintendent of Yellowstone. Had a little more power and wanted to improve park roads. |
| Yellowstone Enforcement | poaching rules could not be enforced in Yellowstone. Poachers could have their equipment confiscated, and spend a short period in jail, but never faced serious consequences. |
| Senator George Vest | worked on a bill to prohibit hunting in Yellowstone. These bills passed in the senate but were dying in the house. Vest bills got stuck due to lobbyists |
| why were railroads through Yellowstone bad? | damages the land, ruins the view, increases access to the land, and is dangerous to animals |
| Segregation Bill (1892) | restore 622 square miles back to public access (remove from the park) |
| William James | planned to rob a stagecoach containing the army's payroll. Instead eh robbed a judge named John Lacey for $16 and 2 coins of sentimental value. This happened within Yellowstone so James was let go without consequence |
| Ed Howell | A poacher who was discovered killing 6 bison within the park. Reporters from Forest and Stream were present and documented Howell's capture and as he bragged about how he was going to get away with the poaching. Public was engraged |
| John Lacey | created the Yellowstone Protection Act which passed with the help of the Forest and Stream Articles. |
| Yellowstone Protection Act | added funding, Marshalls, as well as prison sentences and fines for those who disobeyed the park laws. Ed Howell was the first to be arrested. |
| Yosemite | was the precedent for Yellowstone. It was created by the Yosemite Grant which set it aside for public enjoyment, but the state of California retained control |
| John Muir | he was a famous forester who pushed for the protection of Yosemite. He thought the greatest threat to Yosemite were sheep. While camping with Roosevelt he convinced him to make the valley and mariposa part of Yosemite national park |
| Sierra Club | founded by John Muir to "save beautiful places" |
| Forest practices of early americans | wasteful, leaving up to 1/4 of entire trees. left slash piles which increased forest fires |
| Peshtigo Fire | a fire in Wisconsin that covered about 24,000 miles. At least 1,200 people died in the town of Peshtigo. |
| old growth forests | forests that have never been cut down. succession has ended and the forest ecosystem has reached a climax. At a climax there is a lot of middle-old trees but the ratio stays the same. Many animals need old growth forests for habitat |
| forest succession | 1. grasses and shrubs grow back first 2. early succession of young trees all the same age 3. trees mature, and some begin to fall 4. as old trees fall, younger trees begin to grow. |
| Public Domain | land not owned yet. "managed" by the federal government, who basically held it until someone came along and staked a claim to it. |
| Homestead Act | gave 160 acres to any person who was 21 or older. All they had to do was live on the land for 5 years and build a house that as a minimum of 12x5ft |
| Timber and Stone Act | sold western timber land to companies for $2.50/acre in 160 acre blocks. generally this was land unfit for farming but used for timber and stone extraction |
| General Land Office | managed public domain and the distribution of land. People could get better farmland by bribing this office to declare the land "unfit to farm" and the buy it under the timber and stone act. Timber and Stone act was repealed because of this bribery |
| Steam donkey | pulley system powered by steam that improved the extraction techniques of timber |
| American Forestry Association | founded by Bernard Ferno. Wanted to protect forests and plant new trees. These were mainly conservationists. |
| Forest Reserves | chunks of forests owned by the federal government. |
| American Association for the Advancement of Science | Petitioned President Grant to create a federal advisor on forestry |
| Division of Forestry | formed by congress in 1881 as part of the USDA, but they did not control any land |
| rider | something attache to a bill. Advantages- doesn't need its own bill, so it can go unnoticed. You can tack a rider onto a popular bill in order to get something passed that usually would never pass |
| Sundry Civil Service Act | an act to fund federal employees. Had a rider called the Forest Reserve Creative Act. |
| Forest Reserve Creative Act | gave the president the power to make forest reserved out of public domain land. The land had to be "covered in timber or undergrowth, whether or little value or not". |
| President Harrison | set aside 13,000,000 acres in forest reserves |
| President Cleveland | wanted a solution to people taking advantage of forests. 10 days before leaving office he added 21,000,000 acres of forest reserves, people were outraged |
| Gifford Pinchot | one of the first american born foresters. Worked on the forests of the Vanderbilt estate in North Carolina. Believed if you wisely used a forests' resources you could still conserve them. |
| Pettigrew Amendment | allowed secretary of interior to sell dead, matured, or large growth trees. Allowed settlers, miners, and prospectors to use firewood. Opened up reserves outside California for 1 year for homesteading. Authorized the hiring of employees to manage forests |
| Forestry Division | in the department of interior. Appointed Pinchot as the head, with 12 employees, they managed 50,000,000 acres of forests |
| First forestry major | introduced in 1898 at cornell |
| Society of American Foresters | formed by Pinchot as an organization for professional foresters |
| Feathers as Fashion | at this point in time all ladies were expected to wear hats, and especially in fashion were bird plumage accents. |
| Most popular birds for hats | wading birds and shorebirds because they had large feathers with striking colors |
| AOU | American Ornithologist Union, argued that the plume trade was driving birds extinct |
| Lacey Act | introduced by John Lacey. It prohibited game taken illegally from being shipped across state boundaries. Violations of this were a federal offense. Wildlife goods are subject to the laws of the state they were in/ |
| Audobon Plumage Act of New York State | outlawed all sale and possession of birds and bird plumage in the state of new york. didn't completely stop the plume trade because people could still ship plumes to London out of a non-New York port |
| State Audobon Societies | essential to bird protection. Established for the average person. George Grihnell was a major force in founding these. Girhnell established a pledge not to kill wildlife except for food. Response was overwhelmingly positice |
| George Grihnell | editor of forest and stream magazine |
| Early Sportsmen | were the 1st conservationists |
| How would passenger pigeons be lured into the nets | using a stool pigeon |
| punt gun | a type of extremely large shotgun used in the 19th and early 20th centuries for shooting large numbers of waterfowl for commercial harvesting |
| sink box | hunting blind used by waterfowl hunters and consisting of a weighted, partially submerged enclosure and suspended from a floating platform. It is placed into calm water and the hunter waits, until the birds are close to the sinkbox. |
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asculpepper