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STAT ch.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Collection, presentation, and description of sample data | descriptive statistics |
| making decisions and drawing conclusions about populations | inferential statistics |
| Descritptive or Inferential? The mean math SAT score was 492. | Descriptive |
| Descritptive or Inferential? The mean verbal SAT score was 475. | Descriptive |
| Descritptive or Inferential? Students in the Northeast scored higher in math but lower in verbal. | Inferential |
| Descritptive or Inferential? 32% of the students scored above 610 on the verbal SAT. | Descriptive |
| Descritptive or Inferential? 80% of all students taking the exam were headedfor college. | Descriptive |
| The math SAT scores are higher than they were 10 years ago. | Inferential |
| population | A collection, or set, of individuals or objects or events whos properties are to be analyzed. |
| sample | a subset of the population |
| variable | a characteristic about each individual element of a population or sample. |
| data (singular) | the value of the variable associated with one element of a population or sample (this value may be a number, a word, or a symbol) |
| the set of values collected for the variable from each of the elements belonging to the sample | data (plural) |
| a planned activity whose results yield a set of data | experiment |
| parameter | a numerical value summarizing all the data of an entire population |
| statistic | a numerical value summarizing the sample data |
| A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of faculty. Identify the: population. | the age of all faculty members at a college |
| A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of faculty. Identify the: sample | any subset of that population (for example, 10 faculty members) |
| A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of faculty. Identify the: variable | "age" of each faculty member |
| A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of faculty. Identify the: data | 1. the age of a specific faculty member 2. set of values in the sample |
| A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of faculty. Identify the: experiment | method used to select the ages forming the sample and determining the actual age of each faculty member in the sample |
| A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of faculty. Identify the: parameter | "average" age of all faculty at the college |
| A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of faculty. Identify the: statistic | "average" age for faculty in the sample |
| Qualitative/Attribute/Categorical Variables | A variable that categorizes or describes an element of a population |
| Quantitative/numerical Variable | a vaiable that quantifies an element of a population |
| Identify as either Attribute or Numerical: The resident hall for each student in a statistics class. | attribute |
| Identify as either Attribute or Numerical: the amount of gasoline pumped by the next 10 customers at the local Unimart. | Numerical |
| Identify as either Attribute or Numerical: the amount of radon in the basement of each of 25 homes in a new development. | Numerical |
| Identify as either Attribute or Numerical: The color of the baseball cap worn by each of 20 students | attribute |
| Identify as either Attribute or Numerical: the length of time to complete a mathematics homework assignment | numerical |
| Identify as either Attribute or Numerical: the state in which wach truck is registered when stopped and inspected at a weigh station | attribute |
| What is a nominal variable? | A qualitative variable that categorizes (or describes or names) an element of a population. |
| What is an ordinal variable? | A qualitative variable that incorporates an ordered position, or ranking. |
| What is a descrete variable? | A quantitative variable that can assume a countable number of values. (there is a gap between any two variables-whole number) |
| What is a continuous variable? | a quantitative variable that can assume an uncountable number of values. (decimal) |
| Qualitative variables subdivide into what two variables? | nominal and ordinal |
| Quantitative variables subdivide into what two variables? | discrete and continuous |
| What is one of the primary objectives of statistics? | measuring and characterizing variability |
| What is the statistical process control? | controlling or reducing variablity in a manufacturing process/ |
| What is the first problem statisticians face? | How to obtain the data |
| How are inferences made? | they are made based on statistics obtained from the data |
| biased sampling method | A sampling method that produces data which systematically differs from the sample population |
| unbiased sampling | a method that is not biased |
| What are some biased sampling methods? | convenience sampling and volunteer sampling |
| convenience sampling | sample selected from elements of a population that are EASILY accessable |
| volunteer sampling | sample collected from those elements of the population which CHOSE to contribute the needed information on their own initiative |
| What are the 3 methods used to collect data? | Experiment, survey, and census |
| what is the experiment method to collect data? | The investigator controls or modifies the environment and observes the effect on the variable under study. (assigned) |
| What is the survey method to collect data? | data are obtained by sampling some of the population of interest. The investigator does NOT modify the environment. (do not assign, just observe the outcome.) |
| what is the census method to collect data? | a 100% survey. Every element of the population is listed. |
| What is a sampling frame? | a list of elements belonging to the population from which the sample will be drawn- *must represent whole population* |
| What is an example of a sampling frame of GSU students? | Freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior. |
| What is a sample design? | the process of selecting sample elements from the sampling frame. |
| judgement sample | samples that are selected on the basis of being "typical" |
| what are probability samples | samples in which the elements to be selected are drawn on the basis of probability. Each element in a population has a certain probability of being selected as part of the sample. |
| What type of sample design produces the most unbiased dat | probability samples |
| what are random samples? | a sample selected in such a way that every element in the population has an equal probability of being chosen. (All samples sizes of 'n' have an equal opportunity to be selected. |
| What are the two ways to obtain random samples? | with replacement and without replacement |
| what is a stratified random sample? | a sample obtained by stratisfying the sampling frame and then selecting a fixed number of items from each of the stata by means of simple random sampling technique |
| What is probability? | Population is assumed known. Answers questions about the sample based on these properties. [population--> sample] |
| What is statistics? | use information in the sample to draw aconclusion about the population. [sample-->population] |
Created by:
alovett