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pathophys 1 (ch1-11)
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is composed of water, proteins, neutral fats, and glycogen ch. 1 | Cytoplasm |
| Cells with a nucleus ch. 1 | Eucharyotic |
| Cells without a nucleus ch. 1 | Prokaryotic |
| What is found in the nucleus and is the template for making all the RNA ch. 1 | DNA |
| Is synthesized in the cytoplasm ch. 1 | Protein |
| Serve as the site for protein synthesis, where? ch. 1 | Ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| What ER is studded with ribosomes attached to specific binding sites on the membrane? ch. 1 | Rough |
| modifies proteins and packages them into secretory granules bound for the membrane. ch. 1 | Golgi complex |
| Contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes that are used to break down excess and worn-out cell parts as well as foregn substances. ch. 1 | Lysosomes |
| What does peroxisomes degrade. ch. 1 | peroxides |
| the site of celular respiration and formation of ATP. ch. 1 | Mitochondria |
| transport along the aox of neuronal cells takes place along the primary cytoskeletal component. ch. 1 | Microtubles |
| Actin and myocin are examples of functional ch. 1 | Microfilaments |
| proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer ch. 1 | Integral |
| proteins that are bound to one side of the membrane or the other. ch. 1 | Peripheral |
| Four tissues of the body ch. 1 | epithelial connective muscle neuronal |
| what is permeability regulated by ch. 1 | ion channels |
| what tissue types are excitable ch. 1 | muscle and neural |
| transfer RNA | TRNA |
| sperm motility | flagella |
| protein subunit of microtubles | tubulen |
| carb and protein layer/ cell recognition | Glycolax |
| second messenger mediates cellular response | G. Protein |
| site of synthesis of lipid molecules | Smooth ER |
| aerobic respiration | Mitochondria |
| hormone or neurotransmitter | First Messenger |
| Organelle that metabolizes misfolded proteins | Proteosomes |
| division of cells following mitosis | Centrioles |
| passive movement of solute down concentration gradient | Diffusion |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| active transport | any type of transport across the cell membrane that requires energy as it moves material against concentration gradient. |
| passive transport | passive movement of solute down the concentration gradient |
| cotransport | coupling of the transport of one solute to a second solute |
| facilitated diffusion | transport across the cell membrane through a protein channel that does not require ATP |
| Primary active transport | direct use of ATP in the transport of a solute |
| Secondary active transport | utilization of the energy derived from the primary active transport of one solute for the cotransport of a second solute. |
| counter transport | secondary active transport substances are moved in the opposite direction |
| symport | secondary active transport where substances are moved in the same direction |
| What does the Rough ER do in a cell? | Rough ER is studded with ribosomes. Proteins produced by the rough ER are destined for incorporation into cell membranes and lysosomal enxymes. Rough ER does not transport anything through the cell membrane. |
| What is the purpose of the golgi complex? | Receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism. |
| Tay-Sachs Disease | Autosomal recessive disorder. Most damage in the nervous system and retinas. |
| What do the mitochondria do? | Extracts energy from organic compounds. |
| Cell membrane is also called | plasma membrane. |
| What do messengers thyroid hormone and steroid hormones do at the cell nucleus? | Influence DNA activity, act within the cell nucleus to increase transcription of mRNA to alter cell function. |
| Process when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient | Active transport |
| Types of tissues in the human body | connective and muscle |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless and produce secretions that move directly into the blood stream |
| What happens during muscle contraction? | The thick myosin and then actin filaments slide over each other causing shortening of the muscle fiber |
| Three main parts of the cell | nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane |
| yellowish discoloration of the skin and sclera | jaundice |
| Means of transmitting information between cells | direct communication between adjacent cells, Autocrine and paracrine signaling, endocrine or synaptic signaling |
| What are the nondividing cells | neurons, skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells |
| Smooth muscle is often called | involuntary because it contracts spontaneously or through activity of the autonomic nervous system |
| What changes do cells adapt to the environment ch. 2 | size, number and type |
| Atrophy is seen as a decrease in cell ch. 2 | size |
| denervation will result in cellular ch. 2 | atrophy |
| hypertrophy is ch. 2 | increase in cell size |
| an increase in muscle mass associated with exercise ch. 2 | physiologic hypertrophy |
| an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue ch. 2 | hyperplasia |
| liver regrowth is an example of ch. 2 | compensatory hyperplasia |
| reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type ch. 2 | metaplasia |
| metaplasia is in response to chronic ch. 2 | inflammation and irritation |
| deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization is known as ch. 2 | dysplasia |
| dysplasia is strongly implicated as a precursor of ch. 2 | cancer |
| represents the buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate ch. 2 | Intracellular accumulations |
| highly reactive chemical species having an unpaired electron in the outer valence shell of the molecule ch. 2 | free radicals |
| deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the gernation of adenosine triphosphate ATP ch. 2 | hypoxia |
| reversible cellular injury seen as ch. 2 | cellular swelling or fatty accumulation |
| differs from apoptosis in that it involves unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components, loss of cell membrane integrity with uncontrolled release of the products of cell death into the intracellular space, and initiation of the inflammatory resp. 2 | necrosis |
| may inappropriately activate a number of enzymes with potentially damaging effects ch. 2 | increased calcium levels |
| acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell during ch. 2 | coagulation necrosis |
| occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels ch. 2 | metastatic calcification |
| oxygen-containing melecules that are highly reactive ch. 2 | reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
| occurs in normal tissues as the result of natural and synthetic molecules that inhibit the reactions of oxidation with biological structures. ch. 2 | antioxidants |
| programmed cell death ch. 2 | apoptosis |
| macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissue ch. 2 | dystrophic calcification |
| ice crystal formation in cytosol ch. 2 | temperature induced injury |
| impaired oxygen delivery ch. 2 | ischemia |
| dead cells persist indefinitely as soft cheese like debris ch. 2 | caseous necrosis |
| causes injury by changes in electron stability ch. 2 | ionizing radiation |
| term applied when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis ch. 2 | gangrene |
| protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, remove the damaged tissue, and generate new tissue ch. 3 | inflammation |
| cardinal signs of inflammation ch 3 | rubor(redness), tumor(swelling), calor(heat), dolor(pain) |
| short duration inflammation lasting from a few minutes ch 3 | acute |
| inflammation of long duration lasting for days to years ch 4 | chronic |
| cause cell to respond by opening ion channels to let ions in or out, causing a second molecule to be released inside the cell, turning on enzymes inside the cell, stimulating the transcription of genes in the nucleus | receptor proteins |
| cells begin with a negative charge | resting membrane potential |
| acute inflammation involves two major components ch. 3 | vascular and cellular |
| increased circulating white blood cells are a condition know as ch. 3 | leukocytosis |
| produces prostaglandins and leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors that promote regeneration of tissues ch. 3 | monocyte/macrophages |
| sodium rushes in making the cell very positive ch. 2 | depolarization |
| k+ diffueses out of the cell making the cell negative again ch. 2 | repolarization |
| na+ moves into the cell, making it more positive on the inside (depolarization). When K+ leaves the cell, it becomes less positive (more negative) until it returns to resting membrane potential (repolarization) ch. 2 | action potential |
| cells inside the muscle ch. 2 | endomysium |
| cells in the middle of the muscle covers endomyocin cells ch. 2 | perimysium |
| covers whole muscle ch. 2 | epimysium |
| muscle cell contraction | calcium |
| mesh that holds all muscle fibers together | sacroplasmic reticulum |
| what makes the z lines get pulled closer together, and the muscle cell shortens/contracts | myosin binds with exposed actin sites |
| changes that occur with inflammation involves the arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the microcirculation | vascular |
| the selectins function in adhesion of _________ to endothelial cells | leukocytes |
| what do integrins promote | cell to cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. |
| chemotaxis is dynamic and energy-directed process of directed _________ | cell migration |
| groups of proteins that direct the trafficking of leukocytes during the early stages of inflammation or injury are known as | chemokines |
| pathways that generate toxic oxygen and nitrogen products | metabolic burst |
| the plasma-derived mediators of inflammation include the | coagulation factors and the compliment proteins |
| histamine causes ch. 3 | dilation of arterioles and increases the permeability of venules. |
| the __________ family inflammatory mediators consist of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and related metabolites. ch. 3 | eicosinoid |
| induces inflammation and potentiate the effects of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. ch. 3 | prostaglandins |
| aspirin and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation by inactivating the first enzyme in the __________ pathway for prostaglandin systhesis. ch. 3 | cyclooxygenase |
| acute inflammatory process involves the production of ___________ can be serous, hemorrhagic, fibrinous, membranous or purulent. ch. 3 | exudates |
| one of the most prominent manifestations of the acute-phase response. ch. 3 | fever |
| virtually all biochemical processes in the body are affected by changes in _______ ch. 3 | body temperature |
| cancer is a disorder of altered cell _____ and _____. Ch 4. | differentiation and growth |
| the process of cell division results in cellular ______. Ch 4. | proliferation |
| _____ is the process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure and function of the cells they replace. cancer is a disorder of altered cell _____ and _____. Ch 4. | differentiation |
| proteins called _____ controls entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle. cancer is a disorder of altered cell _____ and _____. Ch 4. | cyclins |
| kinase are enzymes that ______ proteins. Ch 4. | phosphorylate |
| continually renewing cell populations rely on _______ cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide. Ch 4. | progenator |
| _____ cells remain incompletely undifferentiated throughout life. Ch 4. | stem |
| _____ stem cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner mass of the blastocyst stage of the embryo. Ch 4. | embryonic |
| body organs and tissues are composed of two types of structures: ____ and _____ Ch 4. | parachymal and stromal |
| _____ are those that continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed. Ch 4. | labile cells |
| cell that are capable of undergoing regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus are thus capable of reconstituting the tissue of origin are termed ______. Ch 4. | stabile |
| _______ tissue is glistening red, moist connective tissue that contains newly formed capillaries, proliferating fibroblasts and residual inflammatory cells. Ch 4. | granulation |
| the elderly have reduced _____ and _____ synthesis, impaired wound contraction, and slower reepithelialation of open wounds. Ch 4. | collagen, fibroblasts |
| the ______ is often born with immature oxygen systems and minimal energy stores but high metabolic requirements. a condition that predisposes to impaired wound healing. Ch 4. | premature infant |
| regulate leukocyte extravasation. Ch 4. | proliferation |
| process of cell division. Ch 4. | endothelial cells |
| swelling due to movement of fluid from vasculature into tissues. Ch 4. | edema |
| process of cell specialization Ch 4. | differentiation |
| stem cells undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state space. Ch 4. | renewal |
| simulator of vascular dilation. Ch 4. | nitric oxide |
| leukocyte accumulation. Ch 4. | margination |
| activation affects vascular permeability. Ch 4. | throbocytes |
| stimulate inflammatory reaction in response to injury or infection. Ch 4. | mast cells |
| defines the differentiation potential of stem cells. Ch 4. | cellular potency |
| Cancer is a disorder of altered cell _____ and ___. Ch. 7 | differentiation and growth |
| The process of cell division results in cellular ____. Ch. 7 | proliferation |
| ____ is the process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure and function of the cells they replace. Ch. 7 | differentiation |
| Proteins called ____ control entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle. Ch. 7 | kinases |
| Kinases are enzymes that ____ proteins. Ch. 7 | phosphorylate |
| Continually renewing cell populations rely on ____ cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide. Ch. 7 | progenitor |
| ____ cells remain incompletely indifferentiated through out life. Ch. 7 | stem |
| ____ stem cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of the embryo. Ch. 7 | embryonic |
| The term ____ refers to an abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues. Ch. 7 | neoplasm |
| ____ do not usually cause death unless the location interferes with a vital organs function. Ch. 7 | benign neoplasms |
| Malignant neoplasms are less well ____ and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory or lymphatic systems, and form secondary malignant tumors at other sites. Ch. 7 | differentiated |
| Tumors usually are named by adding the suffix - ____ to the parenchymal tissue type from which the growth originated. Ch. 7 | -oma |
| A ____ is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface. Ch. 7 | polyp |
| The term ____ is used to designate a malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin. Ch. 7 | carcinoma |
| There are two categories of malignant neoplasms, ____ and ____ cancers. Ch. 7 | solid tumors and hemetological |
| The term ____ is used to describe the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue. Ch. 7 | anaplasia |
| A characteristic of cancer cells is the ablity to proliferate even in the absence of ____. Ch. 7 | growth factors |
| The tpes of genes involved in cancer are numerous, with the two main categories being the ____, which control cell growth and replication, and tumor ____ genes, which are growth-inhibiting regulatory genes. Ch. 7 | protooncogenes and suppressor |
| Tumor cells must double ____ times before there will be a palpable mass. Ch. 7 | 30 |
| A common manifestation of solid tumors is the cancer ____ syndrome. Ch. 7 | anorexia cachexia |
| As cancers grow, they compress and erode blood vessels, causing ____ and ____ along with frank bleeding and sometimes hemorrhage. Ch. 7 | ulceration and necrosis |
| ____ is a common side effect of many cancers. It is related to blood loss, hemolysis, impaired red cell production, or treatment effects. Ch. 7 | Anemia |
| A tissue ____ involves the removal of a tissue specimen for microscopic study. Ch. 7 | biopsy |
| ____ therapy uses high evergy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells. Ch. 7 | radiation |
| ____ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the sire of the tumor as well as other distant sites. Ch. 7 | Chemotherapy |
| Defines the differentiation potential of stem cells. Ch. 7 | Cellular potency |
| Undefined or less differentiated cellular mass. Ch. 7 | Malignant mass |
| Mass of cells due to overgrowth. Ch. 7 | Tumor |
| Process that removes senescent and or damaged cells. Ch. 7 | Apoptosis |
| Stem cells undergoing numerous mitotic divisions which maintaining an undifferentiated state. Ch. 7 | Renewal |
| Cancer stem cells. Ch. 7 | Tumor-initiating cells |
| Process of cell specialization. Ch. 7 | Differentiation |
| Well-differentiated mass of cells. Ch. 7 | Benign mass |
| Study of tumors and their treatment. Ch. 7 | Oncology |
| Process of cell division. Ch. 7 | Proliferation |
| Loss of cell differentiation. Ch. 7 | Anaplasia |
| Normal gene that can cause cancer if mutated. Ch. 7 | Protooncogene |
| Promote cancer when less active. Ch. 7 | Tumor suppressor gene |
| Ratio of dividing cells to resting cells. Ch. 7 | Growth fraction |
| Marked by chromosomal aberrations. Ch. 7 | Genetic instability |
| Epithelial cells must be anchored to either neighboring cells or the underlying extracellular matrix to live and grow. Ch. 7 | Anchorage dependence |
| Time is takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double. Ch. 7 | Doubling time |
| The ____ consists of fluid contained within all of the billions of cells in the body. Ch. 8 | ICF compartment |
| The ____ contains all the fluids outside the cells, including those in the interstitial or tissue spaces and blood vessels. Ch. 8 | ECF compartment |
| ____ are substances that dissociate in solution to form ions. Ch. 8 | Electrolytes |
| Paritcles that do not dissociate into ions such as glucose and urea are called ____. Ch. 8 | nonelectrolytes |
| ____ is the movement of charged or uncharged particles along a concentration gradient. Ch. 8 | Diffusion |
| ____ is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. Ch. 8 | Osmosis |
| The predominate osmotically active particles in the extracellular fluid are ____ and its associated anions (Cl- and HCO3-). Ch. 8 | Na+ |
| The ____ membrane pump continuously removes three Na+ ions from the cell for every two K+ ions that are moved back into the cell. | Na+/K+ ATPase |
| The ____ represents an accessory route whereby fluid from the interstitial spaces can return to the circulation. Ch. 8 | lymphatic system |
| ____ is a palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume. Ch. 8 | Edema |
| Edema due to decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure usually is the result of inadequate production of abnormal loss of ____. Ch. 8 | plasma proteins |
| ____ edema occurs at times when the accumulation of interstitial fluid exceeds the absorptive capacity of the tissue gel. Ch. 8 | Pitting |
| ____ represent an accumulation or trapping of body fluids that contribute to body weight but not to fluid reserve or function. Ch. 8 | Third space fluids |
| Water losses that occur through the skin and lungs are referred to as ____ because they occur without a person's awareness. Ch. 8 | insensible water loss |
| Most sodium losses occur through the ____. Ch. 8 | kidney |
| The major regulator of sodium and water balance is the maintenance of the ____. Ch. 8 | Effective circulatory volume |
| ____ is primarily a regulator of water intake and ____ is a regulator of water output. Ch. 8 | Thirst and ADH |
| ____ involves compulsive water drinking and is usually seen in persons with psychiatric disorders, most commonly schizophrenia. Ch. 8 | Psychogenic polydipsia |
| ____ is caused by a deficient of or a decreased response to ADH. Ch. 8 | Diabetes Insipidus (DI) |
| When the effective circulating blood volume is compromised, the condition is often referred to as ____. Ch. 8 | hypovolemic |
| ____ represents a plasma sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L. Ch. 8 | Hyponatremia |
| ____ hyponatremia represents retention of water with dilution of sodium while maintaining the ECF colume within a normal range. Ch. 8 | Normovolemic hypotonic |
| ____ implies a plasma sodium lever above 145 mEq/L. Ch. 8 | Hypernatremia |
| Hypernatremia represents a deficit of ____ in relation to the body's sodium stores. Ch. 8 | water |
| The ____ is determined by the ratio of ICF to ECF potassium concentration. Ch. 8 | resting membrane potential |
| With severe ____, the resting membrane approaches the threshold potential causing sustained subthreshold depolarazion with a resultant inactivation of the sodium channels and a net decrease in excitability. Ch. 8 | hyperkalemia |
| Chronic hyperkalemia is usually associated with ____. Ch. 8 | renal failure |
| The signs and symptoms of potassium ____ are closely related to a decrease in neuromuscular excitability. Ch. 8 | excess |
| ____ acts to sustain normal plasma levels of calcium and phosphate by increasing their absorption from the intestine. It is also necessary for normal bone formation. Ch. 8 | Vitamin D |
| ____ serves as a cofactor in the generation of cellular energy and is important in the function of second messenger systems. Ch. 8 | Magnesium |
| The manifestation of acute ____ reflect the increased neuromuscular excitablity. | hypocalcemia |
| The manifestations of ____ result from a decrease in cellular energy stores due to a deficiency in ATP. Ch. 8 | hypophosphatemia |
| Many of the signs and symptoms of phosphate excess are related to a ____ deficit. Ch. 8 | calcium |
| Normall the concentration of body acids and bases is regulated so that the pH of extracellular body fluids is maintained within a very narrow range of ____ to ____. Ch. 8 | 7.35- 7.45 |
| The H+ concentration is commonly expressed in terms of the ____. Ch. 8 | pH |
| Acids are continuously generated as byproducts of ____ processes. Ch. 8 | metabolic |
| The ____ buffer system is the principle ECF buffer. Ch. 8 | bicarbonate |
| ____ is a systemic disorder caused by an increase in plasma pH due to a primary excess in HCO3-. Ch. 8 | Metabolic alkalosis |
| Metabolic alkalosis also leads to compensatory ____ with development of carious degrees of ____ and respiratory acidosis. Ch. 8 | hypoventaliation and hypoxemia |
| Respiratory ____ occurs in acute or chronic conditions that impair effective alveolar ventilation and cause an accumulation of Pco2. Ch. 8 | acidosis |
| Respiratory ____ is caused by hypers-ventilation of a respiratory rate in excess of that needed to maintain normal plasma. Ch. 8 | alkalosis |
| Positively charged ions. Ch. 8 | Cations |
| Negatively changed ions. Ch. 8 | Anions |
| Urine output that is required to eliminate wastes. Ch. 8 | Obligatory urine output |
| Edema due to impaired lymph drainage. Ch. 8 | Lymphedema |
| The result of increased vascular volume. Ch. 8 | Generalized edema |
| Acts at the cortical tubules to increase sodium re absorption. Ch. 8 | Aldosterone |
| Hypertonic concentration. Ch. 8 | Hypernatremia |
| Hypotonic dilution. Ch. 8 | Hyponatremia |
| Decrease in the ability to sense thirst. Ch. 8 | Hypodipsia |
| Increases sodium excretion by the kidney. Ch. 8 | ANP |
| Molecule that can release an H+. Ch. 8 | Acid |
| Acute increases in HCO3-. Ch. 8 | Excess base loading |
| Ion or molecule that can accept an H+. Ch. 8 | Base |
| Can function as acid or base. Ch. 8 | Amphoteric |
| Increase in plasma Pco2. Ch. 8 | Hypercapnia |
| increase in the blood during allergic reactions ch. 3 ch. 3 | eosinophils |
| leukocyte accumulation ch. 3 | margination |
| regulate leukocyte extravasation ch. 3 | endothelial cells |
| stimulate inflammatory reaction in response to injury or infection ch. 3 | mast cells |
| circulating cells similar to mast cells ch. 3 | basophils |
| primary phagocyte that arrives early at the site of inflammation ch. 3 | neutrophils |
| stimulator of vasodilation ch. 3 | nitric oxide |
| activation affects vascular permeability, chemotactic, adhesive, and roteolytic properties ch. 3 | thrombocytes |
| swelling due to movement of fluid from vasculature into tissues ch. 3 | edema |
| outpouring of a protein-rich fluid into the tissue and extravascular space ch. 3 | exudate |
| 5th cardinal sign of inflammation ch. 3 | loss of function |
| mechanism that causes redness (erythema) associated with the inflammatory process ch. 3 | prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
| 5 kinds of exudate | serous hemorrhagic fibrinous membranous purulent |
| white blood cells involved in inflammation | granulocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils mast cells monocytes monocytes.....macrophages |
| leukocytes that particpate in the acute inflammatory response | eosinophils monocytes neutrophils |
| acute phase response ch. 3 | leukocytes release interleukins and tumor necrosis factor affect thermoregulatory center...fever affect CNS...lethargy skeletal muscle breakdown liver makes fibrinogen and c-reactive protein clotting bind to pathogens moderate inflammator |
| body temperature is controlled through what feedback loops? ch. 3 | negative feedback loops |
| inflammatory mediators cause WBS production WBC counts rises, this is called ch. 3 immature neutrophils released into blood ch. 3 | White blood cell response |
| Inflammatory phase Proliferative phase Remodeling phase | Wound Healing |
| The ability of the body to function and maintain__________ under conditions of change in the internal and external environment depends on the thousands of _________ control systems that regulate body function. 9 | homeostasis, physiologic |
| __________ achieved only through a system of carefully coordinated physiologic processes that oppose change. 9 | homeostasis |
| most control systems in the body operate by _________ feedback mechanisms 9 | negative |
| selye described _________ as stated manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it 9 | stress |
| there is evidence that the _______________ axis, the ____________ hormonal, and the _____________ nervous systems are differentially activated depending on the type and intensity of the stressor 9 | hypothalamic-pituitary, adrenicorticol, sympathetic |
| human beings because of their highly developed nervous system and intellect, usually have alternative mechanisms for __________ and have the ability to control many aspects of their environment. 9 | adapting |
| the means used to attain this balance are called 9 | coping strategy |
| ______________ is considered a restorative function in which energy is restored and tissues are regenerated. 9 | sleep |
| is commonly used in excess and can suppress the immune system 9 | alcohol |
| a personality characteristic that includes a sense of having control over the environment 9 | hardiness |
| factors used to create a new balance between a stressor and the ability to deal with it 9 | coping mechanisms |
| physioligic changes in the neuro-endocrine, autonomic, and immune systems in response to real or perceived challenges to homeostasis 9 | allostasis |
| stressor that produces a response 9 | conditioning factors |
| enhances stress-induced release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary 9 | angiotensin II |
| ability of body systems to increase their function given the need to adapt 9 | physiologic reserve |
| regulation of heart rate and vasomotor tone 9 | baroreflex |
| suppresses osteoblast activity, hematopoiesis, and protein synthesis 9 | cortisol |
| stimulates the adrenal gland to systhesize and secrete the glucocorticoid hormones 9 | ACTH |
| increases water retention by the kidneys and produces vasoconstriction of blood vessels 9 | antidiuretic hormone |
| how does the body regulate and maintain homeostatis? 9 | negative feedback mechanisms. ex. fever and glucose and insulin |
| describe the stages of general adaptation syndrome 9 | alarm stage (cortisol increases) resistance resistance stage (cortisol level drops) exhaustion stage (resources are depleted wear and tear) |
| stress will activate numerous body systems. many are based in neuroendocrine activity. list the effects of neuroendocrine activation in response to stress. | .mobil of energy .sharp focus and awareness .increase cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization. .enhanced cardio and respiratory functioning .redistribution of blood flow to brain and muscles .inhibition of reprodduc function .decrease in appetite |
| trained athletes use physiological and anatomic reserve to achieve top-level performance. explain and give examples of how this is accomplished. 9 | many organs are functioning are functoning at much less than max capacity. blood cells carry more o2 than needed |
| what are the physiologic and anatomic causes of post traumatic stress disorder 9 | physiologic symptoms are from exaggerated sympathetic nervous system activation in response to traumatic event |
| The white blood cells include the ____, monocyte/macrophages, and lymphocytes. Ch. 11 | granulocytes |
| T lymphocytes mature in the ____. Ch. 11 | thymus |
| The B lymphocytes differentiate to form immunoglobulin-producing ____ cells. Ch. 11 | plasma |
| Another population of lymohocytes includes the ____ cells, which do not share the specificity of characteristics of the T or B lymphocytes, but have the ability to lyse target cells. Ch. 11 | natural killer |
| The granulocytes and monocyte cell lines derive from the ____ stem cells and the lymphocytes from the ____ stem cells. Ch. 11 | myloid and lymphoid |
| The body's lymphatic system consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes, ____ and ____. Ch. 11 | thymus and spleen |
| T lymphocytes travel to the thymus where they differentiate into ____ helper T cells and ___ cytotoxic T cells. Ch. 11 | CD4+ and CD8+ |
| In ____ anemia, all of the myeloid stem cells are affected, resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and agranulocytosis. Ch. 11 | aplastic |
| ____ denotes a virtual absence of neutrophils. Ch. 11 | agranulocytosis |
| Early signs of infection of ____ include mild skin lesions, stomatitis, pharyngitis, and diarrhea. Ch. 11 | neutropenia |
| ____ is a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disorder caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Ch. 11 | infectious mononucleosis |
| ____ can involve lymphocytes, granulocytes, and other blood cells. Ch. 11 | leukemias |
| ____ originate in peripheral lymphoid structures such as the lymph nodes where B and T lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation. Ch. 11 | lymphomas |
| ____ -cell lymphomas are the most common type of lymphoma in the Western world. Ch. 11 | B |
| Four variants of classical Hodgkin lymphoma have been described: ____ sclerosis, mixed cellularity, ____ -rich, and lymphocyte depleted. Ch. 11 | nodular and lymphocyte |
| Persons with ____ are staged according to the number of lymph nodes that are involved, whether the lymph nodes are on one or both sides of the diaphragm, and whether there is disseminated disease involving the bone marrow, liver, lung, or skin. Ch. 11 | Hodgkin lymphoma |
| TUMOR MARKERS - Liver cancer Germ cell cancer of testis | AFP- Alpha-Fetoprotein |
| TUMOR MARKERS - Colorectal cancer Pancreatic cancer Lung cancer Stomach cancer | CEA- Carcinoembryonic antigen |
| TUMOR MARKERS - Thyroid cancer | Calcitonin |
| TUMOR MARKERS - Prostate cancer | PSA- Prostate-specific antigen |
| TUMOR MARKERS - Pancreatic Cancer Colon Caner | CA-19-9 |
| The ____ are malignant neoplasms of cell originally derived from hematopoietic precursor cells. Ch. 11 | leukemias |
| The ____ leukemias involve immature lymphocytes and their progenitors that originate in the bone marrow but infiltrate the spleen, lymph nodes, CNS, and other tissues. Ch. 11 | lymphocytic |
| Cytogenetic studies have shown that recurrent chromosomal changes occur in over half of all cases of ____. Ch. 11 | leukemia |
| ____ usually have a sudden and stormy onset with signs and symptoms related to depressed bone marrow function. Ch. 11 | acute leukemias |
| There are two types of acute leukemia: acute ____ and acute ____. Ch. 11 | lymphocytic and monocytic |
| ____ are malignancies involving proliferation of more fully differentiated myeloid and lymphoid cells. Ch. 11 | chronic leukemias |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a clonal malignancy of B lymphocytes, is the most common form of leukemia is adults in the Western world. Ch. 11 | B lymphocytes |
| Severe congenital neutropenia is known as ____ syndrome. Ch. 11 | Kostmann |
| It is generally believed that chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops when a single, pluripotential, hematopoietic stem cell acquires a ____ chromosome. Ch. 11 | Philadelphia |
| ____ Are characterized by expansion of a single clone of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells and a resultant increase in serum levels of a single monoclonal immunoglobulin or its fragments. Ch. 11 | plasma cell dyscrasias |
| The development of ____ lesions in multiple myeloma is thought to be related to an increase in expression by osteoblasts of the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kB. Ch. 11 | bone |
| One of the cahracteristics resulting from the proliferating osteoclasts in multiple myeloma is the unregulated production of a monoclonal antibody referred to as the ____. Ch. 11 | m protein |
| Neoplasm involving B or T cells. Ch. 11 | Non-Hodgkin lymphomas |
| Translocation on chromosome 8. Ch. 1 | Burkitt lymphoma |
| Found in more than 90% of persons with CML. Ch. 11 | Philadelphia chromosome |
| Production of white blood cells. Ch. 11 | Leukopoeisis |
| Used for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Ch. 11 | Heterophil |
| An abnormally low number of neutrophils. Ch. 11 | Neutropenia |
| Immature precursor cells. Ch. 11 | Blast cells |
| Definitive marker for Hodgkin lymphoma. Ch. 11 | Reed-Sternberg cells |
| An arrest in myeloid maturation. Ch. 11 | Kostmann-syndrome |
| Normal T-Cell protein, abnormal in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Ch. 11 | ZAP-70 |
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erin75