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Biology Zhong
Dr. Zhong
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is science? | a way of learning about the natural world |
| Does science prove anything absolutely? | No all scientific ideas are open to revision in the light of new evidence. |
| The process of science involves what? | making educated guesses (hypotheses) that are then rigorously and repeatedly tested. |
| 7 characteristics of science? | 1. Science is a way of learning about the natural world. 2. The scientific method is the basis. 3. Science is testable. 4. Science can be repeated. 5. Science is ongoing. 6. Science needs communication. 7. Science is a human endeavor |
| list of scientific sources from best to worst | 1. Peer reviewed journals. 2. Reviewed texts (your book) 3. Science books. 4. Science magazines. 5. Newspapers/TV 6. Internet |
| What is biology? | the study of life and living organisms by using scientific methods. |
| Characterstics of living organisms | 1. Order 2. Regulation Metabolism Homeostasis 3. Energy processing 4. Growth and development 5. Reproduction 6. Response to the environment 7. Evolutionary adaptation |
| - the sum of the chemical reactions and energy transformations that take place within a cell. | metabolism |
| the tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. | homeostasis |
| the living and nonliving world is organized at.... | many levels |
| life can be studied at... | different levels of organization |
| what is the cell theory | all living things are made up of cells |
| characteristics of a eukaryotic cell | complex, have membrane-enclosed organelles |
| characteristics of prokaryotic cells | simple, lack the membrane-enclosed organelles |
| information must be transferred from ... | one generation to the next |
| 1. Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of | dna |
| responsible for information transfer from one generation to the next. | dna |
| what is a dna's srtucture | double helix |
| units of heredity | genes |
| 4. DNA is the chemical substance that makes up | genes |
| 5. Genes encode information for building | proteins |
| Dna controls the what? | development ans maintenance of organisms |
| Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem? | enters as light, exits as hear |
| manufacture their own food from simple materials | producers (autotroph) |
| obtain energy by eating other organisms (ultimate source of food is producers); use food and oxygen, and release carbon dioxide and water | consumers (heterotrophs) |
| obtain energy by breaking down the waste products, by products, and dead bodies of producers and consumers. Usually bacteria and fungi. | decomposers |
| Summarize the information at hand and draw conclusions from that information; proceeds from the general to the specific. | deductive |
| Drawing a generalization from several specific observations; proceeds from the specific to the general. Must be careful, because it is impossible to prove the accuracy of the generalization. | inductive |
| scientific method process | 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment/test 4. Result 5. Conclusion |
| Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level | molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere |
| Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into | the potential energy of chemical bonds |
| Why is it important that an experiment include a control group? | Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested or to some other factor. |
| The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is | light energy |
| The dynamics of any ecosystem include the following major processes: | the flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then to consumers, and the recycling of chemical nutrients |
| prokaryotic cells do not include what | small membrane-enclosed organelles. |
| What is a hypothesis? | a tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable |
| In hypothesis-based science, deductive reasoning is used to predict a result that would be found if a particular hypothesis is correct. | true |
| substances that cannot be further broken down into other substances (at least by ordinary chemical reactions) | elements |
| those are needed by an organism to live and reproduce. | essential elements |
| those are required an organism in minute quantities | trace elements |
| smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element | atom |
| contributes no significant mass to the atom, but carries a (-1) electrical charge | electron |
| - contributes a mass of approximately 1 mass unit, and carries a (+1) electrical charge | proton |
| contributes a mass of approximately 1 mass unit, and carries no net electrical charge | neutron |
| elements differ from each other because they contain different numbers of | protons |
| protons and neutrons are found in the | atomic nucleus |
| number of protons in the nucleus | atomic number |
| the periodic table has elements arranged largely according to | atomic number |
| protons+neutrons | atomic mass |
| each proton and neutron contains one what | atomic mass unit or dalton |
| Atoms of the same element that differ in the # of neutrons. | isotopes |
| an isotope that has an unstable nucleus – loss of neutrons from the nucleus. | radioisotopes |
| can undergo changes (decay) | atomic nuclei |
| statistical averages, and are used for measuring time passage in many areas of science (carbon dating, | decay rates |
| Electrons move within restricted three-dimensional spaces (orbits). | electron shell |
| Because ATOMS are electrically neutral the number of electrons an atom has always equals the number of | protons |
| electrons can exist at | different energy levels |
| the further away an orbital carries an electron from the nucleus... | the higher the energy level of the electron |
| provides stability | nucleus |
| interact with other atoms (form bonds) | electrons |
| outer electron shell | valence shell |
| The chemical properties of an atom are largely determined by the | valence electrons |
| atoms combine to form | compounds and molecules |
| two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds (defined later) | molecule |
| not all substances are molecular ex: | table salt |
| How do you know if a substance is molecular? | , then an individual molecule is the smallest unit of the substance that exhibits the properties of the substance |
| differs in its physical and chemical properties from the elements that make it up | molecule |
| a specific combination of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio | compound |
| have unique physical and chemical properties that differ from those of the elements used to make it | compounds |
| compounds can be held together by what kinds of bonds | ionic or covalent |
| a shorthand formula showing the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule | chemical formula |
| • often called molecular formula if a molecule is involved; examples: H2O, CO2, O2, C6H12O6 • follows simplest ratio for ionic substances (NaCl, etc.) | chemical formula |
| shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule • examples: • water H─O─H • carbon dioxide O═C═O • molecular oxygen O═O | structural formula |
| 3 types of chemical bonds | covalent, hydrogen, ionic |
| - bonds in which atoms share valence electrons. | covalent |
| characteristics of covalent bonds | • Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds but vary in their stability • Two types: Polar and Nonpolar |
| - Atoms bonded through attraction of oppositely charged particles (ions) - exchange electrons. E.g.: NaCl formation | ionic bonds |
| - Formed when partially positive hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond is attracted to a partially neg. atom in another polar covalent bond | hydrogen bonds |
| E. In aqueous systems (such as living organisms), the effective relative bond strengths are: | covalent bond > ionic bond > hydrogen bond |
| chemical process in which an atom, molecule, or ion loses an electron(s) | oxidation |
| an electron is gained (charge is reduced) | reduction |
| What reactions are always paired? | oxidation and reduction reactions hence the name redox reactions |
| common oxidizing agent | oxygen |
| typically molecules are oxidized and reduced in.... | biological systems redox reactions |
| True/false Virtually all organisms require the same elements in the same quantities. | false |
| • cells are typically ...or more water by mass | 70% |
| B. The polar character of water allows water molecules to form many ...hydrogen bonds | up to 4 |
| attraction between molecules of the same substance. | cohesion |
| attraction between molecules of the different substance. | adhesion |
| 3. Cohesion of water molecules along a surface produces | surface tension |
| the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a specific amount of a substance one degree Celsius (for water, 1 calorie = heat needed for 1 g of water to raise by one degree Celsius) | specific heat |
| The unusual .... of water leads to temperature stability | specific heat |
| the amount of heat energy required to convert one gram of liquid into the gaseous state | heat of vaporization |
| water has an extremely high heat of vaporization bc... | b/c of hydrogen bonds in liquid water |
| calories are required to convert one gram of liquid water into water vapor | 540 |
| helps cool the ecosphere and biological organisms | • High heat of vaporization of water |
| what is less dense than water | ice |
| ice freezes at | 0 degrees celsius |
| the orderly arrangement of ice is bc | of the placement of hydrogen bonds. |
| mixture of 2 or more substances (ex. solute dissolved in a solvent) | solution |
| - substance that is dissolved in a solvent. | solute |
| the substance in which a solute is dissolved. | solvent |
| what makes water excellent solvent for other polar substances | its highly polar character |
| – interact readily with water, water soluble. | hydrophilic substances |
| not readily dissolve in water, water insoluble. | hydrophobic substances |
| any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution. | acid |
| characteristics of acid | 1. An acid is a substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions (H+) 2. H+ = one proton |
| base characteristics | are proton acceptors E. water tends to slightly dissociate into hydrogen and hydroxide ions (H+ and OH-) HOH H+ + OH- |
| is a convenient short hand notation to express the proton concentration of a solution | ph scale |
| ph of a solution is defined as... | defined as the reciprocal of the logarithm of the proton concentration in the solution, or -log[H+] |
| What is the ph and proton concentration of pure water? | having a proton concentration of 10-7 M) has pH = 7 |
| a pH below 7 is ..., and a pH above 7 is ... | acidic, basic |
| ph of most living cells | around 7.2 to 7.4 |
| what minimizes ph changes | buffers |
| what serves as buffers | weak acids and weak bases |
| why do living things use buffers | |
| What is an example of a biologically important buffer system | cabonate/ biocarbonate |
| Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds. | 4, hydrogen |
| The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____. | polar |
| The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____. | electronegativity |
| Water molecules have a polarity, which allows them to be electrically attracted to other water molecules and other polar molecules by weak chemical bonds known as _____. | hydrogen bonds |
| The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because | the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus. |
| The amount of energy that must be absorbed or lost to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C _____. | 1 calorie |
| Because organisms are made primarily of water, they resist rapid temperature changes. This useful quality is based on water's _____. | high specific heat |
| Sodas typically contain sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide dissolved in water. The best term to describe this mixture would be _____. | an aqueous solution |
| Liquid water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the | absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form. |
| Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize? | hydrogen |
| Why does ice float in liquid water? | Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water. |
| In a neutral solution the concentration of _____. | hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions |
| An acid is a substance that ____ | increases the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution |
| resists change in pH by accepting hydrogen ions when acids are added to the solution and donating hydrogen ions when bases are added. | buffer |
| Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? | the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds |
| have at least one carbon atom covalently bound to another carbon atom or to hydrogen (carbon skeletons + hydrogen/functional groups) | organic compounds |
| The chemistry to study carbon. | organic compounds |
| carbon dioxide and all molecules without carbon | inorganic |
| : carbon atoms connect together by covalent bonds | carbon skeletons |
| organic molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon | hydrocarbons |
| are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures; there are two kinds of isomers | isomers |
| - substances with the same molecular formula that differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms | structural isomers |
| substances with the same arrangement of covalent bonds, but the order in which the atoms are arranged in space is different; two important types for our use | stereoisomers |
| • Associated with compounds that have carbon-carbon double bonds • larger items together = cis; larger item opposite = trans | cis trans isomers |
| substances that are mirror images of each other due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. | 2. Enantiomers |
| Characteristics of enantiomers | sometimes called optical isomers typi cally, only one form of an enatiomer is found and/or used by organisms; the enantiomers are given designations such as [(+)- vs. (−)-] or [D- vs. L-] or [(R)- vs. (S)-]; |
| biologically important enantiomers include | • biologically important enantiomers include • amino acids (found in proteins) – most are L-amino acids (e.g. L-leucine, L-alanine, etc) • sugars – most are D-sugars (e.g. D-glucose, D-fructose, etc.) |
| What determines most of the reactive properties (functions) of organic molecules | functional groups |
| (X-C=O): polar; found in aldehydes and ketones | carbonyl groups |
| are groups of atoms covalently bonded to a carbon backbone that give properties different from a C-H bond | functional groups |
| (X-OH): polar; found in alcohols | hydroxyl group |
| (X-COOH): weakly acidic; found in organic acids (such as amino acids) | carboxyl group |
| (X-NH2): weakly basic; found in such things as amino acids | amino group |
| (X-SH): essentially nonpolar; found in some amino acids | sulfhydryl groups |
| (X-PO4H2): weakly acidic; found in such things as phospholipids and nucleic acids | phosphate group |
| (X-CH3): nonpolar (thus hydrophobic); found in such things as lipids, other membrane components | methyl group |
| 4 major classes of organic molecules | lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Most organic compounds contain carbon and _____. | hydrogen |
| The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to | chemical versatility of carbon atoms |
| Molecules that have the same chemical formula (same numbers of each atom) but different three-dimensional shapes are called _____. | isomers |
| They differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds. | cis trans isomers |
| How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? | 4 |
| A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? | covalent |
| Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? | The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. |
| have variations in arrangement around a double bond. | cistrans isomers |
| Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that | are mirror images of each other |
| What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration? | the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms |
| Which of these groups plays a major role in energy transfer? | phosphate plays a major role in atp |
| What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another? | phosphate |
| Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? | carboxyl and amino |
| A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it | function as both an acid and base |
| A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so? | amino |
| how do isomers differ from one another? | Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms |
| 2. Fatty acid tails are ..., but phosphate heads are ... | hydrophobic, hydrophilic |
| 3. Form plasma membranes | phospholipid bilayer |
| Interior and outside of phospholipid bilayer are... | Interior: hydrophobic; --Outside: hydrophilic. |
| characteristics of steroids | 1. Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings 2. Side chains are different. |
| is an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes | cholesterol |
| examples of steroids | many hormones such as testosterone, estrogens |
| main function of lipids for animals | are energy storage, insulation to cold surface |
| used to build cellular membrane, | phospholipids |
| helps babies to become smart and helps build brain cell membrane, and used as protection. | dha or smart fat |
| are macromolecules that are polymers formed from amino acids monomers linked together by peptide bonds | proteins |
| polypeptides are made up of | polymers |
| amino acids are made up of | monomers |
| large polymers | macromolecules |
| are long chains or branching chains of monomers - single units | polymers |
| example of proteins | 1. example: proteins (the polymer) are made from amino acids (the monomers) 2. example: nucleic acids (the polymer) are made from nucleotides (the monomers) |
| Characteristics of Dehydration synthesis (Condensation) and Hydrolysis | 1. Associate with water. 2. Typically requires an enzyme |
| o Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions | enzymes |
| What are the functions of enzymes? | An important function of enzymes is in the digestive systems of animals. Enzymes such as amylases and proteases break down large molecules (starch or proteins, respectively) into smaller ones, so they can be absorbed by the intestines. |
| Functions of enzymes contd | Starch molecules, for example, are too large to be absorbed from the intestine, but enzymes hydrolyze the starch chains into smaller molecules such as maltose and eventually glucose, which can then be absorbed. |
| – monomers are covalently linked to form polymers by removing water. | dehydration synthesis |
| • Will have a water molecule as a product | dehydration synthesis |
| polymers are degraded into monomers by adding water. | hydrolosis |
| • Water separates the monomers by adding a hydroxyl group to one and a hydrogen to the oxygen | hydrolosis |
| D. The four major classes of biologically molecules are | : carbohydrates, lipids, proteins or polypeptides (and related compounds), and nucleic acids (and related compounds) |
| include sugars, starches, and cellulose | carbohydrates |
| contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen | carbohydrates |
| B. the ratio ... works out so that carbohydrates are typically (CH2O)n | (1:2:1) |
| function of carbs | energy storage and structural construction |
| most carbohydrates ... | are water soluble |
| carbs are grouped into... | monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| are simple sugars (a single monomer) | monosacharrides |
| What do glucose, fructose, and galactose have in common? | they are all isomers of each other (i.e. they have the chemical formula C6H12O6). |
| Monosaccharides with a nonterminal carbonyl group are... | keytoses |
| monsaccharides with a terminal group are | aldoses |
| are structural isomers of fructose, | glucose and galactose |
| while glucose and galactose are | diastereomers (a type of stereoisomer). |
| ring form is the most | common |
| carbons are given numbers to indicate position because of | the carbon double bonds |
| characteristics of glucose | grape sugar)--(C6H12O6) --Functional groups: –OH and –H --Usually found in a ring form in cells --Diabetes: glucose level, tests in blood and urine for possibility of diabetes |
| (fruit sugar; found in corn syrup and fruits) | fructose |
| milk sugar; found in lactose) | galactose |
| found in RNA and DNA) | ribose and deoxyribose |
| consist of two monosaccharide units, double sugars | disaccharide |
| • the two monomers in a disaccharide are joined by a ... linkage during dehydration reaction. | glyclosidic |
| what does the glychosedic linkage usually do | • Typically, the linkage is between carbon 1 of one and 4 of the other |
| common disaccarides | • maltose, sucrose, and lactose |
| malt sugar): has two glucose subunits | maltose |
| table sugar): glucose + fructose | sucrose |
| (milk sugar): glucose + galactose | lactose |
| uses of disaccahrides | short term energy storage |
| are macromolecules made of repeating monosaccharides units linked together by glycosidic bonds | polysaccharides |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYSACCHARIDES | • number of subunits varies, typically thousands • can be branched or unbranched |
| uses for polysaccharides | • Uses: some are for energy storage (examples: starch, glycogen); some are for structural components (example: cellulose) |
| polymer of glucose) | starch |
| characteristics of starch | • Energy-storage molecules for plant • Formed in roots and seeds |
| polymer of glucose | glycogen |
| characteristics of glycogen | • main storage carbohydrate of animals • similar to starch, but very highly branched and more water-soluble • is NOT stored in an organelle; mostly found in liver and muscle cells |
| polymer of glucose | cellulose |
| characteristics of cellulose | • Found in the cell walls of plants • Indigestible for most animals due to orientation of bonds between glucoses • |
| characteristics of cellulose contd | fibrous cellulose is the “fiber” in your diet • *some fungi, bacteria, and protozoa make enzymes that can break down cellulose • *animals that live on materials rich in cellulose, e.g. cattle, sheep and termites, contain |
| in their gut that are able to break down cellulose for use by the animal | microorganisms |
| polymer of modified glucose units) | chitin |
| what animals exoskelotons are made out of chitin | • insects, crabs, and spiders |
| what else is made of chitin | • cell walls of many fungi |
| are fats and fat-like substances | lipids |
| A. The one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers | lipids |
| chracteristics of lipids | ---C, H, O ---Long chains of nonpolar hydrocarbons ---Hydrophobic |
| types of lipids | ---Oils, fats and waxes ---Phospholipids ---Steroids |
| contain glycerol joined to three fatty acids | D. Oil, fats (triacylglycerols) and waxes |
| is a three carbon alcohol with 3 -OH groups | glycerol |
| is a long, unbranched hydrocarbon chain carboxyl group at one end | fatty acid |
| contain no carbon-carbon double bonds (usually solid at room temp) | saturated fatty acids |
| fatty acids contain one or more double bonds (usually liquid at room temp) | unsaturated fatty acids |
| one double bond | monounsaturated |
| – more than one double bond | polyunsaturated |
| condensation results in an ... between a fatty acid and the glycerol | ester linkage |
| are the most abundant lipids, and are important sources of energy | triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides) |
| characteristics of waxes | --Long hydrocarbon chains --Hydrophobic --Highly saturated and solid --Waterproofing |
| build cellular membrane | phospholipids |
| phospholipid is made up of... | 1. 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attach to glycerol |
| are macromolecules that are polymers formed from amino acids monomers linked together by peptide bonds | proteins |
| What is the monomer of a protein | amino acid |
| the polymer of a protein is | polypeptide |
| roles of proteins | diversity [include enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, structure/support, motion, regulation; protein structure determines protein function] |
| C. Protein ... determines its function. | STRUCTURE |
| consist of a central or alpha carbon; bound to that carbon is a hydrogen atom, an amino group(-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable side group (R group) | amino acid |
| proteins are joined together by | ---By peptide bonds |
| amino acid chains form through what reaction | dehydration synthesis |
| group determines the identity and much of the chemical properties of the amino acid | r group |
| • there are ... amino acids that commonly occur in proteins; | 20 |
| joins the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another; is formed by a condensation reaction | peptide bond |
| determine the structure (and thus the properties) of a protein | sequence of amino acids |
| proteins have ... levels of organization or structure | 4 |
| (1°) : amino acid chain linked by peptide bonds. | primary structure |
| 2°) : coiled α-helix or folded β-pleated sheet, resulting from hydrogen bonds. | secondary structure |
| (3°): overall folded shape of a single polypeptide chain, determined by secondary structure combined with interactions between R groups: | tertiary structure |
| tertiary structure deal with what kind of bonds | --hydrogen bonds -- ionic bonds -- hydrophobic interactions -- disulfide bridges |
| (4°): interactions between two or more separate polypeptide chains, stabilized by hydrophobic interaction force. | quaternary structure |
| , 4° structure is the final three-dimensional structure of the protein , which is called | protein conformation |
| example of protein conformation | hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains |
| 5. protein conformation determines | function |
| is unfolding of a protein, disrupting 2°, 3°, and 4° structure | denaturation |
| characteristics of denaturation | Change in the environment (temperature, pH, or exposure to various chemicals) can change the shape of a protein = denature the protein;denatured proteins typically cannot perform their normal biological function;denaturation is generally irreversible |
| acids transmit hereditary information by determining what proteins a cell makes | nucleic |
| what is the polymer of nucleic acids | polynucleotides (nucleic acid chains). |
| What is the monomer of a nucleic acid | nucleotides |
| describe nucleotide structure | Phosphate group Five-carbon sugar (DNA: deoxyribose; RNA: ribose) Nitrogen-containing base (DNA: A, G, T, C --- RNA: A, G, U, C) |
| are double-ringed nitrogenous bases | purine |
| are single-ringed nitrogenous bases | • pyrimidines |
| E. Nucleotides are fastened together by | phosphodiester bonds |
| characteristics of nucleotide bond | 1. the phosphate group of one nucleotide is fastened to the sugar of the adjacent nucleotide 2. the joining is yet another condensation reaction 3. the way that the are joined creates a polynucleotide strand with 5’ and 3’ ends |
| 2 types of nucleic acids | dna rna |
| characteristics of dna | Deoxyribonucleic acid;A,G,C and T;Double helix (hydrogen bonds);Build chromosomes to carry genetic information; |
| characteristics of dna cntd | Antiparallel: In the DNA double helix, the two backbones run in opposite 5’→ 3’ directions from each other;Complementary base pairing role: A-T; G-C |
| characteristics of rna | 2. RNA: ---Ribonucleic acid. ---A, G, C, and U. ---Single strand. ---Copies from DNA, direct the synthesis of proteins |
| is an important energy carrying compound in metabolism | G. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| Which polymers are composed of amino acids? | proteins |
| Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid? | an oxygen |
| Which part of an amino acid is always acidic? | carboxyl functional group |
| Which monomers make up RNA? | nucleotides |
| Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true? | A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid. |
| True/ False Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions. | true |
| Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions? | either hydroxyl or carboxyl group |
| Which of the following is not a polymer? | glucose |
| Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? | Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. |
| Which molecule is not a carbohydrate? | lipid |
| Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true? | Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms |
| True/ False Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria. | true |
| Which complex carbohydrate contains only a-1,4-glycosidic linkages? | amylose |
| Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide? | Peptidoglycan |
| Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____. | glycosidic linkage |
| Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____. | cellulose |
| Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified? | disaccharide |
| Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because | humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β glycosidic linkages of cellulose. |
| Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats? | olive oil |
| A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____. | as a component of animal cell membranes |
| Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is not true? | They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids |
| Proteins are polymers of _____. | amino acids |
| What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure? | peptide |
| Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____. | peptide bonds |
| The secondary structure of a protein results from _____. | hydrogen bonds |
| Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____. | secondary structure ... hydrogen bonds |
| The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires | the release of a water molecule |
| Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? | peptide bonds |
| What maintains the secondary structure of a protein? | hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond |
| If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain? | 75 |
| The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases. | hydrogen bond |
| A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____. | phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar |
| The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____. | dna to rna to protein |
| The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____. | nucleotides |
| Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type? | guanine and adenine |
| If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine? | 40 |
| best summarizes the differences between DNA and RNA? | DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. |
| assist in the proper folding of other proteins | chaperonin |
| 2 major cities when dealing with islam | mecca and madina |
| religious capitol, where everyone makes pilgrimage to god, | mecca |
| muhammeds early life details | Lived in Mecca Ka’ba-temple around black stone Orphaned at age 6, raised by uncle, involved in commerce Khadija-married widow, almost 15 years older then him, her money helps him thrive in commerce, wife is first convert to islam Daughter named thatim |
| All the religions around muhammed | Polytheism Animism-spirit of gods in everything Judaism Christianity Zoroastrianism |
| describe muhammads religious experience | Spiritual Experience 610 C.E. at the age of 40 Gabriel comes to him and tells him how things should be. |
| Why does muhammed have a connection bw christianity and judaism | Bc he used gabriel theres connection bw christianity and judaism |
| (Recitation of the message gabriel brought to muhammad) | koran or quran |
Created by:
akting2001