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Ch.1 -5
Radiation Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Some consequences of ionization in human cells include | creation of unstable atoms, production of free electrons, creation of reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell |
| when natural sources of ionizing radiation become increased because of accidental or deliberate human actions such as mining, they are referred to as ____ sources | enhanced natural |
| electro-magnetic radiation can travel through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy. The dual nature is referred to as | wave particle duality |
| which of the statements concerning the 1979 nuclear reactor accident at TMI-2 is not true? | excess cancer deaths have not been predicted to occur in 2 million people within 50 miles of the plant |
| which is a special form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of the material with which it reacts? | ionizing radiation |
| patients who have an understanding of medical benefits of an imaging procedure because they received factual information about the study before having the exam are more likely to | overcome any radiation phobia and be willing to assume the risk of biologic damage |
| terrestrial radiation includes which of the following | long lived radioactive materials in the earth's crust |
| cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms | solar and galactic |
| US food and drug administration (FDA) presently considers the risk of radiation exposure to the US population from color television monitors to be | negligible |
| when exposed to high radon levels in the home, which of the following groups of people have the highest risk? | smokers |
| through which of the following routes can radon enter houses? | crawl spaces under living areas, floor drains and sump pumps, porous cement block foundations |
| which of the following helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high energy, bombarding cosmic rays? | earths atmosphere and magnetic field |
| which of the following is considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States? | radon exposure |
| which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation | microwaves, visible light, x rays |
| the amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of | radiation dose |
| in the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with ___ wavelengths and ___ energies | shorter; higher |
| both occupational dose limits may be stated in units of | Sievert (rem) |
| the first decay product of radium is | radon |
| the millisievert (mSv) is equal to ___ of 1 sievert | 1/1000 |
| advantages of the BERT method are: | it does not imply radiation risk, it is simply a means for comparison, it emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment, the answer is given in terms of BERT is easy for patient to comprehend |
| Patient asks a RT a question about risk of exposure to radiation associated with a specific procedure, the RT should: | use his intelligence and knowledge to answer honestly and provide example using BERT |
| which of the following are natural sources of ionization? | radioactive elements in crust of earth and human body |
| cytosine bonds only with | guanine |
| which sub phase of mitosis to centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell and begin to regulate the formation of mitotic spindle? | prophase |
| how many different amino acids in protein synthesis | 22 |
| an effective radiation safety program requires whos firm commitment to safety | facilities providing imaging services, radiation workers |
| amount of radiation a patient receives may be indicated by | entrance skin, bone marrow, gonadal |
| what is the definition of EqD | the product of the avg absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated radiation weighting factors |
| EqD delivered to whole body dose may cause which of the following in a few days | decrease in number of lymphocytes in circulatory of blood |
| which is particulate radiation | alpha and beta |
| the degree to which the diagnostic study reveals presence or absence of disease in patient | diagnostic efficacy |
| densitometer measures | optical density |
| ALARA stands for | as low as reasonably achievable |
| no threshold means | even small amounts are potentially harmful |
| .25 whole body in a few days | decrease in number of lymphocytes in circulatory of blood |
| exit radiation comprises of | non interacting and small angle scattered photons |
| contributes significantly to the exposure of the radiographer | Compton-scatter photons |
| undergo most photoelectric absorption | compact bone |
| incident photon partially absorbed, x ray photon loses a portion of its kinetic energy | Compton |
| inorganic materials are compounds that do not contain | carbon |
| human cells do these three things | protect themselves, regulate life processes, reproduce |
| somatic cells divide through | mitosis |
| photoelectric interactions increase, what happens to absorbed dose | absorbed dose increases |
| relationship between radiation absorption and x-ray energy | absorption decreases and x-ray energy increases |
| difference between radiation survey instruments and personnel dosimetry devices | survey instruments detect presence or absence of radiation in area |
| when photons scatter | deflect in different directions, may reach radiographic image receptor, may be hazardous to personnel |
| process when energy of x-ray beam is transferred to atoms of biologic matter | differential absorption |
| radiation generated in patient's body is referred to as | secondary/characteristic |
| film badge measures | whole body radiation accumulated at a usually low rate over a long period |
| beta particles are these 3 things | lighter than alpha particles, penetrate matter to greater depth than alpha and with less ionization |
| what is the measure of the ionization of air produced by x-radiation and gamma radiation below 3 mEv? | roentgen |
| lithium fluoride is the key component of which type of radiation monitoring device | TLD badges |
| the SI unit that is related to the traditional unit of the curie is | Becquerel |
| one sievert equals | 100 rem |
| ionization chambers measures the ionization of a gas, therefore they report their units in which unit? | roentgen |
| a single exposure from a primary beam results in a ____ ____ image of the filters in the badge | sharply defined |
| the reduction in the number of photons as the pass through matter is | attenuation |
| OSL dosimeters use what type of detectors | use Al203 detectors |
| which type of electromagnetic wave has the highest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum? | gamma |
| In which type of interaction with matter does the x-ray photon cause excitation rather then ionization? | coherent scattering |
| which of the following factors does not affect attenuation | contrast |
| scatter deflected at a 180 degree angle is called | back scatter |
| in diagnostic imaging, the increased sensitivity of the OSL dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low radiation environments and for pregnant workers | T |
| which of the following describes an atom that has lost one or more of its electrons | ion |
| if two atoms have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their nuclei, what are they called | isotopes |
| an equivalent dose as low as 0.25 Sv(25 rem) delivered to the whole body can | decrease the WBC |
| when electrons strive to fill shells and give off x-rays in the process, it is known as which of the following | characteristic cascade |
| which of the following occurs primarily with low energy x-rays below 10 kev? | coherent scattering |
| what is the energy level of the scattered photon compared with the incident photon in coherent scattering | equal to the incident photon |
| ejected electron in photoelectric absorption is called | photoelectron |
| which of the following is a disadvantage of the OSL dosimeter | exposure not determinable on the day of occurrence |
| energy level of scattered photon compared with incident photon in coherent scattering is | less than the incident photon |
| interaction with matter responsible for producing contrast on radiograph | photoelectric interaction |
| interaction with matter produces scatter radiation that exits the patient and may fog radiograph | Compton interaction |
| exposure factor of 100 kVp electrons bombarding anode have maximum energy of | 100,000 eV or 100 keV |
| photon tissue interaction doesn’t result in ionization | coherent scattering |
| interactions result in total absorption of incident photon | photoelectric interaction |
| photon tissue interaction involves incident photon atomic nucleus | pair production |
| photon tissue interactions involve which shell electrons | primarily involve k-shell electrons |
| the SI unit of ampere is | electrical current |
| illustration from page 22 in workbook | Compton scattering |
| illustration from page 23 in workbook | photoelectric |
| which of the following differs the probability of occurrence of the various interactions of x-radiation with human tissue | energy of the incoming photon |
| fog is a result from what interaction | Compton |
| how do you convert Rad to Gray | dividing by 100 |
| interactions of x-ray photons with any atoms of biologic matter are | the effects of such interactions cannot be predicted with certainty |
| in regards to the biological effects of whole body dose exposures, what amount can result in temporary sterility | 2.5 sv |
| what determines the quantity of x-ray photons delivered | kVp |
| when a photoelectric interaction becomes greatly decreased, it results in | increase in absorbed dose to pt |
| as kVp increases, attenuation | decreases |
| if atomic density increases, then attenuation | increases |
| if density of an object increases, then transmission | decreases |
| if kVp increases, then transmission | increases |
| if you are dividing the number of rads by a 100 then you are looking for | the number of grays |
| human cells contain four major compounds | proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids |
| the human body weight consists of | 80-85% water |
| the energy range included in mammography, when kVp is decreased, the pt dose | increases |
| the steps of rungs of the DNA are made up of | pairs of nitrogenous bases |
| the number of mitochondria in cells varies from a few hundred to thousands, the greatest number is found where: | in cells exhibiting the greatest activity |
| The private and public promotion of those practices that limit exposure to ionizing radiation to the smallest amount? | radiation protection |
| what is defined as the improvement of the quality of life of a human being | benefit |
| what does heterogeneous mean | many different wavelengths |
| x-rays can be focused by lens | FALSE |
| radiation can ionize gases and cause biologic change | TRUE |
| radiation that reaches the atom of biologic tissue will cause | differential absorption |
| what measures the quantity of electrons moving from cathode to anode | mAs |
| radiation interaction in which radiation is emitted at all energies from just above 0 to the maximum energy | Brems radiation |
| radiation that is produced inside the tube is called | primary radiation |
| what is the weakest link within the fluoroscopic setting | TV monitor |
| what is calculated by the ratio of the area of the input screen to the output screen squared | minification gain |
| what are the elements with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons | isotopes |
| what do you call an atom that gains or loses and electron | ion |
| which type of radiation can travel approx. 3 meters/mEv of energy in air and up to several millimeters in tissue | beta radiation |
| What is used to measure ionization of air produced by x-radiation and gamma radiation below 3mEv | roentgen |
| What is used for personnel monitoring of radiation and are units of biological effects | rems |
| what is the measure of genetic exposure to the population from diagnostic and other forms of ionizing radiation? | GSD (Genetically Significant Dose) |
| what type of radiation is generated within the patients body | secondary radiation |
| is defined as disintegration per second of any radioactive substance | curie |
| the determination by scientific methods of the amount, rate, and distribution of radiation emitted from a source of ionizing radiation | dosimetry |
| determines the amount of radiation by collecting ions in a chamber filled with gas | ionization chamber |
| used for many years, easy to handle and process and provides a permanent record of exposure are examples of advantages of which type of personnel monitor | film badge |
| must wait for reading and accurate only at 10mrem and higher are disadvantages of which type of personnel monitor | film badge |
| which personnel monitors are useful because they can be used for short periods of time and can give immediate readings? | pocket dosimeters |
| defined as the amount of attenuator necessary to remove half of all the photons | half value layer |
| when some photons will pass thru matter and not interact is known as | direct transmission |
| inner k shell electrons have what type of effect | photoelectric effect |
| electrons that are ejected by the photoelectric process are known as | photoelectrons |
| x-rays and gamma rays have | low LET and low specific ionization, therefore their radiation weighting factor is 1 |
| scatter that occurs primarily with low energy x-rays is called | coherent scatter |
| the scatter photon that occurs from coherent scatter has a shorter, longer, or the same wavelength as the incident photon | has the same energy and wavelength as the incident photon |
| which photons interact with the nucleus of the atom | pair production |
| in Brems radiation what happens to the electrons | slow down "brake" and change direction |
| refers to the total amount of energy absorbed by a specific mass of tissue | integral dose |
| which interaction of x-rays interacts and forms fog on the film | Compton scatter |
| what are the factors that effect attenuation | Electrons per gram, atomic number, density and energy of the beam |
| what is the reduction in the number of photons as they pass thru matter | attenuation |
| which areas of the body can undergo absorption of radiation | bone, tissue and skin |
| as photoelectric effect increases what happens to absorption | the rate of absorption increases |
| which is the truth about ethics | they involve general guidelines that translate into practice |
Created by:
daybreak5