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Linux + Chapter 9
Managing Linux Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An executable file on the hard disk. | Program |
| A program that is running in memory and on the CPU. | Process |
| A process begun by a user and which runs on a terminal. | user process |
| A system process that is not associated with a terminal. | a daemon process |
| A unique identifier assigned to every process as it begins. | PID |
| The PID of the parent process that created the current process. | PPID |
| A process that was started by another process. | child process |
| A process that has started other processes. | parent process |
| The first process started by the Linux kernel. It has a PID of 1 and a PPID of 0. | init daemon |
| The command used to obtain information about processes currently running on the system. | ps command. |
| option which shows the user who started the process (UID), PPID, the time it was started, and the CPU utilization. | -f option (full) |
| Displays an entire list of processes across all terminals including daemons. | -e option (entire) |
| The current state of the process on the processor; most processes are in the sleeping or running state. | process state |
| A process that has finished executing, but whose parent has not yet released its PID. | zombie process |
| an option to the ps command not prefixed by a dash and lists all processes across terminals. | a option |
| an option to the ps command not prefixed by a dash and lists processes that do not run on a terminal. | x option |
| displays a long list of information about each process, including the flag, state, UID, PID, PPID, CPU utilization, priority, nice value, address, size, WCHAN, terminal and command name. | l option |
| a command that displays processes according to their lineage, starting from the init daemon. | pstree command |
| The most common command aside from the pscommand used to display processes. It is used to give real-time information about the most active processes on the system; also used to renice or kill processes. | top command |
| a process that has become faulty in some way and continues to consume far more system resources than it should. | rogue process |
| the command used to terminate a process. | kill command |
| the type of signal sent to a process by the kill command. | kill signal |
| The command that terminates all instances of a process by command name. | killall command |
| Stops a process, then restarts it with the same PID. | SIGHUP also known as the hang-up signal. |
| One of the weakest kill signals and works most of the time. | SIGINT also known as the interrupt signal. |
| Terminates a process by taking the process information in memory and saving it to a file called core on the hard disk of the currently working directory. | SIGQUIT also known as a core dump. |
| The most common kill signal used by programs to terminate other processes. It is the default kill signal used by the kill command. | SIGTERM also known as termination signal. |
| Forces the Linux kernel to stop executing the process by sending the process's resources to a special device file called /dev/null. Used as a last resort because it prevents a process from closing temporary files & other resources properly. | SIGKILL also known as the absolute kill signal. |
| The only kill signal that cannot be trapped by any process. | SIGKILL |
| Three main types of Linux commands. | Binary commands, shell scripts, and shell functions |
| the process of ignoring a kill signal. | trapping |
| a process for which the BASH shell that executed it must wait for its termination. | foreground process |
| a process that does not require the BASH shell to wait for its termination. Upon execution, the user receives the BASH shell prompt immediately. | background process |
| the command used to run a foreground process in the background. | bg command |
| the command used to a background process in the foreground. | fg command |
| assigns the foreground process a background job ID that is used as an argument to the bg command. | Ctrl + Z key |
| Background job IDs must be prefixed by which character? | % |
| the command used to see the list of background processes running in the current shell. | jobs command |
| When there are multiple background processes executing in the shell how is the most recent one indicated? | + symbol |
| When there are multiple background processes executing in the shell how is the second most recent one indicated? | - symbol |
| the amount of time a process has to use the CPU | time slice |
| the command used to change the priority of a process as it is started. | nice command |
| the value that indirectly represents the priority of a process; the higher the value, the lower the priority. | nice value |
| the command used to alter the nice value of a process currently running on the system. | renice command |
| the system daemon that executes tasks at a future time. | atd (at daemon) |
| the command used to schedule commands and tasks to run once at a preset time in the future. | at command |
| a file listing all users who can use the at command. | /etc/at.allow |
| a file listing all users who cannot use the at command. | /etc/at.deny |
| the system daemon that executes tasks repetitively in the future and is configured using cron tables. | chron daemon (chrond) |
| the command used to view and edit user cron tables. | crontab command |
| a file specifying tasks to be run by the cron daemon. | cron table |
| command to view scheduled at jobs. A shortcut to the at -l command. | atq command |
| to see the contents of the at job at the time it was scheduled. | -c option |
| If the /etc/at.allow and /etc/at.deny files do not exist, who is allowed to schedule tasks using the at daemon? | root user |
| If both the /etc/at.allow and the /etc.at.deny files exist, which file is checked? | /etc/at.allow only |
| What are the two types of cron tables used by the cron daemon? | User cron tables and system cron tables |
| a file listing all users who can use the cron command. | /etc/cron.allow |
| a file listing all users who cannot use the cron command. | /etc/cron.deny |
| a directory that contains additional system cron tables. | /etc/cron.d |
| the default system cron table. | /etc/crontab |
| a directory that stores the information used to schedule commands using the at daemon. | /var/spool/at |
| a directory that stores user cron tables. | /var/spool/cron |
| the act of creating a new BASH shell child process from a parent BASH shell process. | forking. |
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