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The muscular system allows for:
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In addition to external motion of the arms and legs, the muscular system also:
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A&P Ch. 7
Chapter 7 ~ Musuclar System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The muscular system allows for: | movement |
| In addition to external motion of the arms and legs, the muscular system also: | moves things inside the body |
| Internal motion includes the movement of: | the digestive system, the cardiovascular system, and the respiratory system. |
| Muscle is the general term for: | ALL contractile tissue |
| The contractile property of muscle tissue allows it to: | 1. Become short and thick in response to a nerve impulse 2. Relax once the nerve impulse is removed |
| 3 types of muscles in the body | 1. Skeletal muscle 2. Smooth muscle 3. Cardiac muscle |
| Skeletal muscle attaches to the : | skeleton |
| Fibrous tissues that attach skeletal muscle to bones | Tendons |
| Ligaments attach: | bone to bone |
| Skeletal muscle is: | under conscious control (voluntary muscle) |
| Composed of fibers with a striped appearance (striated muscle) | Skeletal muscle |
| Functions of the skeletal muscle | 1. Performs EXTERNAL movements of the body (reaching, lifting, etc.) 2. Maintains body posture 3. Helps with heat generation |
| Pounds within internal organs, blood vessels, and airways (visceral muscle) | Smooth Muscle |
| Smooth muscle is: | NOT under conscious control (involuntary muscle) |
| Does smooth muscle have a striped appearance? | No |
| The functions of smooth muscle: | 1. The internal movement of food in the digestive organs (peristalisis) 2. Blood distribution by changing the diameter of blood vessels(vascocontriction and vasodialation) 3. Movement of air by changing the diameter of the airways found in the lungs |
| Found only in ther heart (makes up the heart walls | Cardiac Muscle |
| Cardiac muscle is: | NOT under conscious control (involuntary muscle) |
| ____ of cardiac muscle causes your heart to beat | Contraction ~ AV node makes your heart beat |
| All muscles exhibit ____ | muscle tone (tonus) |
| Partial contraction of a muscle with resistance to stretching | Muscle Tone |
| Increased muscle tone: | Hypertrophy |
| Hypertrophy is seen in: | athletes |
| Loss of muscle tone | atrophy |
| Atrophy is seen in: | patients who do not use their muscles |
| _____ muscle tissue may become flaccid (soft and flabby) | Atrophied |
| Examples of situations where atrophy may develop: | 1. In a bedridden patient 2. In a patient who's arm or leg has been in a cast for several weeks |
| A general term for muscle disease or disorder: | Myopathy |
| Overstretching the tendons or muscles | Strain |
| Mild Strain: | Pulled Muscle |
| Symtoms of Myopathy: | 1. Weakness 2. Cramping 3. Stiffness 4. Spasm |
| Pulled muscle: | a slight overstretch of the muscle |
| Severe strain: | Complete muscle tear or complete tendon rupture |
| Injuries can be ____ or _____ | acute or chronic |
| Acute injury: | usually resulting from trauma |
| Chronic injury: | usually resulting from overuse or disease |
| Diagnosis of Strains and Tears | 1. Medical History 2. Physical examination 3. Imaging (MRI, X-ray, ultrasound) |
| Wihin the first 72 hours treatment for a strain is: | PRICE thearpy |
| PRICE stands for : | Protection ~ Rest ~ Ice ~ Compression ~ Elevation |
| After the first 72 hours treatment for a strain is: | 1. Gradual increase in activity and/or physical thearpy 2. Application of heat 3. Pain relievers |
| Treatment for Tears: | Surgery at the time of diagmosis |
| Strains are often ___ to heal | slow |
| Location of Orbicularis oculi: | Encircles eye |
| Funtion of Orbicularis oculi: | Closes eyelid |
| Facial Muscles: | 1. Orbicularis oculi 2. Masseter 3. Sternocledomastoid |
| Location of Masster: | Jaw or mandible |
| Function of Masster: | Closes Jaw |
| Location of Sternocleidomastoid: | From sternum and clavicle to temporal bone |
| Function of Sternocleidomastoid: | Flexes neck forward and rotates head |
| Anterior and posterior trunk skeletal muscles: | 1. Pectoralis major 2. Intercostals 3. Diaphragm |
| Location of Pectoralis major: | Chest |
| Function of Pectoralis major: | Flexes the chest area |
| Location of Intercostals: | Between ribs |
| Function of Intercostals: | Lifts and lowers the ribs to assist breathing |
| Location of the Diaphram: | Floor of thoracic cavity |
| Funtion of the Diaphram: | Primary muscle of normal breathing |
| A unique muscle that is under both voluntary and involuntary control: | Diaphragm |
| You do not need to think every time you breathe | x |
| You can voluntarily change the way you breathe | x |
| Skeletal muscles of the arm and shoulder: | 1. Biceps Brachii 2. Triceps Brachii 3. Deltoid |
| Location of the Biceps Brachii: | Anterior upper arm |
| Function of the Biceps Brachii: | Flexes arm (flexes elbow) |
| Location of the Triceps Brachii: | Posterior upper arm |
| Function of the Triceps Brachii: | Extends the arm (extends elbow) |
| Location of the Deltoid: | Shoulder |
| Function of the Deltoid: | Moves arms (at the shoulder); also an IM injection site |
| Skeletal muscles of the legs: | 1. Gluteus Maximus 2. Quadriceps 3. Vastus Lateralis 4. Hamstrings 5. Tibialis Anterior 6. Gastrocnemius |
| Location of the Gluteus Maximus: | Buttocks |
| Function of the Gluteus Maximus: | Abducts and rotates thigh; IM injection site |
| Location of the Quadriceps: | Anterior portion of thigh |
| Function of the Quadriceps: | Extends lower leg (extends knee) |
| Location of the Vastus Lateralis: | Upper outer thigh |
| Function of the Vastus Lateralis: | Extends the knee |
| Location of the Hamstrings: | Posterior portion of thigh |
| Function of the Hamstrings: | Flexes lower leg (flexes knee) |
| Location of the Tibialis Anterior: | Front of lower leg |
| Function of the Tibialis Anterior: | Doriflexes foot |
| Location of the Gastrocnemius: | Main muscle of calf |
| Function of the Gastrocnemius: | Flexes foot (plantarflexes foot) |
| Movement of the body is the result of _______ of certain muscles whiel there is relaxation of others | contraction (shortening) |
| the cheif muscle causing a movemet | Primary mover (AGONIST) |
| As the muscle contracts, it ____ the bone, causimg movement | pulls |
| Most muscles attach to at least how many bones? | two |
| The bones that attach to muscle ~ One bone is____ and one bone ____ with muscle _____ | stationary; moves; contraction |
| the end of the muscle that is attached to the staionary bone | Point of origin |
| the muscle end attached to the moving bone | Point of insertion |
| _____ muscles assist the primary mover | Synergistic |
| _____ muscles cause movement in the opposite direction of the agonist | Antagonist |
| All movement is a result of ____ of primary movers and ____ of opposing muscles | contraction; relaxation |
| Describes circular movement that occurs around an axis | Rotation |
| Example of rotation: | turning head from left to right |
| move away from the midline of the body | Abduction |
| movement toward the midline | Adduction |
| increasing the angle between two bones connected at a joint | Extension |
| The muscle that straightens a joint is called the | extensor muscle |
| the opposite of extention, decreasing the angle between two bones | Flexion |
| Another word for muscle cells: | muscle fibers |
| Muscle is made of elongated cells called: | muscle fibers |
| Each muscle fiber contains several subunits called: | myofibrils |
| Muscle cells contain structures called: | thick and thin myofilaments |
| Made up of the protien myosin: | Thick Myofilaments |
| Made up of the protien actin | Thin Myofilaments |
| The _____ has the actin and myosin filaments arranged in repeating units | Sacromere |
| The repeating units are seperated from each other by dark bands called ____ ____ | Z Lines |
| ____ gives the striated appearance to skeletal muscle | Z Lines |
| Muscle contraction occurs when two types of _____ slide toward each other | myofilaments |
| Muscle contraction _____ each sacromere, and therefore the _____ muscle | shortens; entire |
| Formation of temporary connections between actin and myosin | Crossbridges |
| Myosin "heads" rotate and pull the ____ towards the center of the sarcomere | actin |
| When the muscle cell relaxes, the filaments _______ | return to their resting or relaxed position |
| Contraction of skeletal muscle requires the coordination of both the ____ and _____ system | muscular; nervous |
| Initiation of a skeletal muscular contraction requires an impulse from a ____ ___ of the nervous system | motor neuron |
| the impluse from the motor neuron causes the neuron to release a chemical called: | acetylcholine |
| The acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle cell called: | ligandgated sodium channels |
| Binding of ____ causes lingandgated sodium channels to open | acetylcholine |
| Sodium flows into the muscle cell, causing ______ _____ to be released | intracellular calcium |
| Once calcium is released, the muscle _____ | contracts |
| The place where a nerve cell touches a muscle cell | Neuromuscular Junction |
| After the nerve cell has finished sending its signal, _____ must be removed from the _____ _______ | acetylcholine; neuromuscular junction |
| The enzyme that cleans up acetylcholine | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Energy is needed for contraction and relaxation; this engery comes from ______ | ATP ( adenosine triphosphate) |
| _____ helps the myosin heads form and break the crossbridges with actin | ATP |
| Calcium is needed to help _____,______ and ______ interact with each other | actin; myosin; ATP |
| During muscle ________, calcium is stored away from the actin and myosin in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | relaxation |
| During muscle __________, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | contraction |
| Released calcium causes actin, myosin and ATP to ineract, resultig in muscle_____ | contraction |
| When calcium returns to the SR, the crossbridge attachments are _____ and the muscle _____ | broken; relaxes |
| The nervous system tells a muscle to _____ by releasing acetylcholine | contract |
| ______ binds to the muscle cell, causing sodium cells to open | Acetylcholine |
| Sodium ions flow into the muscle cell, causing the cell to become _____ | excited |
| Calcium is released from _____ | the SR |
| The calcuim, now free of cytoplasm, helps ______ form crossbridges with _____ | myosin; actin |
| _____ helps myosin heads repetedly pivot, let go, and re-attach to the actin | ATP |
| The _____ shortens, and therefore shortens the muscle | sarcomere |
| When a body dies, stored calcium cannot be pumped back into the _____ ______ | sacoplasmic reticulium |
| Excess calcium remains in the muscles throughout the body and causes muscle fibers to _____ and _____ | shorten; stiffen |
| When a body dies, _____ can no longer be produced | ATP |
| Without ATP, the actin-myosin cross-bridges cannot be _____ | broken |
| Together, the excess calcium and lack of ATP result in stiffening of the entire body ; this sitffening is called: | Rigor Mortis |
| Smooth Muslce is found in: | 1. The organs (except for the heart) 2. The blood vessels 3. The bronchial airways |
| Smooth Muscle is found in the organs except for ______ | the heart |
| Function of smooth muscle: | helps with internal body processes |
| Smooth Muscle in the blood vessels affects: | blood pressure |
| When the vessels get larger in Diameter: | Vasodilate |
| When the vessels Vasodilate, there is less resistance to flow and : | blood pressure drops |
| When the vessels get smaller in diameter: | Vasoconstrict |
| When the vessels Vasoconstrict, this results in | increased blood pressure |
| Smooth Muscle in the airways affects | breathing in asthmatics |
| During an asthma attack, smooth muslce in the airways ____ | constricts |
| Smooth Muscle in the airways makes it difficult to get air in and out of the lungs | x |
| Other smooth muscles: | Sphincter |
| a donut-shaped muscle that can act like a doorway | Spincter |
| Sphincter is found in several parts of the _____ system | digestive |
| Smooth muscles are ______ muscles | involuntary |
| Skeletal muscles contract _____ faster than smooth muslces | 50 times |
| Smooth muscle recieves a _____ blood supply than skeletal muscle | smaller |
| Smooth muscle has a ____ repair of injured tissue than skeletal muscle | poorer |
| _____ muscle created the walls of the heart | cardiac |
| Cardiac contraction forces blood from the heart, causing it to circulate through the _____ ____ in the body | blood vessels |
| Cardiac muslce is ______ | involuntary |
| Cardiac muscle fibers are _____ and recieve a richer supply of blood than any other muscle in the body | shorter |
| Cardiac muscle fibers are connected by ____ ____ | intercalated disks |
| When one fiber contracts so do the _____ fibers | adjacent |
| _____ muscle does NOT repair itself after damage | Cardiac |
| If damage occurs in the cardiac muscle, it leads to _____ | scarring |
| Cardiac muscle scar tissue doesn't contract like normal tissue because it is _____ | ridgid |
| If cardiac muslce scar tissue is extensive enough, it can _____ cardiac output, leading to disability and/or death | decrease |
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