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MRO module 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Latent image | The invisible "image" on exposed, unprocessed film consisting of silver ions from the interaction with x-rays that have gravitated to sensitivity specks |
| Mainifest image | The visible image on the film after processing the latent image |
| The transport system | Is responsible for moving the film through the processor at a controlled and consistent speed so that the film spends the proper amount of time in each stage of processing. |
| Three racks | One for developer, one for the fixer and one for the wash. |
| Two crossover assemblies | One between the developer and fixer racks, and one between the fixer and wash racks. (note that there are rollers in the drying chamber) |
| The transport system also serves to remove reaction particles—a byproduct of development—by moving the film back and forth between the rollers in an "S" pattern | |
| Silver recovery | A process by which silver in the processing chemicals or unneeded films are captured and recycled |
| Replenishment system | The replenishment system consists of two tanks of additional chemistry: one of developer and one of fixer, two pumps, and a set of hoses to connect the reserve tanks to the respective tank in the processor itself |
| Drying system | consists of a blower with a heating element and thermostat for adjusting temperature and a series of perforated tubes to deliver hot air across the surface of the film as it passes through the drying chamber. |
| The dryer system temperature is generally about 120 degrees F to quickly dry the film. | |
| Recirculating system | The chemistry will settle if not periodically "stirred." This is one purpose of the recirculating system. |
| Recirculating system | In addition to stirring and filtering, this recirculation action also helps to maintain proper temperature of each tank by moving the chemicals over the heating elements. |
| The rapid processors that are in use today (60-90seconds) create a very narrow margin for error in processor operation. | |
| Dishroic stain | A two-colored stain that appears as a curtain effect on a radiographic film |
| Guideshoe marks | Scratches on a film running with the direction of film travel that result from misaligned guideshoes |
| Pi lines | Artifacts that appear on a processed image occurring at regular intervals perpendicular to the direction of film travel caused by dirty rollers |
| Sensitometric strip | Generally a 21-step gray scale flashed on a piece of film using a sensitometer for the purpose of processor monitoring |
| Speed index | Sensitometric strip step that has an average optical density closest to, but not less than, 1.2D |
| Contrast index | Difference between the sensitometric strip step with an average optical density closest to 2.2D and the step with an average optical density closest to, but not less than, 0.5D |
| Base plus fog | Average density from an unexposed area of a processed film (sensitometric strip) |
| Not turning on the water to the processor will cause what to happen? | Greasy films |
| What should be checked during preventative maintenance? | All moving parts, all hoses, and all filters. |
| Which major system of the processor is responsible for maintaining chemical strength in the processor. | Replenishing system |
| Guideshoes out of alignment would cause what problem? 1)Black flaky marks 2)Jamming 3)Scratches 4)Increased fog | 2 & 3 (jamming and scratches) |
| Which component of the transport system directs the film from one tank to the next? | Crossover assembly |
| Scratched film during processing is most likely caused by which major system of the processor? | Transport system |
| Which method of silver recovery requires a rectifier? | Electrolytic method |
| Which major system of the processor is responsible for mixing chemicals within the prosessor? | Recirculating system |
| Which of the following is lacking if films exit the processor with a milky appearance? 1)Developer 2)Fixer 3)Wash 4)Drying | Fixer |
| Which system draws chemicals from the bottom of the developer and fixer tanks of the processor and returns these chemicals through the side of the tanks? | Recirculating system |
| Which major system of the processor will filter out reaction particles from the developer? | Recirculating system |
| How often should the crossover racks be cleaned? | Daily |
| What determines the amount of chemicals pumped into the processor tank? | Inches of film (per inch of film) |
| Which major system of the processor is responsible for removing reaction particles from the film during processing? | Transport system |
| Which method of silver recovery relies on a base metal filter reacting with the acid of the fixer? | Metallic cartridge method |
| Photomultiplier tubes | Electron tube that converts visible light into an electrical signal |
| Pixel | Digital picture elements, the smallest elements in a digital image; each pixel has a numerical value representing a gray scale value somewhere between white (low density) and black (high density) |
| Values of interest (VOI) | A designated range of frequencies within the stored histogram that the computer uses to identify the anatomic part and rescale the image |
| Exposure index | Exposure indicator used in cassette-based systems and represents the exposure to the PSP plate; values are vendor specific |
| Dose area product (DAP) | Exposure indicator used in DR imaging and is an actual measure of patient dose expressed in cGy/m2 |
| Preprocessing | Generally an automatic function of the system and occurs before the image is displayed. In addition to the histogram analysis and automatic rescaling, the system will correct for variations in pixels, rows and columns response |
| Postprocessing | Is the manual manipulation functions available to the technologist and radiologist. These functions allow the operator to manually adjust many presentation features of the image to enhance the diagnostic value |
| Overall visual assesment | Daily. Uses TG18-QC pattern test. This test looks at general image quality and for the presence of any artifacts. |
| Geometric distortion | Monthly or quarterly. Uses TG18-QC test pattern. This test looks for a variation in the shape of the displayed image from the original image. |
| Reflection | Monthly or quarterly. Uses TG18-AD test pattern. This test evaluates the ambient light contribution to the light reflected by the display monitor |
| Luminance response | Monthly or quarterly. Uses the TG18-LN, TG18-CT and TG18-MP test patterns. This test assesses the displayed luminance values vs. the input values from the display system. |
| Luminance dependencies | Monthly or quarterly. Uses the TG18-UN and TG18-ULN test patterns. This test evaluates the image for non-uniformity and effects of viewing at different angles. |
| Resolution | Monthly or quarterly. uses the TG18-QC and TG18-CX test patterns. This test assesses the system's ability to display images of different parts of an image with high fidelity |
| In a PSP plate processor, what liberates the electrons trapped in the conduction band? | Laser |
| In a PSP plate, the trapping of electrons in the conduction band creates what? | Latent image |
| Changing a negative image to a positive image is called what? | Image inversion |
| A histogram will have a unique appearance for each anatomic part. T or F? | True |
| All three DR methods currently in use must have an ADC. T or F? | True (The signals for all three systems are still analog and must be digitized for computer processing) |
| Adjusting brightness and contrast is called what? | Windowing and leveling |
| A histogram represents what? | Number of photons of different intensities exposing the plate |
| The DR image capture method that uses a cesium iodide plate and CCD represents what method? | Indirect |
| Which problem may cause an increase in radiographic density? | Rack not rolling properly |
| Which part of the transport system directs a film from the bottom of a rack back toward the top? | Turnaround assembly |
| Which system should be inspected if the development time is too long? | Transport system |
| What applies to a processor with low workload? | High replenishment rate |
| A problem of light films is traced to the processor. Which of the following processing conditions is not a propable cause? 1)Incoming water too cold 2)Developer thermostat set low 3)Under-replenishment 4)Over-replenishment | 4) Over-replenishment |
| The normal development temperature for the automatic processor is: | 90-95 degrees F |
| Which major system of the processor would be the most likely cause of films having a brownish appearance? | Replenishment system |
| The overflow of which processor tank must be specially filtered before going into the sewer system? | Fixer |
| The micorswitches attached to the entrance rollers activate which major system? | Replenishment system |
| Which major system of the processor is maintained at 120 degrees F? | Drying system |
| Which of the following is lacking if film exit the processor with a greasy appearance and feel? 1)Developer 2)Fixer 3)Wash 4)Drying | 3) Wash |
| An increase in film fog may be cause by all of the following except? 1)Old film 2)Over-replenishment 3)Contamination of developer 4)Developer temperature too low | 4) Developer temperature too low |
| What determines the volume of chemicals pumped into the processor tanks? | Length of film |
| How often is sensitometric strip run? | Daily |
| What is the speed index tolerance? | The speed index tolerance limit can vary no more than +0.15 of the established control. |
| In PSP plate processing, fast scan refers to what? | Scan by the laser |
| What part of the CR reader detects light released from the PSP plate? | Photodetector |
| What does the digital imaging computer use to identify the anatomic part? | VOI (Values Of Interest) |
| What may happen to the CR image if the exposure field is not recognized? | Histogram analysis error |
| The DR image capture method that does not have a scintillator represent what? | Direct |
| The DR image capture method that uses an amorphous silicon detector and TFT represents what? | Indirect |
| The software funtion that suppresses noise is called? | Smoothing |
| Balancing out the light and dark areas of the image is called? | Equalization |
Created by:
volcomgrl12