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Academic VOCA

Academic new vocabulary

Question	Answer	Example
dichotomy	이분, 양분
as a matter of convenience	형편에 따라 (according to one's convenience)
fuel	자극하다, 악화시키다	His words fuelled her anger still more
construe	해석하다, 분석하다
delineation	묘사, 기술
appraisal	평가, 사정
stem from	~로부터 기인하다
prevalent	common at particular time
weigh	심사숙고하다	It is my job to weigh the evidence.
correspond	부합하다, 일치하다 (with, to)
intimidate	겁주다, 위협하다
vary	바꾸다
locus	장소, 활동 중심
ascribe to	~탓으로 돌리다	The report ascribes the rise in childhood asthma to the increase in pollution
attribute to	~탓으로 하다; (~특성이) 있다고 믿다	The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.
exert	노력하다, (힘을) 쓰다	They exerted considerable influence within the school.
as such	그것(그러한 것)으로서	The officer of the law, as such, is entitled to respect.
temper	부드럽게하다, 조절하다	The heat in this coastal town is tempered by cool sea breezes
contingency	우연한 사고	Add up outgoings, putting on a bit more for contingencies.
not so much A as B	A가 아니라 B	He is not so much a scholar as a writer.
invaluable	매우 귀중한, 가치있는
designate	지정하다, 할당하다
means	방법, 수단
capitalize on	가지고 있는 좋은상황이나 장점을 이용하다	Ecuador has capitalized on its natural beauty to attract tourism
likelihood	가능성
domain	an area of activity, interest, or knowledge
volition	의지, 의욕	Helena left the company of her own volition
get stuck into sth / in	시작하다 , 전념하다	Take your jacket off and get stuck in
vary with	~에 의해 변하다 cf. vary from=be different from	Quentin's mood seems to vary with(according to) the weather
tailor to(for)	맞게하다, 맞추다	Treatment is tailored to the needs of each patient
mesh with	톱니바퀴와 같이 맞물리다	His own ideas did not mesh with the views of the party.
narrow down	줄이다, 좁이다
bring off	to succeed in doing something difficult (=pull off)	They managed to bring off the most daring jewellery robbery in history.
mire	진흙, 수렁, 곤경
precept	규율, 지침
variance	변화
lexicon	사전, 어휘목록
longevity	수명, 생명
vie with/in/for	경쟁하다, 다투다
cadre	핵심그룹, 간부회	a cadre of highly trained scientists
exclusively	only (inclusively --> whole, all)
purport	to claim to be or do something, even if this is not true	Two undercover officers purporting to be dealers infiltrated the gang
forthcoming	닥쳐올
rhetoric	웅변적 문체, 수사적 기교
scaffold	a structure that can be moved up and down to help people work on high buildings
retrieve	만회하다, 되찾다	It took four days to retrieve all the bodies from the crash
encompass	to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc	The study encompasses the social and political aspects of the situation.
incorporate	혼합시키다, 섞다
attainment	달성, 성취 (=achievement)
subset	부분, 부분집합	a small subset of the city's immigrant population
fierce	격렬한, 맹렬한; 사나운	These people take fierce pride in their independence
springboard	something that helps you to start doing something
jargon	은어, 사투리
prescribe	지정하다, 규정하다
rove	배회하다, 이동하다
sense	if you sense something, you feel that it exists or is true	I could sense that something was wrong.
revert	되돌아가다, 복귀하다	After a few weeks, everything reverted to normal
tempt	유혹하다, ~할 생각이나게 하다
accrete	to grow or cause to grow together; to make larger or greater, as by increased growth
accrue	if advantages accrue to you, you get those advantages over a period of time	advantages accruing from the introduction of new technology
acquiescence	Passive assent or agreement without protest
adamant	determined not to change your opinion or a decision that you have made	She begged me to change my mind, but I remained adamant
adversarial	an adversarial system, especially in politics and the law, is one in which two sides oppose and attack each other	the adversarial nature of two-party politics
affiliate	to bring or receive into close connection as a member or branch	The Society is not affiliated with any political party
agentry	the office or functions of an agent.
allocate	apportion	You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.
aphorism	a short phrase that contains a wise idea
aptitude		He has a natural aptitude for teaching
aural
avid	doing something as much as possible
axiomatic	self-evident
bare	the very least amount of something that you need to do something	The room had the bare minimum (=the smallest amount possible) of furniture
barring	without, except	His back is broken and, barring a miracle, he won't walk again
cajole	to gradually persuade someone to do something by being nice to them, or making promises to them	Aid workers do their best to cajole rich countries into helping.
cog	톱니바퀴의 이
compatibility	호환성
complementary	상호보완적인 cf. complement
comprise	to consist of particular parts, groups etc	The committee is comprised of well-known mountaineers
concession	양보, 용인; 특권
patent
conduce (=contribute)	to lead or tend to a particular and often desirable result	Rest conduces to health
conducive (to)	contributive
confine
confluent	flowing or coming together
congenial	pleasant in a way that makes you feel comfortable and relaxed	The department provides a congenial atmosphere for research
congenital	a congenital quality is one that has always been part of your character and is unlikely to change	He's a congenital liar
congruent
constraint
construe
contend	to argue or state that something is true	Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought.
contingency		Add up your outgoings, putting on a bit more for contingencies
convene	if a group of people convene, or someone convenes them, they come together, especially for a formal meeting	a report by experts convened by the National Institutes of Health
conviction	a very strong belief or opinion	The Dotens have a deep conviction that marriage is for life
counteract	to reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing something that has the opposite effect	They gave him drugs to counteract his withdrawal symptoms
defiance	behaviour that shows you refuse to do what someone tells you to do, especially because you do not respect them	Many people were drinking in the streets, in flagrant defiance of the ban.
defy	to refuse to obey a law or rule, or refuse to do what someone in authority tells you to do	people who openly defy the law
delimitate	delimit
deviant	different, in a bad way, from what is considered normal	deviant behaviour
deviate (from)		The plane had to deviate from its normal flight path
devious	deceitful; not going in the most direct way to get to a place	a devious politician
diminution	a reduction in the size, number, or amount of something
disposition
diverge	if opinions, interests etc diverge, they are different from each other	Here Innocent's views diverged from Gregory's.
draw
elicit	to succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone, especially when this is difficult	The test uses pictures to elicit words from the child.
eloquent
embed	if ideas, attitudes, or feelings etc are embedded, you believe or feel them very strongly	Feelings of guilt are deeply embedded in her personality
embroil	to involve someone or something in a difficult situation	I became embroiled in an argument with the taxi driver.
engross	if something engrosses you, it interests you so much that you do not notice anything else	He was engrossed in the subject.
enhance	to improve something
enlist	(협력, 지지 따위를) 얻다	He has enlisted the help of a sports psychologist for the team.
entity
erroneous	erroneous ideas or information are wrong and based on facts that are not correct	His economic predictions are based on some erroneous assumptions.
exemplify
expository	related to or containing exposition (a clear and detailed explanation)
extroversion	trait of an extrovert (<>introversion)
feign	to pretend to have a particular feeling or to be ill, asleep etc	Feigning a headache, I went upstairs to my room.
fledge	to rear until ready for flight or independent activity
front-end	선불금의
funnel		His office funneled millions of dollars in secret contributions to the re-election campaign.
gear	조정하다, 준비하다, 연결시키다
hackle	temper, dander
haptic
hereditary	유전적인; 상속의
heuristic	helping you in the process of learning or discovery
impart	to give information, knowledge, wisdom etc to someone	She had information that she couldn't wait to impart.
impede	to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make progress	Storms at sea impeded our progress
imposition	(세금따위의) 부과; 부담, 짐
inasmuch as	~이므로, ~하는 한은(insofar)	Inasmuch as we have no money, it is no good thinking about a holiday.
incidence	(cf. incident) the number of times something happens, especially crime, disease etc	Why did the incidence of heroin use continue to climb?
increment	a regular increase in the amount of money someone is paid	a salary of £18,000, with annual increments of 2.5%
insofar as(that)	as far as, ~하는 한에서는	we agree only insofar as the budget is concerned
instrumentality	means
intricate
jointly	together	tenants who are jointly responsible for their rent
latency	the quality or state of being present but hidden cf. dormant
leash
longitudinal	장기적인	a longitudinal study of unemployed workers
marked	very easy to notice = noticeable	The patient showed a marked improvement in her condition after changing medication
maze	cf. mazy	the maze of narrow streets
mechanistic	tending to explain the behaviour of things in the natural world as if they were machines	a mechanistic view of the universe
normative	describing or establishing a set of rules or standards of behaviour	normative guidelines for senators
obesity
obsequious	very eager to please or agree with people who are powerful - used in order to show disapproval
odd
overt	<-> covert
paternalism	가부장적 태도
pictorial	using or relating to paintings, drawings, or photographs	a pictorial record of their journey
polemic	a written or spoken statement that strongly criticizes or defends a particular idea, opinion, or person	Before long, the dispute degenerated into fierce polemics.
posit	(사실로 받아질것이라고) 가정하다, 제안하다	He posited that each planet moved in a perfect circle
postnatal	출산직후의	postnatal depression (=an illness in which a woman feels very unhappy and tired after her baby is born)
postulate	(자명한 일이라고) 가정하다, 제안하다	It has been postulated that the condition is inherited
precedence	priority	Do we want a society where appearance takes precedence over skill or virtue?
predisposition	a tendency to behave in a particular way or suffer from a particular illness	a predisposition towards alcoholism
predominant	more powerful, more common, or more easily noticed than others	the predominant group in society
prerequisite	필요조건, 전제조건	A reasonable proficiency in English is a prerequisite for the course
proactive	making things happen or change rather than reacting to events	a proactive approach to staffing requirements
procure	to obtain something, especially something that is difficult to get	He was accused of procuring weapons for terrorists.
prominent
prompt	to make people say or do something as a reaction	The decision prompted an outcry among prominent US campaigners
proponent (<>opponent)	someone who supports something or persuades people to do something	Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women's rights.
propound	to suggest an idea, explanation etc for other people to consider	The theory of natural selection was first propounded by Charles Darwin
psychometric	relating to the measurement of mental abilities and qualities
ramification	an additional result which was not exactly anticipated; branch
rebut	to prove that a statement or a charge made against you is false	his firm rebuttal of the accusations
rebuttal
reciprocity	a mutual exchange of privileges specifically
recur	if something, especially something bad or unpleasant, recurs, it happens again	There is a danger that the disease may recur
regiment	to organize and control people firmly and usually too strictly	the regimented routine of boarding school
remark	to say something, especially about something you have just noticed	This house must be very old,' he remarked
reservoir	저장, 축적	She found she had reservoirs of unexpected strength
retain	to keep something or continue to have something	The state wants to retain control of food imports
sarcasm	비꼼, 풍자
scapegoat	희생양	She believed she had been made a scapegoat for what happened
scarce	deficient in quantity or number compared with the demand : not plentiful or abundant	There was fierce competition for the scarce resources
scorn	contempt, disdain	He felt scorn for his working-class parents
scurry	to move quickly with short steps, especially because you are in a hurry	People were scurrying off to work
secular	세속적인; 비종교적인	our modern secular society
sentiment	an opinion or feeling you have about something	He was more in touch with public sentiment than many of his critics
smack	slap, punch; taste, flavor
solicitude	care and concern for someone's health, safety etc	She was grateful to him for his solicitude.
spatial	relating to the position, size, shape etc of things
spawn	to make a series of things happen or start to exist	New technology has spawned new business opportunities
speculate	to guess about the possible causes or effects of something, without knowing all the facts or details	Jones refused to speculate about what might happen
static	not moving, changing, or developing	Economists predict that house prices will remain static for a long period
strife	trouble between two or more people or groups
suboptimize	차선의 상태로 하다, 부분적으로 최선의 상태를 유지하다
subordinate		Women are subordinate to men in some cultures
subset
sway	to influence someone so that they change their opinion	Don't allow yourself to be swayed by his promises
synthesize	to combine separate things into a complete whole
tactile	relating to your sense of touch	tactile sensations
terminal	a terminal illness cannot be cured, and causes death	terminal cancer
thrust	a sudden strong movement in which you push something forward	the main thrust of the government's education policy
tribulate	박해하다, 시련을 주다
typology	유형학
unanimous
underlying
unidimensional	1차원의, 깊이없는, 피상적인
unleash	to free from or as if from a leash	Lefèvre's comments unleashed a wave of protest
vent	to express feelings of anger, hatred etc, especially by doing something violent or harmful	If he's had a bad day, Paul vents his anger on the family
verbatim	말 그대로, repeating the actual words that were spoken or written	Their stories were taped and transcribed verbatim
viable	a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully	The committee came forward with one viable solution
withstand	견디다, 버티어내다	The Chancellor has withstood the criticism and held firm.
dividend	나누어진 몫; 기대이상의 이익	Good eating habits will pay dividends later on in life
all at once	돌연, 갑자기; 전부한꺼번에	All at once there was a loud banging on the door
tap	이용하다, 개발하다 (에너지, 돈, 아이디어 등)	We hope that additional sources of funding can be tapped
intervene (in)		The police don't usually like to intervene in disputes between husbands and wives.
bifocal	이면적인
proposition	제안, 계획	Most people accept the proposition that we have a duty to protect endangered animals.
in a nutshell	간결하게 요약해서
come up to	to reach a particular standard or to be as good as you expected	This doesn't come up to the standard of your usual work.
conform	to obey a law, rule etc	All new buildings must conform with the regional development plan
ground	to be based on something	Lewis' ideas were grounded in his strong Christian faith
stand out	튀어나오다, 눈에 띄다	The outlines of rooftops and chimneys stood out against the pale sky.
dyad	pair
circumvent	to avoid a problem or rule that restricts you	The company opened an account abroad, in order to circumvent the tax laws
en route	on the way	Why don't we stop for lunch en route
revolve around/on	to have something as a main subject or purpose	The argument revolved around costs.
duplicate
at hand	가까이에, 가까운 장래에
pertain to	~에 관계하다 to relate directly to something	legislation pertaining to employment rights
on the verge of	~직전에, 막~하려고	The show was on the verge of being canceled due to low ratings
pent(penned) up	억압된	Norma felt restless and penned in
fill out(in)	기입하다
annotate
poise	to put or hold something in a carefully balanced position; 평정, 안정, 균형
carry out	이행하다, 실행하다	Will the government carry out its promise to reform the law?
cull	to find or choose information from many different places	The data had been culled from a variety of sources.
affinity	친근함, 친화성	his remarkable affinity with animals
elusive	이해하기 어려운, 난해한
triald	3인조
haunt	~에 자주나타나다, 걱정할만한 문제가 발생하다	an error that would come back to haunt them for years to come
redirect	to use something for a different purpose; 재설정
stack	쌓다
scale up(down)	to increase(decrease) the amount or size of something	Production at the factory is being scaled up.
encompass	to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc	The study encompasses the political and economic aspects of the situation.
couple with	combine	Lack of rain coupled with high temperatures caused the crops to fail
comprise	to consist of particular parts, groups etc	The committee is comprised of well-known mountaineers.
break sb in	to help a person get used to a certain way of behaving or working	She's quite new to the job so we're still breaking her in.
attribution	an ascribed quality, character, or right
ameliorate	improve	It is not clear what can be done to ameliorate the situation.
unmet	unmet needs, demands etc have not been dealt with
savvy	영리한, 정통한	savvy consumers
gaffe	an embarrassing mistake made in a social situation or in public
obscure	not well known, very improtant, understandable	The details of his life remain obscure
constraint	restriction
incumbent	현직의, 재직의	the incumbent governor
lump	덩어리	Melt a lump of butter in your frying-pan
generic	일반적인, 포괄적인
venue	a place where an organized meeting, concert etc takes place
indeterminate	impossible to know about definitely or exactly	a girl of indeterminate age
come out	나오다, 출판되다, 발간되다
tempt to	~할 생각이 나게 하다	The new functions wouldn't tempt her to buy it.
turn up	발견하다, 나타나다	Dozens of cats have been turning up dead.
funnel	집중하다, 모으다	His office funneled millions of dollars in secret contributions to the re-election campaign
bear on	관계(영향)가 있다. 효과가 있다, to relate to and possibly influence something	the national policies which bear on these problems
leverage	to provide (as a corporation) or supplement (as money) with leverage	Reusable software is leveraged across many applications.
disguise	to change someone's appearance
dilate	<> contract
commitment	약속, 책임; 헌신, 전념
forgo	삼가하다, 그만두다 (cf. forego)	I had to forgo lunch.
prolong	lengthen	I was trying to think of some way to prolong the conversation
infiltrate	침투하다, 침입하다	Commercialism has been infiltrating universities for the past decade.
deduction	공제, 삭감; 연역
covenant	계약, 서약
miscellanea
harness	utilize	We can harness the power of the wind to generate electricity
robust	strong and healthy; sturdy	The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.
concurrent	existing or happening at the same time; in agreement	The exhibition reflected concurrent developments abroad
pivotal	more important than anything else in a situation, system etc	The talks are pivotal to the success of the country.
equation	균등, 평형; 방정식
orthogonal	직각의, 직교의
plot	a secret plan by a group of people, to do something harmful or illegal	The court heard how she and her lover hatched a plot (=planned a plot) to kill her husband
monetary		objects of little monetary value
abbreviate	shorten	Information technology' is usually abbreviated to 'IT'
allot	to assign as a share or portion	The department has already spent more than its allotted budget.
comply	to conform, to do what you have to do or are asked to do	The newspaper was asked by federal agents for assistance and agreed to comply
aggregate	모으다; 총계의; 총계(총액)	In the aggregate (=as a group or in total) , women outlive men by 7 or more years.
parameter	매개변수	The inquiry has to stay within the parameters laid down by Congress.
coefficient	계수
statutory	fixed or controlled by law	She's below the statutory age for school attendance.
eviction	내쫓김, 축출	The family now faces eviction from their home.
at heart	내심으로는, 실제로는
conducive to	~에 도움이 되는	an environment conducive to learning
outweigh	~보다 중요하다	The benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages.
at the break of dawn	동이 틀때
predecessor		Kennedy's predecessor as president was the war hero Dwight Eisenhower
concierge	아파트관리인 superintendent
turf	to cover an area of land with turf
falter	약해지다, 비틀거리다	The economy is showing signs of faltering
unfold	펼치다, 전개되다	He had watched the drama unfold from a nearby ship
more than ever	더욱더 많이
nomenclature	학술용어
aesthetic	미의, 심미적인	From an aesthetic point of view, it's a nice design
take up	(거처따위를) 정하다, 세우다	He took up the residency in Korea in 1985
illicit (illegal)	불법의, 무허가의	the illicit trade in stolen cattle
on one's behalf/on behalf of sb	~을 위하여, ~을 대신하여	On behalf of everyone here, may I wish you a very happy retirement
draw upon	~을 이용하다, ~에 의지하다	His work draws heavily on learning theories of the 1980s
come(get) to grips with	to understand or deal with something difficult	I've never really got to grips with this new technology
horde	무리, 떼
speechless	unable to speak because you feel very angry, upset etc
tribute	감사의 표시, 기리기위한 것
venue	a place where an organized meeting, concert etc takes place	The first thing to do is book a venue
insurgent	반란자
bolster	지지하다, 보강하다	He is making a bold attempt to bolster the territory's confidence
ammunition	무기, 탄약
fraught with	(문제따위가) 가득한, 따르는	Their marriage has been fraught with difficulties
be subject to	~하기 쉬운; ~할 수밖에 없는, 필요로하는	He is subject to colds; The plan is subject to your approval
take a toll	손해를 끼치다	Years of smoking have taken their toll on his health.
genealogy	the study of the history of families
plank	one of the main features or principles of an argument etc	a plank of an argument/policy/campaign etc
intrigue	~의 호기심(흥미)를 돋우다 (=fascinate)	Other people's houses always intrigued her
splash	To hurl or scatter liquid upon	He splashed cold water on his face
poignant	making you feel sad or full of pity	a poignant reminder of our nation's great sacrifices
insulate	to keep someone apart from particular experiences or influences, especially unpleasant ones	The royal family tried to insulate him from the prying eyes of the media
continuum	연속	All the organisms in an ecosystem are part of an evolutionary continuum
adversity	a situation in which you have a lot of problems that seem to be caused by bad luck	his courage in the face of adversity
insecure	불안정한, 불안한
paranoid
spangle	to cover something with shiny points of light	The city skyline was spangled with lights
come upon	to find or discover something or someone by chance	We came upon a little cottage just on the edge of the wood
chisel	to get money or something else from by deceitful trickery
lean over	~위로 상체를 구부리다
unravel		Detectives are still trying to unravel the mystery surrounding his death
freakish	very unusual and strange, and sometimes frightening
beware	used to warn someone to be careful because something is dangerous	They should beware of making hasty decisions
vigilance	careful attention that you give to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity	the need for increased police vigilance
propensity	성향, 경향	He seems to have a propensity for breaking things
draw on	to use information, experience, knowledge etc for a particular purpose	His work draws heavily on learning theories of the 1980s
disenchant	to free from illusion
in regard of	with regard to = as regards = concerning
decidedly	definitely or in a way that is easily noticed	Cole's style is decidedly more formal than the previous manager's.
advocacy	public support for a course of action or way of doing things
situate		The women have the opportunity to situate their own struggles in a wider historical context.
saturate	soak
co-opt	to make someone a member of a group	She was coopted onto the county education committee
cliché	a trite expression or idea	There is plenty of truth in the cliché that a trouble shared is a trouble halved
status quo	the state of a situation as it is	Will the West use its influence to maintain the status quo and not disrupt the flow of oil?
sustainable	able to continue for a long time	The party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic growth
humane	concerned with human welfare and the alleviation of suffering	the campaign for the humane treatment of criminals
perpetuate	to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time	an education system that perpetuates the divisions in our society
herald	to say publicly that sb or sth will be good or important	When it opened, the hospital was heralded as a new way forward in nursing care
locus	the place where a person or thing is located	The Politburo was the locus of all power in the Soviet Union.
panoptic	파노라마적인
surveillance	감시, 감독	They were under constant close surveillance day and night
interrogate	to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats
expertise		What he's bringing to the company is financial expertise
steep	to have a lot of a particular quality	a town steeped in history
inequitable	not equally fair to everyone	an inequitable distribution of wealth
trickle	똑똑떨어지다, 조금씩 새어나오다
beneficiary	someone who gets advantages from an action or change	The rich were the main beneficiaries of the tax cuts
outlook	what is expected to happen in the future	The outlook for the weekend is unsettled, with periods of heavy rain
credibility		Predictions of economic recovery have now lost all credibility
distress	a troubled or anxious state of mind	The dream had distressed her greatly
idiosyncrasy	an unusual habit or way of behaving that someone has	Luke's behaviour caused his parents great distress
impending (=imminent)	being going to happen very soon	She had a sense of impending disaster
omission		The omission of her name was not a deliberate act
marginalize (=relegate)	to make a person or a group of people unimportant and powerless in an unfair way	Female employees complained of being marginalized by management
illuminate	to make something much clearer and easier to understand	The report illuminated the difficult issues at the heart of science policy.
symmetrical	조화된, 대칭적인 <> asymmetrical
brazen	뻔뻔스러운, 빼짱의	At first I was scared, but as I went on, I became more brazen
overarching	including or influencing every part of something	The crisis gave an overarching justification to the government's policy.
count	to be important or valuable	His overseas results count for nothing
apathy	무관심, 무감정	The campaign failed because of public apathy
dynamics
avenue	a possible way of achieving something	There are many avenues open to researchers
espouse	to support an idea, belief etc, especially a political one	He espoused a variety of scientific, social and political causes
thread	an idea, feeling, or feature that connects the different parts of an explanation, story etc	His mind wandered, and he lost the thread of what she was saying
traction	견인력, 마찰력
plea	an earnest or urgent request	The parents made an emotional plea to their child's kidnappers.
commodify	상품화하다
precept	지침, 계율	basic moral precepts
contest
allegiance	loyalty to a leader, country, belief etc	The people here have strong political allegiances
conform	to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave	HRD has conformed to conventional management philosophy.
linear	involving a series of connected events, ideas etc, that move or progress from one stage to the next	linear thinking
blindly	not thinking about something or trying to understand it	Don't just blindly accept what you are told
discourse	진지한 담론
leeway	여유, 여지	Try to give teenagers more leeway to make their own decisions
undeserved	부당한, 받을만한 가치가 없는	She had an undeserved reputation for rudeness
fuel	to make something, especially something bad, increase or become stronger
bring on	to make something bad or unpleasant happen; to help someone to improve or make progress	Stress can bring on an asthma attack; Teachers have to bring on the bright children and at the same time give extra help to those who need it
patriarchy	가부장적 사회시스템
accountability	책임
disdain	to look on with scorn	Childcare was seen as women's work, and men disdained it
totality	the whole of something	It's essential that we look at the problem in its totality.
multifaceted	다방면에 걸친	a multifaceted campaign to reduce teen pregnancy
eclipse	to make dim or indistinct
rectify	to correct something that is wrong	I did my best to rectify the situation, but the damage was already done
preindustrial
transaction	a business deal or action, such as buying or selling something	The bank charges a fixed rate for each transaction
grow out	싹트다, 생기다
subsistence	생계 livelihood
erode		Repeated exam failure had eroded her confidence.
cast aside	제거하다, 버리다	When Henry became King, he cast aside all his former friends
privatization	the act of privatizing something
dread	to feel anxious or worried about something	universally dreaded voice mailing system
exploitation	the development and use of minerals, forests, oil etc for business or industry
align	to arrange things so that they form a line or are parallel to each other
signify	to represent, mean, or be a sign of something	The image of the lion signified power and strength
beholden	은혜입은, 신세진	I hate feeling beholden to anyone.
steward
play out	happen or pretend to happen	It will be interesting to see how the election plays itself out.
purview	한계, 권한, 영역	This matter comes within the purview of the Department of Health
initiative	the ability to make a decision and a control; an improtant new plan or process	Don't keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative
enfranchise	to give a group of people the right to vote
take into account	고려하다, 참작하다	These figures do not take account of changes in the rate of inflation.
concede	to admit that something is true or correct, although you wish it were not true	I conceded that I had made a number of errors.
rationale	the reasons for a decision, belief etc
impinge on(against)	to have a harmful effect on someone or something	Personal problems experienced by students may impinge on their work
constriction	to make something narrower or tighter	Fear of crime constricts many people's lives
betterment	improvement, especially in someone's social and economic position	social change for the betterment of society as a whole
channel	to control and direct sth or sb	Women were channeled into personnel roles.
humanitarian		He was released from prison on humanitarian grounds.
preclude	to prevent something or make something impossible	Age alone will not preclude him from standing as a candidate.
hospitable		The local people were very kind and hospitable
bargain	to discuss the conditions of a sale, agreement etc	workers bargaining for better pay
overt	명백한, 공개된 <> covert	Overt race discrimination is illegal
implicate	to cause to appear involved in or guilty of a crime or fault	Viruses are known to be implicated in the development of some cancers
composition	구성, 구조, 성질	The composition of the group that is studied depends on the interests of the researcher.
allot	to assign as a share or portion	The department has already spent more than its allotted budget
credential	자격증명, 신임하다
account	explain; reason
aspiration	a strong desire to have or achieve something	a high level of political aspiration
dearth	a lack of something	a dearth of job opportunities
befit	to be proper or suitable for someone or something	As befits a castle of such national importance, there are many stories connected with its history.
proclivity	성향, 기질	The child showed no proclivity towards aggression
glass ceiling	승진 최상한선
affirmative	확언적인, 매우 긍정적인	"I will" is an affirmative
deter	to stop someone from doing something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results	The security camera was installed to deter people from stealing.
as a whole	전반적으로, 전체적으로	This project will be of great benefit to the region as a whole.
sparse	희박한, 드문
day to day	day-to-day jobs or activities are ones that you do every day as a normal part of your life, your job etc	The manager is responsible for the day-to-day running of the hotel.
subsume	포함하다	A wide range of offences are usually subsumed under the category of robbery.
dilute	to make a quality, belief etc weaker or less effective	an attempt to dilute the proposals
cross reference	a note that tells the reader of a book to go to another place in the book, to get further information
the exercise of sth	the use of a power or right	the exercise of political leadership
oppressive	powerful, cruel, and unfair
hegemony	a situation in which one state or country controls others
high profile	something that is high profile is noticed by many people or gets a lot of attention	The star has a high profile in Britain.
groom	to prepare someone for an important job or position in society by training them over a long period	Tim was being groomed for a managerial position
heuristic	helping you in the process of learning or discovery
construe	to understand a remark or action in a particular way	The term can be construed in two different ways.
mitigate (=alleviate)	to make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious	Measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal
mobility	the ability to move easily from one job, area, or social class to another	There is greater mobility of labour (=movement of workers) between jobs and areas
packet		a packet of envelopes
can't hack sth	to feel that you cannot continue to do something that is difficult or boring.	I can't hack reviewing these numrous articles.
hairy-chested	characterized by especially exaggerated or stereotypical manliness
backlash	a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events	The 1970s saw the first backlash against the emerging women's movement
herald	보도하다, 예고하다
pluralism	다문화 공존 주의
against the grain	if something goes against the grain, it is not what you would naturally or normally do	Mary is always honest and it went against the grain to tell lies
mire	a bad or difficult situation that you cannot seem to escape from	The Party sank deeper into the mire of conflict.
reconcile	if you reconcile two ideas, situations, or facts, you find a way in which they can both be true or acceptable	Bevan tried to reconcile British socialism with a wider international vision
grapple	to try hard to deal with or understand something difficult	The Government has to grapple with the problem of unemployment
arduous	involving a lot of strength and effort	the arduous task of loading all the boxes into the van
permeate	to spread or diffuse through	Racism continues to permeate our society
objectionable	unpleasant and likely to offend people = offensive	This programe contains scenes some viewers may find objectionable
pigeonhole	to assign to an often restrictive category = classify
outpace	~보다 빠르다, 앞서다, 능가하다	Job openings were outpacing the supply of qualified workers
deplete	to reduce the amount of something that is present or available	Salmon populations have been severely depleted
in favor of	~을 위하여, ~에 편들어	I talked to Susie about it, and she's all in favor (=completely approves) of going.
demonstrate	to show or prove something clearly
skew	비스듬한, 비뚤어진, 왜곡된	These assumptions about Communism skewed American foreign policy for decades.
covet	몹시 탐내다, 갈망하다	The Michelin Awards are coveted by restaurants all over the world
viable	a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully	The committee came forward with one viable solution
interrogate	to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats
horizon	the limit of your ideas, knowledge, and experience	a course of study that will broaden your horizons
fetch	to go and get something or someone and bring them back	Fetch me some coffee while you're up
retain	유지하다, 존속시키다	The state wants to retain control of food imports
tenet	a principle or belief, especially one that is part of a larger system of beliefs	one of the basic tenets of democracy
rubric	a set of instructions or an explanation in a book, examination paper
asymmetric	균형잡히지 않은, 비대칭의
repertoire	레파토리	The group include some techno in their repertoire
culpable	비난받을만한, 과실있는	Both parties were held to be to some extent culpable
unscathed	not injured or harmed by something	The government was relatively unscathed by the scandal
atrocity	an extremely cruel and violent action
hand in hand	if two things go hand in hand, they are closely connected	Wealth and power go hand in hand in most societies.
philanthropic	인정많은, 박애의
penchant	경향, 기호
coin	a different or opposite way of thinking about something, but is closely related	Making the rules is only part of it. How the rules are carried out is the other side of the coin.
at a minimum	used to say that if nothing else is done, this one thing should be done	At a minimum, we must recruit two new teachers
go a long way toward	성공하다; 쓸모가 있다	ideas that go a long way towards reducing environmental problems
in respect of	with regard to = as regards = concerning
trivial	not serious, important, or valuable
institutional	institutional attitudes and behaviour have existed for a long time in an organization and have become accepted as normal even though they are bad
by no means	결코 ~이 아니다	It is by no means certain that the game will take place
in return	as payment or reward for something	He is always helping people without expecting anything in return
draw on	to use part of a supply of something
whereby	by means of which or according to which	a proposal whereby EU citizens would be allowed to reside anywhere in the EU
codify	to arrange laws, principles, facts etc in a system
jargon	은어, 전문용어
overarch	지배하다
revolve around	to have something as a main subject or purpose	Jane's life revolves around her children
determinant	something that strongly influences what you do or how you behave	Social class is a major determinant of consumer spending patterns.
gimmick	속임수, 트릭
interdependent		countries with interdependent economies
substantiate	to prove the truth of something that someone has said, claimed etc	Katzen offered little evidence to substantiate his claims
wallow	~에 빠지다, 탐님하다	He'd been feeling sorry for himself, wallowing in self-pity.
heuristic	helping you in the process of learning or discovery
patron	보호자, 후원자, 지지자; 단골손님
outreach	the extending of services or assistance beyond current or usual limits	outreach centers for drug addicts
suggestive of	similar to something	Her symptoms are suggestive of a panic disorder.
pose	to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc	The events pose a challenge to the church's leadership
turbulent	격한, 사나운	the turbulent times of the French Revolution
resonate	if something resonates, it seems important or good to people, or continues to do this	an idea that resonates with many voters
slippery	미끄러운;이해하기 어려운, 믿기 어려운	the slippery notion of 'standards'
luminary	유명인, 지도자, 선각자	luminaries of Parisian society
glean	to find out information slowly and with difficulty	Additional information was gleaned from other sources.
infer	to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have	A lot can be inferred from these statistics.
proxy	대리인, 대리
in concert	together	It appeared that both the accused were acting in concert in the attack upon the deceased.
relent (=give in)	to change your attitude and become less strict or cruel towards someone	At last her father relented and came to visit her
camaraderie	a feeling of friendship that a group of people have, especially when they work together	the camaraderie of the women's basketball team
squelch (=squash)	to stop something from continuing to develop or spread	Her creativity had been squelched.
wiggle	(좌우 혹은 위아래로) 흔들다, 움직이다.	Henry wiggled his toes.
cohort	한패거리, 동료, 지지자	Mark and his cohorts eventually emerged from the studio
devastate	to make someone feel extremely shocked and sad	Rob was devastated by the news of her death.
vulnerable	a place, thing, or idea that is vulnerable is easy to attack or criticize	Their theories were badly thought out and very vulnerable to ridicule.
discretion	the ability and right to decide exactly what should be done in a particular situation	The committee has the absolute discretion to refuse applications.
outperform	to be more successful than someone or something else	Stocks generally outperform other investments
onlooker	someone who watches something happening without being involved in it	A crowd of onlookers had gathered at the scene of the accident.
condescend	to behave as if you think you are better, more intelligent, or more important than other people - used to show disapproval	Take care not to condescend to your readers
inanimate	not living
predominance	the condition or fact of being dominant
utmost	the greatest possible importance etc	Baldwin treated the matter with the utmost seriousness.
insensitive	not paying attention to what is happening or to what people are saying, and therefore not changing your behaviour because of it	Companies that are insensitive to global changes will lose sales.
amass	if you amass money, knowledge, information etc, you gradually collect a large amount of it	For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.
prudent	sensible and careful, especially by trying to avoid unnecessary risks	It might be prudent to get a virus detector for the network.
distill	to get the main ideas or facts from a much larger amount of information	The notes I had brought back were waiting to be distilled into a book.
intersubjective	involving or occurring between separate conscious minds
interpretive	relating to, explaining, or understanding the meaning of something	Reading is an interpretative process.
elucidate	to explain something that is difficult to understand by providing more information	The full picture has not yet been elucidated
connotation	a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning	The word 'professional' has connotations of skill and excellence.
aftermath	something brought about by a cause	the danger of disease in the aftermath of the earthquake
imperative	extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately	It is imperative to meet face to face with the client.
intrusion	when someone does something or something happens that affects your private life or activities in an unwanted way	I resented this intrusion into my domestic affairs.
novelty	the quality of being new, unusual, and interesting	It was fun for a while, but the novelty wore off
accustom	to make yourself or another person become used to a situation or place	It took a while for me to accustom myself to all the new rules and regulations.
ontology	a subject of study in philosophy that is concerned with the nature of existence
salient	noticeable, remarkable, conspicuous, prominent, eye-catching	the salient points of the report
remiss	careless because you did not do something that you ought to have done	It was remiss of the social services not to notify the police
abjure (=renounce)	to state publicly that you will give up a particular belief or way of behaving
knowable	capable of being readily understood
creed	a set of beliefs or principles	Marxism has never been weaker as a political creed
manipulative	clever at controlling or deceiving people to get what you want	She was sly, selfish, and manipulative
thereto	relating to an agreement, piece of writing, or thing that has just been mentioned	the treaty and any conditions attaching thereto
incur	to become liable or subject to	If the council loses the appeal, it will incur all the legal costs.
posture	the way you behave or think in a particular situation	He tends to adopt a defensive posture towards new ideas.
absurdity	foolish behavior
pale	엷은; 창백한
encompass	to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc	The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.
converge	come together	The two rivers converge into one near Pittsburgh.
proponent	제의자; 지지자	Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women's rights.
flaw	defect, crack	Beautiful scenery does not make up for the flaws of this film
laden	having a lot of a particular quality, thing etc	She was laden with doubts about the affair.
inductive	using known facts to produce general principles
dyad	pair, specifically two individuals (as husband and wife) maintaining a sociologically significant relationship
fuse	to combine different qualities, ideas, or things, or to be combined	We intend to fuse the companies into a single organization
elicit	to succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone	The test uses pictures to elicit words from the child
hermeneutic
dialectic	변증법의, 상극의
primacy	if someone or something has primacy, they are the best or most important person or thing	We must give primacy to education
myriad	very many	We were plagued by a myriad tiny flies
anguish	mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or worry	the anguish of not knowing what had happened to her
agony	very severe pain	He groaned in agony
afflict	to affect someone or something in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer	a country afflicted by famine
preconceive	미리 생각하다. 예상하다
in light of	~의 견지에서, ~로 비추어보아
as concerns	~에 대해서	as concerns him
come about	발생하다, 일어나다 (happen)
hold open	열어두다
stem from	to develop as a result of something else	His headaches stemmed from vision problems.
aforementioned	앞서 말한, 전술한	The property belongs to the aforementioned Mr Jones.
instigate	to make a process start, especially one relating to law or politics	Charles instigated a programme of reforms.
groundbreaking	groundbreaking work involves making new discoveries, using new methods etc	groundbreaking research
blur	something that you cannot see or remember clearly	The days before the accident were a blur.
futile (=pointless)	actions that are futile are useless because they have no chance of being successful	My efforts to go back to sleep proved futile.
gauge	to judge how people feel about something or what they are likely to do	I looked at Chris, trying to gauge his reaction.
bisectional	in a dividing into two usually equal parts
truism	a statement that is clearly true, so that there is no need to say it	His speech was just a collection of clichés and truisms
inclusive	including a wide variety of people, things etc	Not everyone shares his vision of an inclusive America
permeable	침투될수 있는, 투과될수 있는
intractable	an intractable problem is very difficult to deal with, solve, or control	the seemingly intractable problem of human greed
vernacular	a form of a language that ordinary people use, especially one that is not the official language	Galileo wrote in the vernacular to reach a larger audience
entrench	strongly established and not likely to change - often used to show disapproval	a deeply entrenched belief in male superiority
coincide	if two people's ideas, opinions etc coincide, they are the same	The cloth had a natural look which coincided perfectly with the image
exhortation	간곡한 권고, 설득	Police exhorted the crowd to remain calm.
credential	something that gives a title to credit or confidence
sanction	(법적, 사회적) 구속, 제재; 인가, 허가	The UN security council may impose economic sanctions .
collegial	collegiate
oversight	a mistake in which you forget something or do not notice something	I assure you that this was purely an oversight on my part
aversion	a strong dislike of something or someone, =hatred	I have an aversion to housework
counterproductive	achieving the opposite result to the one that you want	Sending young offenders to prison can be counterproductive
extrapolate	to use facts about the present or about one thing or group to make a guess about the future or about other things or groups	It is possible to extrapolate future developments from current trends
connote (<> denote)	if a word connotes something, it makes you think of qualities and ideas that are more than its basic meaning	The word 'plump' connotes cheerfulness
pare	to cut off the outer layer of something, using a sharp knife	Pare the rind from the fruit
comprise	to consist of particular parts, groups etc	The committee is comprised of well-known mountaineers.
recast	to give something a new shape or a new form of organization	an attempt to recast the statement in less formal language
amorphous	having no definite shape or features	an amorphous mass of twisted metal
overdone	cooked too much (<> underdone)	The beef was overdone
cohesive	uniting things or people	Historically, sport has been a cohesive force in international relations
coalition	연합, 합동	a coalition of environmental groups
cornerstone	something that is extremely important because everything else depends on it	The magazine became the cornerstone of McFadden's publishing
scant	not enough (=scanty)	They produce goods with scant regard for quality
placate	to make someone stop feeling angry (=appease)	These changes did little to placate the unions
plethora	a very large number of something, usually more than you need	a plethora of suggestions
corroborate	to provide information that supports or helps to prove someone else's statement, idea etc	Experiments elsewhere corroborate these results.
precarious	a precarious situation or state is one which may very easily or quickly become worse	the company's precarious financial position
faddish	일시적인 유행의, 유행을 좇는
portend	to be a sign that something is going to happen, especially something bad	The riot may portend that a new civil war will break out
demise	the end of something that used to exist	the imminent demise (=happening soon) of the local newspaper
expedient	helping you to deal with a problem quickly and effectively although sometimes in a way that is not morally right	This solution is politically expedient but may well cause long-term problems.
override	to be regarded as more important than something else	The needs of the mother should not override the needs of the child.
decidedly	definitely, unquestionably	Cole's style is decidedly more formal than the previous manager's.
surmise	to guess that something is true, using the information you know already	When he came in, he didn't look up, so she surmised that he was in a bad mood
subsume	to include someone or something as a member of a group or type, rather than considering it separately	A wide range of offences are usually subsumed under the category of robbery
cumulative	increasing gradually as more of something is added or happens	Depression is often caused by the cumulative effects of stress and overwork.
synthesis (=combination)	something that has been made by combining different things, or the process of combining things	a synthesis of Eastern and Western philosophical ideas
calibrate	to check or slightly change an instrument or tool, so that it does something correctly
hallmark	an idea, method, or quality that is typical of a particular person or thing	Accuracy is a hallmark of good scholarship
panacea	cure-all	There is no panacea for the country's economic problems
utterance	something you say	Politicians are judged by their public utterances
institutional	institutional attitudes and behaviour have existed for a long time in an organization and have become accepted as normal even though they are bad	accusations of institutional racism in the police force
guise	the way someone or something appears to be, which hides the truth or is only temporary	They operated a drug-smuggling business under the guise of an employment agency.
trilogy	a series of three plays, books etc that are about the same people or subject	part 2 of a trilogy
presuppose	assume	Your argument presupposes that Dickens was a social reformer
normative	describing or establishing a set of rules or standards of behaviour	normative guidelines for senators
underprivileged	very poor, with worse living conditions, educational opportunities etc than most people in society	underprivileged children
thrust	the main meaning or aim of what someone is saying or doing	the main thrust of the government's education policy
point by point	일일이, 하나하나
propagate	to spread an idea, belief etc to many people	The group launched a website to propagate its ideas
abhor	to hate a kind of behaviour or way of thinking	I abhor discrimination of any kind
dissident	someone who publicly criticizes the government in a country where this is punished	a prominent political dissident
palliative	something done to make a bad situation seem better, but which does not solve the problem	short-term economic palliatives
coalition	a group of people who join together to achieve a particular purpose, usually a political one	a coalition of environmental groups
apparatus	the way in which a lot of people are organized to work together to do a job or control a company or country	The state apparatus has become corrupt.
inscribe	to carefully cut, print, or write words on something	Inside the cover someone had inscribed the words 'To Thomas, with love'
rhetorical	of or relating to the art of public speaking	a speech full of rhetorical phrases
transitional	relating to a period during which something is changing from one state or form into another	a transitional period during the switch to the Euro
inception	the start of an organization or institution	a CD collection covering the band from its inception in 1994
allusion	something said or written that mentions a subject, person etc indirectly	In his poetry we find many allusions to the human body.
truism	a statement that is clearly true, so that there is no need to say it	His speech was just a collection of clichés and truisms.
subtext	a hidden or second meaning behind someone's words or actions	What's the subtext here? What's the writer really saying?
uphold	to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist	a committee that aims to uphold educational standards
destabilize	to make something become less successful or powerful, or less able to control events	an attempt to destabilize the government
grandiose	grandiose plans sound very important or impressive, but are not practical	grandiose schemes of urban renewal
nihilism	the belief that nothing has any meaning or value
discursive	discussing many different ideas, facts etc, without always having a clear purpose
eschew	to deliberately avoid doing or using something	I had eschewed politics in favour of a life practising law.
obfuscate	to deliberately make something unclear or difficult to understand
hegemonic	the social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence exerted by a dominant group
veer	to change direction	This latest proposal appears to veer in the direction of Democratic ideals
trudge	to walk with slow heavy steps, especially because you are tired or it is difficult to walk	We trudged home through the snow.
impetuous (=impulsive)	tending to do things very quickly, without thinking carefully first, or showing this quality	She might live to regret this impetuous decision.
poise	to put or hold something in a carefully balanced position, especially above something else	He poised the bottle over her glass. 'More wine?'
shepherd	to lead or guide a group of people somewhere	The tour guides shepherded the rest of the group onto the bus
standpoint	viewpoint
relegate	to give someone or something a less important position than before	Women tended to be relegated to typing and filing jobs
disavow	to deny responsibility for; to refuse to acknowledge or accept
repress	억제하다, 억누르다	He had long ago repressed the painful memories of his childhood.
ever-present	항상 존재하는
seminal	seminal article, book etc is important, and influences the way things develop in the future
intermittent	stopping and starting often and for short periods = sporadic	The weather forecast is for sun, with intermittent showers.
communal	공동의, 공유의
vicarious	experienced by watching or reading about someone else doing something, rather than by doing it yourself	the vicarious pleasure that parents get from their children's success
introspect	자기반성하다, 내성하다
unearth	uncover	The inquiry unearthed some disturbing evidence
transcendence	초월, 탁월
interminable	very long and boring (=endless)	an interminably long speech
indeterminacy	불확실성
grapple	to try hard to deal with or understand something difficult	The Government has to grapple with the problem of unemployment
legitimation	합법화, 정당화
orient	to give a lot of attention to one type of activity or one type of person	A course that is oriented towards the needs of businessmen
supersede	replace	Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases
dialectic	a method of examining and discussing ideas in order to find the truth, in which two opposing ideas are compared in order to find a solution that includes them both
confer	to discuss something with other people, so that everyone can express their opinions and decide on something	Franklin leant over and conferred with his attorneys
coherent	if a piece of writing, set of ideas etc is coherent, it is easy to understand because it is clear and reasonable	He sounded coherent, but he was too ill to have any idea what he was saying
signpost	푯말, 길잡이, 지침	As yet, there are few signposts pointing to success
intimately	very closely	The two aspects are intimately connected.
node	a place where lines in a network cross or join
herein	여기에	Herein lies a problem
heartbeat	a brief space of time	Things can change in a heartbeat
tectonic	구조의; having a strong and widespread impact
encompass	to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc	The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation
infinite	without limits in space or time; very great in amount or degree	The universe is infinite; a woman of infinite patience
interplay	the way in which two people or things affect each other	the interplay between military and civilian populations
wholly	completely	The report claimed that the disaster was wholly unavoidable
undergird	to make secure underneath (support, strengthen)
lateral	relating to positions, jobs, relationships etc that are at the same level or rank	Employees can expect lateral moves to different departments, to gain experience
at most	기껏해야, 고작해야, 많아야	There were at most 50 people in the audience
ensue	to happen after or as a result of something	problems that ensue from food and medical shortages
typology	유형학
gradient (=grade)	a slope or a degree of slope
astute	able to understand situations or behaviour very well and very quickly	As early as 1915, G. I. Taylor had made astute observations on the structure of atmospheric turbulence
fetish	맹목적인 애호, 광신
pink slip	해고통지서, 해고하다	He'll get a pink slip
leash	개끈, 통제	Marcus keeps you on a short leash, does he?
widget	대표적인 제품, 이런저런 제품	Company A produces 6000 widgets a month at a unit price of $0.33
contingent	depending on something that may happen in the future	Further investment is contingent upon the company's profit performance
contingent worker	임시고용인, 임시고용노동자
seductive	유혹하는, 매력적인	the seductive power of advertising
ulcer	a sore area on your skin or inside your body	stomach ulcers
shade	그늘, 어두움; 그늘지게 하다
incapable	not able to do something	He seemed incapable of understanding how she felt
doom	나쁜 운명; 나쁘게 운명짓다	The plan was doomed from the start
dissonance	불협화음 (<> harmony, consonance)
deviance	일탈, 편차치
skim	to read something quickly to find the main facts or ideas in it	Julie skimmed the sports page
exuberant	happy and full of energy and excitement	an exuberant personality
allude (to)	to mention something or someone indirectly	Rick didn't want to discuss his past, though he alluded darkly to 'some bad things that happened.'
accusation	고소, 고발, 비난	The main accusation levelled against him was that he tried to avoid military service
be entwined with	to be closely connected with something in a complicated way	Our views of leadership are entwined with ideas of heroism.
connotation	a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning	The word 'professional' has connotations of skill and excellence
admissible	admissible reasons, facts etc are acceptable or allowed
tenet	a principle or belief, especially one that is part of a larger system of beliefs	one of the basic tenets of democracy
compatible	양립할수 있는, 모순이 없는, 호환성이 있는	Stephen's political views often weren't compatible with her own
stratify	to divide into separate social classes	The Indian caste system is an example of social stratification
egalitarian	평등주의, 평등주의자
quasi	반, 유사, 준	a quasi-scientific approach
end up	to be in a particular situation, state, or place after a series of events, especially when you did not plan it	He came round for a coffee and we ended up in bed together.
obliterate	지우다, 없애다, 말소하다	Nothing could obliterate the memory of those tragic events
collective	shared or made by every member of a group or society	our collective responsibility for the environment
circumscribe	to limit power, rights, or abilities = restrict	The President's power is circumscribed by Congress and the Supreme Court
equivocate	to avoid giving a clear or direct answer to a question
complicity	involvement in a crime, together with other people	His complicity with the former government had led to his downfall
intact	not broken, damaged, or spoiled	His reputation survived intact
transgress	넘다, 어기다, 위반하다, 범하다	Orton's plays transgress accepted social norms
decree	율령, 포고, 판결	The Emperor issued the decree repealing martial law
swift	happening or done quickly and immediately	They were swift to deny the accusations
relentless	strict, cruel, or determined, without ever stopping	a regime that was relentless in its persecution of dissidents
wherein	in which place or part	Wherein lies the difference between conservatism and liberalism?
courtship	구애, 구혼
exile	국외추방, 망명	He spent many years in enforced exile
mundane	ordinary and not interesting or exciting	The mundane task of setting the table can be fun on holidays
first and foremost	가장먼저
stranglehold	complete control over a situation, organization etc	Just a few firms have a stranglehold on the market for this software.
subvert	(체제, 권위등) 타도하다, 멸망시키다, 파괴하다	an attempt to subvert the democratic process
disjunction	a difference between two things that you would expect to be in agreement	a disjunction between the skills taught in schools and the skills demanded by employers
irrespective of	regardless of	The course is open to anyone, irrespective of age.
prerogative	특권	Arriving late is a woman's prerogative
disparity	불균형, 불일치 <> parity	We are still seeing a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women
provocation	an action or event that makes someone angry or upset, or is intended to do this	Julie has a tendency to burst into tears at the slightest provocation
comment	an opinion that you express about someone or something = remark
enunciate	to express an idea clearly and exactly	ideas that Darwin was to enunciate decades later
solidarity	결속, 단결, 연대책임	I come before you today to express my solidarity with the people of New York.
precipitate (=hasten)	to make something serious happen suddenly or more quickly than was expected	The riot was precipitated when four black men were arrested.
offhand	즉석에서, 무심코, 준비없이	an offhand remark
obtrusive	noticeable in an unpleasant or annoying way <> unobtrusive	The waiters were friendly and not obtrusive
monopolize	독점하다	The company has monopolized the soft drinks market
miraculous	기적적인, 놀라운	She made a miraculous recovery from her injuries
seep	새다, 뚝뚝떨어지다; to move or spread gradually	His tension was seeping away
topical	a subject that is topical is interesting because it is important at the present time	a new TV comedy dealing with topical issues
touchstone	something used as a test or standard	Pupil behaviour was seen as 'the touchstone of quality' of the school system.
signify	의미하다, 나타내다	The image of the lion signified power and strength
baffle	if something baffles you, you cannot understand or explain it at all	The question baffled me completely
regime	제도, 정권, 체제
subjugate (to)	to defeat a person or group and make them obey you	Her own needs had been subjugated to (=not considered as important as) the needs of her family.
forfeit	to lose a right, position, possession etc or have it taken away from you because you have broken a law or rule ; (권리 혹은 명예의) 박탈, 상실	She was fined £3,000 and ordered to forfeit her car
ingenuous	솔직담백한, 꾸밈없는
hysteria	a situation in which a lot of people feel fear, anger, or excitement, which makes them behave in an unreasonable way	Since the General's death, the population has been gripped by mass hysteria
amplify	to explain something that you have said by giving more information about it	Would you care to amplify that remark?
altruistic	<> egoistic, selfish	Were his motives entirely altruistic?
buy into	to accept that an idea is right and allow it to influence you	I never bought into this idea that you have to be thin to be attractive
thrive on	to enjoy or be successful in a particular situation	I wouldn't want that much pressure, but she seems to thrive on it
ploy	a clever and dishonest way of tricking someone so that you can get an advantage	His usual ploy is to pretend he's ill.
poignant	making you feel sad or full of pity	a poignant reminder of our nation's great sacrifices
constituent	one of the substances or things that combine to form something	Sodium is one of the constituents of salt
spell	a period of a particular kind of activity, weather, illness etc, usually a short period	After a brief spell in the army, I returned to teaching
oblique	indirect	an oblique reference to his drinking problem
shortfall	the difference between the amount you have and the amount you need or expect	Parents have been asked to pay £30 each to cover the shortfall in the budget
reprehensible	reprehensible behaviour is very bad and deserves criticism	I find their behaviour morally reprehensible
heroic	extremely brave or determined, and admired by many people
inversion	역, 전도, 반전
plurality	a large number of different things	the plurality of factors affecting the election
ledger	회계장부
immense	enormous, extremely large	Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone
surveillance	감시, 감독	The suspects were kept under surveillance
attrition	the process of gradually destroying your enemy or making them weak by attacking them continuously
glimmer	a small sign of something such as hope or understanding; a light that is not very bright	a glimmer of hope for the future
antipathy	반감, 혐오	a growing antipathy towards the government
commensurate	matching something in size, quality, or length of time	Salary will be commensurate with age and experience.
epitomize	to be a very typical example of something	This building epitomizes the spirit of the nineteenth century.
hinge on	if a result hinges on something, it depends on it completely	His political future hinges on the outcome of this election
devolve	if you devolve responsibility, power etc to a person or group at a lower level, it is given to them	Half of the cost of the study will devolve upon the firm
exert	to use your power, influence etc in order to make something happen	Environmental groups are exerting pressure on the government to tighten pollution laws.
twofold	having two important parts; two times as much or as many of something	The benefits of the scheme are twofold
schematic	showing the main parts of something in a simple way	a schematic diagram of DNA
denote	connote; indicate	Crosses on the map denote villages
decipher	해독하다, 판독하다
gibberish	something you write or say that has no meaning, or is very difficult to understand
treacherous	배반하는, 기대에 어긋나는; 불안정한, 위험한	a treacherous plot to overthrow the leader
sly	교활한, 속이는
enamor	반하게 하다, 애호하다 (주로 수동형으로)	They are enamored of their youngest daughter.
idiosyncratic	특유의, 색다른
matrix	a situation from which a person or society can grow and develop	a cultural matrix
foreclose	if a bank forecloses, it takes away someone's property because they have failed to pay back the money that they borrowed from the bank to buy it	Building societies may foreclose on a mortgage if payments are not kept up
outright	clear and direct; complete and total	an outright ban on the sale of tobacco
disgruntle	기분상하게 하다, 불만품게하다	They were a very disgruntled crew
inadvertent	accidental, unintentional	inadvertent exposure to chemicals
advertent	주의깊은 heedful, careful
vigilant	경계하고 있는, 조심성있는	Please remain vigilant at all times and report anything suspicious
explicate	to explain an idea in detail	It is essentially a simple notion, but explicating it is difficult
conflate	to combine two or more things to form a single new thing	He conflates two images from Kipling's short stories in the film
forge ahead	to make progress, especially quickly	Jo's forging ahead with her plans to write a film script.
intelligible	if speech, writing, or an idea is intelligible, it can be easily understood	The report needs to be intelligible to the client.
binary	double; 2진법
untold	used to emphasize that an amount or quantity is very large	The floods have caused untold misery to hundreds of homeowners
impetus (cf. impetuous)	an influence that makes something happen or makes it happen more quickly	The discovery gave fresh impetus to the research.
abyss	a very dangerous or frightening situation; a very big difference that separates two people or groups	the gaping abyss between these grand buildings and my own miserable home
forefront	맨앞, 선두; 중요한 위치	The company has always been at the forefront of science and technology.
myriad	very many	We were plagued by a myriad tiny flies
wholesale	affecting almost everything or everyone, and often done without any concern for the results	This company will not be successful until there are wholesale changes
demystify	to make a subject that seems difficult or complicated easier to understand, especially by explaining it in simpler language	This book attempts to demystify the male worlds of plumbing and carpentry.
labyrinthine	something that is very complicated and difficult to understand	Decisions are frequently delayed in the labyrinth of Whitehall committees
glare	노려보다; 섬광, 눈부신 빛	He glared round the room as if expecting a challenge.
cardinal	추기경; 홍학; very important basic	Having clean hands is one of the cardinal rules when preparing food
eminence	an important, influential person or position	a scientist of great eminence
commentator	someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, and who writes about it or discusses it on the television or radio
fraught	full of problems etc	Their marriage has been fraught with difficulties
blurry	더러워진, 흐릿한
derail	to spoil or interrupt a plan, agreement etc	a mistake that might derail the negotiations
psychiatrist	정신과의사
apprise	to tell or give someone information about something	The district chairman was fully apprised of all the details.
creep in(into)	to gradually enter something and change it	Funny how religion is creeping into the environmental debate.
stellar	extremely good	McKellen gave a stellar performance
stigma	치욕, 오점	The stigma of alcoholism makes it difficult to treat
outnumber	to be more in number than another group	In nursing, women still outnumber men by four to one
abrasive	rude or unkind	She was a tough girl with rather an abrasive manner
gruelling	very difficult and tiring	The cast took a break from their gruelling schedule.
cast doubt on	to make people feel less certain about something	Her documentary casts serious doubt on Gilligan's conviction
strain	stress; to try very hard to do something using all your strength or ability	She was straining to keep her head above the water
sounding board	someone you discuss your ideas with in order to see if they think your ideas are good
partaker	분담자, 관계자
procrastinate	to delay doing something that you ought to do, usually because you do not want to do it	People often procrastinate when it comes to paperwork.
leave out	to not include someone or something	She outlined the case to him, being careful not to leave anything out
shed light on	to make something easier to understand, by providing new or better information	Recent research has shed light on the causes of the disease
jump off	~을 시작하다
attentive	listening to or watching someone carefully because you are interested	Customers want companies that are attentive to their needs.
jolt	a sudden shock or movement	It jolted me into making the decision to quit
haphazard	happening or done in a way that is not planned or organized	Educational provision in the country is haphazard
erroneous	잘못된, 틀린	His economic predictions are based on some erroneous assumptions
caveat	a warning that something may not be completely true, effective etc	She will be offered treatment, with the caveat that it may not work.
pertain	to relate directly to something	legislation pertaining to employment rights
reprimand	(공식적인) 비난	The military court reprimanded him for failing to do his duty
payoff	수익, 이익	With electric cars there is a big environmental payoff
relapse	to become ill again after you have seemed to improve	We were afraid he might relapse into a coma.
nomological	relating to or expressing basic physical laws or rules of reasoning
karma	숙명; 특징적인 분위기	The house had a lot of bad karma.
ebb	썰물
flux	a situation in which things are changing a lot and you cannot be sure what will happen	The education system is still in a state of flux
asynchronous	not happening at the same time or work at the same speed
heed	to pay attention to something, especially something someone says, and seriously consider it	The government was taking little heed of these threats.
crux	the most important part of a problem, question, argument etc	The crux of the matter is how do we prevent a flood occurring again?
predominant	more powerful, more common, or more easily noticed than others	In this painting, the predominant colour is black
boot camp	a navy or marine corps camp for basic training
monastery	(남성의) 수도원, 사원
contemplate	consider	Jack went on vacation to contemplate his future
accountable (to, for)	responsible for the effects of your actions and willing to explain or be criticized for them	Managers must be accountable for their decisions
onus	the responsibility for something	The onus is on the prosecution to provide proof of guilt
fortitude	꿋꿋함, 의연함	Winnie is a woman of quiet fortitude who has endured a lot of suffering
incur	초래하다	the heavy losses incurred by airlines since September 11th
discrete	clearly separate	The change happens in a series of discrete steps
in-service	현직의, 재직중의
discrepancy	불일치, 모순	Police found discrepancies in the two men's reports
abound	많이 있다, 풍부하다	The forests abound with deer, birds and squirrels.
low-lying	저지대의, 낮은	Vast areas of low-lying land have been flooded.
ambient	the temperature etc of the surrounding area
rater	평가자, 측정자
iterative	되풀이하는, 반복하는
vice versa	거꾸로, 역으로	The boys may refuse to play with the girls, and vice versa.
certitude (=certainty)	the state of being or feeling certain about something
circularity	원형, 순환
stipulate	state (규정하다), if an agreement, law, or rule stipulates something, it must be done	Laws stipulate the maximum interest rate that banks can charge.
interrogative	의문의, 질문의
typify	to be a typical example of something	non-violent protest, typified by Gandhi
informant	정보제공자, 밀고자
detrimental	해로운	Smoking is detrimental to your health
confound	to confuse and surprise people by being unexpected	His amazing recovery confounded the medical specialists
introspection	a reflective looking inward
complement	someone or something that emphasizes the good qualities of another person or thing	This wine would be a nice complement to grilled dishes.
composite	혼합의, 합성의	The author builds up a useful composite picture of contemporary consumer culture
conduce	(좋은결과로) 이끌다, 공헌하다 (to, toward)	Rest conduces to health
saturation	when an event or person is given so much attention by newspapers, television etc that everyone has heard about it	The trial was given saturation coverage by the press
hedge	둘러싸이다, 제한하다, 속박하다	The building was hedged in by trees
magnitude	the great size or importance of something	We did not think the cuts would be of this magnitude.
sensitize	to give someone some experience or knowledge of a particular problem or situation so that they can notice it and understand it easily	Volunteers need to be sensitized to the cultural differences they will meet in African countries.
locus	the place where something is particularly known to exist, or which is the centre of something	The Politburo was the locus of all power in the Soviet Union
complimentary	given free to people; saying that you admire someone or something
superordinate	superior in rank, class, or status
for sure	확실히, 틀림없이 (for certain)	No one knows for sure what really happened
tireless	working very hard in a determined way without stopping	the tireless efforts of the rescue workers
outgoings	the money that you have to spend regularly, for example on rent or food
steer clear of	to avoid someone or something unpleasant or difficult	Jo tried to steer clear of political issues
undeniable	definitely true or certain	undeniable proof
envoy	밀사, 사절 (=emissary)
prosperous	rich and successful
remind sb of sth	to make someone remember someone that they know or something that happened in the past	That song always reminds me of our first date.
smooth over	to get rid of problems or difficulties	Sally managed to smooth over the bad feelings between them
strand	끈, 가닥; one of the parts of a story, idea, plan etc	Plato draws all the strands of the argument together
backdrop	배경막, 배경; the conditions or situation in which something happens	a love story set against a backdrop of war and despair
swagger	a way of walking, talking, or behaving that shows you are very confident	He walked in with a swagger
throw one's hat in the ring	입후보를 선언하다, 참가할 뜻을 알리다	Obama threw his hat in the ring
stumbling block	an obstacle to progress
fill out	(필요한 정보를 )작성, 기입하다
watered down	a watered-down plan, report etc has been changed so that it is less extreme or forceful than when it was first written - used to show disapproval	a watered-down version of the original
whether or not		Whether or not he comes(=Whether he comes or not), the result will be the same
superintendent of schools	someone who is in charge of all the schools in a particular area in the US
be in full swing	if an event or process is in full swing, it has reached its highest level of activity	By midnight the end-of-course party was in full swing.
step up	to increase the amount of an activity or the speed of a process in order to improve a situation	The health department is stepping up efforts to reduce teenage smoking
enclose	to surround something, especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate
entrust	to make someone responsible for doing something important, or for taking care of someone	She entrusted her son's education to a private tutor
hit on(upon)	come up with, 떠오르다	Then we hit on the idea of asking viewers to donate money over the Net.
take one's eyes off	to be unable to stop looking at someone or something, especially because they are extremely interesting or attractive
strike out on one's own	to start doing something or living independently
brush up (on)	to practise and improve your skills or your knowledge of something that you learned in the past	I must brush up on my French before I go to Paris
tap (into)	to make as much use as possible of the ideas, experience, knowledge	Your adviser's experience is there to be tapped
it is incumbent on(upon)	it is your duty or responsibility to do it	It is incumbent upon parents to control what their children watch on TV
pass on	to not accept an invitation or offer	I'm afraid I'll have to pass on that offer of coffee.
soak up	(지식따위를) 흡수하다
chip away	조금씩 깎아지다	Fears about the future chipped away at her sense of well-being
to some(a certain) extent	어느정도는, 다소
in return for	as payment or reward for something	Liz agreed to look after the baby in return for a free room
pass over	if you pass someone over for a job, you choose someone else who is younger or lower in the organization than them	This is the second time I've been passed over for promotion (=someone else has been given a higher job instead of me) .
by far	something is much better, worse etc than anything else	Watching sport was by far the most popular activity on Saturday afternoons.
immersion	the fact of being completely involved in something you are doing	my immersion in black music and culture
emic (<> etic)	relating to, or involving analysis of cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who participates in the culture being studied
contemplation	quiet, serious thinking about something	The monks spend an hour in contemplation each morning
precursor	선구자, 선임자
compliance	when someone obeys a rule, agreement, or demand	Patients should have a history of good compliance with treatment
fidelity	loyalty	the importance of marital fidelity
sear	to burn something with a sudden powerful heat	The heat seared their skin.
discreet	careful about what you say or do, so that you do not offend, upset, or embarrass people or tell secrets	He assured her that he would be discreet
chaste	순결한, 정숙한, 순수한 cf. celibate
awe	경외하게 하다	The girls were awed by the splendour of the cathedral
incremental	increasing in amount or value gradually and by a regular amount	incremental pay scales
accrue	if advantages accrue to you, you get those advantages over a period of time	benefits that accrue to students
denote	to mean something, indicate	What does the word 'curriculum' denote that 'course' does not?
threshold	입구; 발단, 시초	Eighty percent of the vote was the threshold for approval of the plan
corrosion	부식	They are sprayed with oil to prevent corrosion
vicarious	experienced by watching or reading about someone else doing something, rather than by doing it yourself	the vicarious pleasure that parents get from their children's success
phonetic	음성의, 발음에 따른
drab	not bright in color; boring	people forced to live grey, drab existences in ugly towns
denigrate	모욕하다, (명예를) 더럽히다	people who denigrate their own country
intrusive	affecting someone's private life or interrupting them in an unwanted and annoying way	They found the television cameras too intrusive.
chide	꾸짖다, 잔소리하다 (scold)
ballot	투표, 투표용지; 투표하다 (drawing lots 제비뽑기)
encumbrance	부담, 짐, 방해물
isomorphic	같은 모양의, 동일 구조의
pertinent (=relevant)	directly relating to something that is being considered	He asked me a lot of very pertinent questions
tentative	not definite or certain, and may be changed later (=provisional)	The government is taking tentative steps towards tackling the country's economic problems
emanate	to produce a smell, light etc, or to show a particular quality	He emanates tranquility
corroborate	to provide information that supports or helps to prove someone else's statement, idea etc	Experiments elsewhere corroborate these results
admonish	to tell someone severely that they have done something wrong	The witness was admonished for failing to answer the question
emasculate	to make someone or something weaker or less effective	The bill has been emasculated by Congress
linger	to continue to exist, be noticeable etc for longer than is usual or desirable	a taste that lingers in your mouth, Unfortunately the tax will linger on until April
bound	경계를 짓다, 범위를 제한하다	The US is bounded in the north by Canada and in the south by Mexico
conflate	to combine two or more things to form a single new thing	He conflates two images from Kipling's short stories in the film.
amorphous	having no definite shape or features
finite	having an end or a limit	the earth's finite resources
heuristic	heuristic education is based on discovering and experiencing things for yourself
vignette	a small description or picture in a book
resonate	if something such as an event or a message resonates, it seems important or good to people, or continues to do this	an idea that resonates with many voters
rendition	연출, 공연, 연주	He gave a moving rendition of Lennon's 'Imagine'
derivative	something that has developed or been produced from something else	Heroin is a derivative of morphine
stout	튼튼한, 강한; 용감한; 뚱뚱한
carry over	something you do, or something that happens now, that is the result of a situation that existed in the past	Some of the problems schools are facing are a carry-over from the previous government's policies
confrere	colleague, comrade
ponderable (=perceptible)	significant enough to be worth considering, appreciable
diametric	completely opposed : being at opposite extremes
ripple	to move in small waves, or to make something move in this way	fields of grain rippling in the soft wind
edifice	a building, especially a large one	Their head office was an imposing edifice
vanguard	the most advanced position of development	The shop has always been in the vanguard of London fashion trends
residue	나머지
disparate	consisting of things or people that are very different and not related to each other	the difficulties of dealing with disparate groups of people
explicate	to explain an idea in detail	It is essentially a simple notion, but explicating it is difficult
buttress	지지, 버팀목
be(keep, stay) abreast with(of)	~에 뒤떨어지지 않다	It's important to keep abreast of the latest developments in computers
in lieu of	instead of	extra time off in lieu of payment
espouse	to support an idea, belief etc, especially a political one	He espoused a variety of scientific, social and political causes
perennial	continuing or existing for a long time, or happening again and again	Lack of resources has been a perennial problem since the beginning
discrete	clearly separate	The change happens in a series of discrete steps
segregation	discrimination
compatible	able to exist or be used together without causing problems	Stephen's political views often weren't compatible with her own.
dredge	to cover food lightly with flour, sugar etc
nebulous	vague
rein in	to start to control a situation more strictly	The government is reigning in public expenditure
drag out	to make an event or situation last longer than is necessary	Neither of them wanted to drag the divorce out longer than they had to.
pledge (=vow)	맹세하다, 보증하다	The new governor pledged to reduce crime
austerity	bad economic conditions in which people do not have much money to spend	the austerities of post-communist Eastern Europe
rule out	제외하다, 배제하다
come of age	성년이 되다
stiff pockets of resistance
compromised	(면역 반응 따위가) 제대로 발휘되지 못하는	Their computer systems have been compromised from 2008
go on a spree	to do a lot of one activity, especially spending money or drinking alcohol	They went on a drinking spree .
stick up for	to defend someone who is being criticized, especially when no one else will defend them	You're supposed to be sticking up for me!
by(from) all account	according to what a lot of people say	It has, from all accounts, been a successful marriage
come/get to grips with sth	to understand or deal with something difficult	I've never really got to grips with this new technology.
blow sb mind	to make you feel very surprised and excited by something	Seeing her again really blew my mind.
so as to	in order to	We came early so as to have plenty of time
be played out (play out)	happen	It will be interesting to see how the election plays itself out
that is to say	that is
shore up	to help or support something that is likely to fail or is not working well	attempts to shore up the struggling economy
point out	~을 지적하다
call in	to ask someone to come and help you with a difficult situation	The government then called in troops to deal with the disturbances.
spell out	to explain something clearly and in detail	The report spelled out in detail what the implications were for teacher training.
snowball	if a plan, problem, business etc snowballs, it grows bigger at a faster and faster rate
be compelled to	할 수 없이 ~하다
degenerate	to become worse	The conference degenerated into a complete fiasco
before long	soon
fiasco	대실패, disaster	The first lecture I ever gave was a complete fiasco.
quench	to stop yourself feeling thirsty, by drinking something	We stopped at a small bar to quench our thirst
beneficiary	someone who gets advantages from an action or change	The rich were the main beneficiaries of the tax cuts.
eradicate	to completely get rid of something such as a disease or a social problem	an attempt to eradicate inflation
provision	when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future
adept	skillful	Melissa quickly became adept at predicting his moods
etymological	어원상의, 어원의
consolidate	강화; 합병, 통합	The company has consolidated its position as the country's leading gas supplier
inexorable	an inexorable process cannot be stopped	the seemingly inexorable rise in crime
constraint	restriction	There have been financial and political constraints on development
recede	if a memory, feeling, or possibility recedes, it gradually goes away	The pain in his head gradually receded.
potentate	a ruler in the past, who had great power over his people
desert	to leave sb, sth, feelings, skills (abandon)	Mike's confidence seemed to have deserted him.
splendor	impressive beauty, especially of a large building or large place	We marvelled at the splendour of the scenery
homily	advice about how to behave that is often unwanted
prospectus	a small book that advertises a school, college, new business etc
disturbance	a situation in which people behave violently in public	There were disturbances in the crowd as fans left the stadium
glitter	to shine brightly with flashing points of light (sparkle)	The river glittered in the sunlight
secularism	the quality of behaving in a way that shows religion does not influence you
eclectic	selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines, methods, or styles	galleries with an eclectic range of styles and artists
hereafter	from this time; after death
fabled	famous and often mentioned in traditional stories (legendary)
reap	to get something, especially something good, as a result of what you have done	Those who do take risks often reap the rewards
manifestation	a very clear sign that a particular situation or feeling exists	These latest riots are a clear manifestation of growing discontent
precedence	priority, 앞섬, 우위	Safety must be given precedence
arable	relating to growing crops	arable land
locomotive	기관차
burgeon	to grow or develop quickly	the burgeoning market for digital cameras
reservoir	a large amount of something that is available and has not yet been used	She found she had reservoirs of unexpected strength
fatalism	운명론, 숙명관
perseverance	인내, 끈기	It took perseverance to overcome his reading problems
converse	to have a conversation with someone (n. 역, 반대)	She enjoyed the chance to converse with someone who spoke her language
obscene	음란한, 외설의; 매우싫은, 옳지않은	Bradford made an obscene gesture
expatriate	someone who lives in a foreign country
alienation	the feeling of not being part of society or a group	Unemployment may provoke a sense of alienation from society
mediocre	not very good, second rate	I thought the book was pretty mediocre
collectivistic	emphasis on collective rather than individual action or identity
transaction	a business deal or action, such as buying or selling something	The bank charges a fixed rate for each transaction.
dismantle	to gradually get rid of a system or organization	an election promise to dismantle the existing tax legislation
concede	to admit that something is true or correct, although you wish it were not true	I conceded that I had made a number of errors
genuine	sincere
perplex	if something perplexes you, it makes you feel confused and worried because it is difficult to understand (puzzle)	Shea's symptoms perplexed the doctors
craft	a profession, especially one needing a special skill	The musician spends years perfecting his craft
flaw	defect	Beautiful scenery does not make up for the flaws of this film
rite	ritual
parameter	a set of fixed limits that control the way that something should be done	The inquiry has to stay within the parameters laid down by Congress
anew	다시; 새로이	I was ready to leave everything behind and start anew in California
commanding	having the confidence to make people respect and obey you
unduly	more than is normal or reasonable (cf. undue)	She doesn't seem unduly concerned about her exams.
trade-off	교환조건, 거래 균형	There has to be a trade-off between quality and quantity if we want to keep prices low.
scrupulous	very careful to be completely honest and fair	The organization will be scrupulous in maintaining the highest moral standards
annotate	주석을 달다
glimpse	흘끗 보다; to begin to understand something for a moment	For the first time she glimpsed the truth about her sister
thematic	주제의, 논제의	the thematic organization of paintings in the exhibit
haunt	to visit often
likewise	similary	The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent
rubbish	쓰레기; 쓸데없는 생각, 행동	The suggestion is absolute rubbish
custodial	relating to, providing, or being protective care or services for basic needs
seasoned	used to describe someone who has a lot of experience of a particular thing
precipitous	happening or done too quickly, and not thought about carefully	a precipitous marriage
quirky	unusual, especially in an interesting way, peculiar	I like his quirky sense of humour
ambivalent	not sure whether you want or like something or not	We are both somewhat ambivalent about having a child
windfall	an amount of money that you get unexpectedly
enthral	to make someone very interested and excited, so that they listen or watch something very carefully	The children were enthralled by the story she was telling
dated	old fashioned, out of date	That dress looks a bit dated now.
axe	to suddenly dismiss someone from their job	There are plans to axe 2600 staff.
spat	a brief petty quarrel or angry outburst	a marital spat
remark	comment	He was fired for making racist remarks during an interview
scapegoat	희생양	She believed she had been made a scapegoat for what happened
grapple	to try hard to deal with or understand something difficult	The Government has to grapple with the problem of unemployment
chancellor	학장, 교장
subside (=die down)	if a feeling, pain, sound, etc subsides, it gradually becomes less and then stops	Simon waited until the laughter subsided
cast light on	to provide new information about something, making it easier to understand	research findings that cast new light on the origin of our universe
stave off	to keep someone or something from reaching you or affecting you for a period of time	She brought some fruit on the journey to stave off hunger
flare	if strong feelings flare or flare up, people suddenly become angry, violent etc	Rioting has flared up in several northern towns.
plead	to ask for something that you want very much, in a sincere and emotional way	Civil rights groups pleaded for government help.
blight	to spoil or damage something, especially by preventing people from doing what they want to do	a disease which, though not fatal, can blight the lives of its victims
scandalous	completely unfair and wrong	a scandalous waste of public money
bear on	to relate to and possibly influence something	the national policies which bear on these problems
come forward	to offer help to someone, or offer to do something	"
The police are appealing for more witnesses to come forward with information."
fall into
hold up	to support something; to call attention to	He held up a box of keys from homes lost over the past year.
cut across	if a problem or feeling cuts across different groups of people, they are all affected by it	Domestic violence seems to cut across most social divisions.
flesh out	to add more details to something in order to make it clear, more interesting etc	You need to flesh out your argument with a few more examples
come up with	to think of an idea, answer etc	We've been asked to come up with some new ideas.
hatch	to form a plan etc in secret
at stake
in state
end up	to be in a particular situation, state, or place after a series of events	I wondered where the pictures would end up after the auction
condone	to accept or forgive behaviour that most people think is morally wrong	cannot condone the use of violence under any circumstances
ailment	an illness that is not very serious	I don't have even the slightest ailment
diarrhea	설사
tertiary	third in place, degree, or order
foci
normative	describing or establishing a set of rules or standards of behaviour	normative guidelines for senators
optimize	to make as perfect, effective, or functional as possible	They need to optimize the use of available resources.
degradation	the process by which something changes to a worse condition
monumental	기념적인; 엄청난	Banks and building societies were yesterday accused of monumental incompetence
impoverish	to make someone very poor or worse in quality	Falling coffee prices have impoverished many Third World economies
wreak	to cause a lot of damage or problems	These policies have wreaked havoc on the British economy
betterment	improvement, especially in someone's social and economic position	social change for the betterment of society as a whole
scant	not enough	The story has received scant attention in the press
augment	to increase the value, amount, effectiveness etc of something	Any surplus was sold to augment their income.
trade surplus	무역수지 흑자
devoid	to be completely lacking in something	His face was devoid of any warmth or humour
stratum	a social class in a society	people of different social strata
docile	quiet and easily controlled	Labradors are gentle, docile dogs
requisite	necessary, required	He lacks the requisite qualifications
paucity	less than is needed of something
tripartite	involving three parts, groups etc	a tripartite agreement between France, Britain, and Germany
coordination	the organization of people or things so that they work together well	co-ordination between central and local government
glut	to cause something to have too much of something	the glutted property market
head start	an advantage that helps you to be successful	Give your children a head start by sending them to nursery school.
fallback	something that can be used or done if a supply, method etc fails	It's wise to have an extra video player as a fallback
remedial	a special course etc that helps students who have difficulty learning something	a remedial reading course; remedial education.
proprietary	사유의, 재산의	They have proprietary rights to the data.
longstanding	다년간의, 오래계속되는	a longstanding friendship; the longstanding conflict.
lag	to move or develop more slowly than others	Britain is lagging behind the rest of Europe.
unlikely	not likely to happen	It's unlikely that the thieves will be caught
audit trail	a record of a sequence of events (as actions performed by a computer) from which a history may be reconstructed
semiotic	기호론의, 기호의
façade	the front of a building, especially a large and important one	an impressive building with a red brick façade
dissipate	to gradually become less or weaker before disappearing completely	As he thought it over, his anger gradually dissipated
think over	to consider something carefully before making a decision	Why don't you think it over and give me a call in a couple of days?
marginal	a marginal change or difference is too small to be important	a marginal increase in the unemployment figures
antecedent	an event, organization, or thing that is similar to the one you have mentioned but existed earlier	an event antecedent to the war
ellipsis	생략, 생략부호
ostensible	표면상의	The ostensible reason for his resignation was ill health
prestigious	admired as one of the best and most important	a highly prestigious university
markedly (=noticeablely)	very easily to notice	Lawsuits involving property rights and farming and grazing rights increased markedly
with respect to (=in respect of)	concerning or in relation to something	the freedom of a property owner to make a contract with respect to his property
forebear	ancester
extravagance	사치, 낭비	It is easy to go from frugality to extravagance, But difficult to go from extravagance to frugality
apace	happening quickly	Expansion of the company has continued apace
diversify	다각화하다, 분산하다	The company is planning to diversify into other mining activities
didactic	designed or intended to teach	His novel has a didactic tone
sojourn	a short period of time that you stay in a place that is not your home	a brief sojourn in Europe
relinquish	give up	Stultz relinquished control to his subordinate
commonwealth	an association of countries with political or economic connections
withstand	resist, stand up to	The Chancellor has withstood the criticism and held firm
whitewash	to hide the true facts about a serious accident or illegal action	Investigators are accused of whitewashing the governor's record
convene	to demand to appear, come, or assemble	a report by experts convened by the National Institutes of Health
condolence	애도의 말, 조사
half staff (=half mast)	조기
oust	to force someone out of a position of power, especially so that you can take their place	The Communists were finally ousted from power.
rally	a large public meeting, especially one that is held outdoors to support a political idea, protest etc	We decided to hold a rally to put pressure on the government
balk	방해하다; 망설이다, 주춤하다
mount	to increase gradually in amount or degree; to plan, organize, and begin an event or a course of action	Casualties on both sides of the battle have continued to mount
casualty	사상자, 피해자	The Safer City Project is the latest casualty of financial cutbacks
drape	아무렇게나 얹다; 덮다	He took off his coat and draped it over a chair
separately	단독으로, 개별적으로	Do we go together or separately?
observance	의식, 행사
preside	to be in charge of a formal event, organization, ceremony etc	I shall be pleased to preside at your meetings.
overhaul	to change a system or method in order to improve it	All the community's decision-making institutions need to be overhauled
bailout	긴급구제, 긴급융자
make headway	to make progress towards achieving something	Foreign firms have made little headway in the U.S. market.
lead	실마리, clue	The police have checked out dozens of leads, but have yet to find the killer.
wear off	if pain or the effect of something wears off, it gradually stops	The effects of the anaesthetic were starting to wear off
in a way	다소, 얼마간, 보기에 따라	In one way you're right, I suppose.
stink of money	돈을 굉장히 많이 가지고 있다
read between the lines	to understand more than is directly stated
harbor	to keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long time	She began to harbour doubts over the wisdom of their journey
vibe	분위기, 느낌,낌새	I picked up a vibe I've never felt before
in good hands	being dealt with or cared for by someone	You can be sure your children are in good hands
go after	뒤를 쫓아다니다, 목표로 하다
single out	골라내다, 선발하다	I don't see why he should be singled out for special treatment
take a back seat	to have less influence or importance	Foreign policy will take a back seat to domestic problems for a while
take over	to take control of something	His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over
stir up	to deliberately try to cause arguments or bad feelings between people	John was always stirring up trouble in class
set out to do sth	to start doing something or making plans to do something in order to achieve a particular result	salesmen who deliberately set out to defraud customers
jump out at	if something jumps out at you, it is extremely noticeable	I don't like jewellery that jumps out at you.
the turn of the century/year	the beginning of a new century or year	the short period from the turn of the century until World War One
wake up to	to start to realize and understand a danger, an idea etc	It's time you woke up to the fact that it's a tough world.
hypertensive	고혈압의
omnipresent	present everywhere at all times	the omnipresence of God
garner	to take or collect something, especially information or support	The party garnered 70 percent of the vote.
imposition	the introduction of something such as a rule, punishment, tax etc
notwithstanding	in spite of something	Notwithstanding differences, there are clear similarities in all of the world's religions
nourish	to keep a feeling, idea, or belief strong or help it to grow stronger	We need to nourish our hopes and dreams
cogent	if a statement is cogent, it seems reasonable and correct	a cogent argument for banning the drug
allege	to say that something is true or that someone has done something wrong, although it has not been proved	It was alleged that the policeman had accepted bribes.
shutter	to close a business, office etc for a short time or permanently	The company shuttered its Hong Kong investment banking business a year ago
immutable	never changing or impossible to change	This decision should not be seen as immutable
concomitant	existing or happening together, especially as a result of something	war with all its concomitant sufferings
superimpose	to combine two systems, ideas, opinions etc so that one influences the other	Eastern themes superimposed onto Western architecture
otherness	별개, 다름
unprecedented	never having happened before, or never having happened so much	He took the unprecedented step of stating that the rumours were false
under way	in progress, in motion
deport	국외로 추방하다
attestation	a legal statement made by someone in which they say that something is definitely true
plank	one of the main features or principles of an argument etc	the main plank of their argument
monolith	a large, powerful organization that cannot change quickly and does not consider the ideas or feelings of the people it affects	It is misleading to see the legal system as a monolith
in the course of	~동안에	In the course of researching customer needs, we discovered how few families have adequate life insurance
as such	그러한 것(사람)으로, 그 자체로	A commercial is a kind of lie; so you should take it as such
bear in mind	명심하다	It is important to bear in mind that an applied theory is never considered complete
in turn	as a result of something	Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose.
figure in	to be an important part of a process, event, or situation, or to be included in something	Environmental issues figured prominently in the talks
ripple effect	domino effect	The increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market
take out	to take someone as your guest to a restaurant, cinema, club etc	We're taking my folks out for a meal next week.
account for	to form a particular amount or part of something	Afro-Americans account for 12% of the US population
nullify	to make something lose its effect or value	Recent inflation could nullify the economic growth of the last several years
generative	able to produce something	the generative power of the life force
examplar	a good or typical example	Milt's career is an exemplar of survival in difficult times
onset	the beginning of something, especially something bad	the onset of winter
contingency	an event or situation that might happen in the future	Add up your outgoings, putting on a bit more for contingencies.
pathological	병리학상의, 치료의
confound	to confuse and surprise people by being unexpected	His amazing recovery confounded the medical specialists
immanent	a quality that is immanent seems to be present everywhere	Love is a force immanent in the world.
imminent	an event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon	He smiled in anticipation of her imminent arrival
conjunctive	결합하는, 연결의
trajectory	the events that happen during a period of time, which often lead to a particular aim or result	The decision was certain to affect the trajectory of French politics for some time to come.
precursor	선구자, 성봉	a precursor of modern jazz
fetus	임신 9주후의 태아 (embryo: 임신 8주까지 태아)
precede	to happen or exist before something or someone, or to come before something else in a series	Lunch will be preceded by a short speech from the chairman
constrain	to stop someone from doing what they want to do	Financial factors should not constrain doctors from prescribing the best treatment for patients
override	to be regarded as more important than something else	The needs of the mother should not override the needs of the child.
pluralistic	다원론의
antithesis	the complete opposite of something	This is not democratic. It is the antithesis of democracy
mobilize	to encourage people to support something in an active way	an attempt to mobilize popular opinion
overthrow	to get rid of the rules, ideas, or systems of a society	Rebels were already making plans to overthrow the government
bargaining	discussion in order to reach an agreement about a sale, contract etc	The 4% pay raise was the result of some hard bargaining
equate	to consider that two things are similar or connected	Most people equate wealth with success
recurrent	happening or appearing several times	Political revolution is a recurrent theme in Riley's books
concatenate	to make into a whole by joining a system of parts
compliant	made or done according to particular rules or standards	Future versions will be fully compliant with the industry standard
genealogy	the study of the history of families
decompose	to divide into smaller parts, or to make something do this
in restrospect	돌아보니, 회고해보니	In retrospect, I wonder if we should have done more.
increment	a regular increase in the amount of money someone is paid	a salary of £18,000, with annual increments of 2.5%
glitch	a small fault in a machine or piece of equipment, that stops it working
fizzle	to gradually stop happening, especially because people become less interested	Their romance just fizzled out
scale up	to increase the amount or size of something	Production at the factory is being scaled up.
accentuate	to make something more noticeable	The photograph seemed to accentuate his large nose
alma mater	the school, college etc that someone used to attend
momentum	the force that makes a moving object keep moving	The campaign for reform should start to gather momentum in the new year
inculcate	to fix ideas, principles etc in someone's mind	Not all schools manage to successfully inculcate a love of learning
cater for	to provide a particular group of people with the things they need or want	Vegetarians are well catered for.
menage	household
adjacent	인접한, 가까이 있는	the building adjacent to the library
upkeep (=maintenance)	the process of keeping something in good condition	Most of the money is spent on the upkeep of the building
choreograph	to arrange how dancers should move during a performance	The show is very cleverly choreographed
susceptible	able to receive and respond to external stimuli	She was very susceptible to flattery.
divert	to change the use of something such as time or money	The company should divert more resources into research
ambient	둘러싼, 주위의; 환경
domesticate	to make an animal able to work for people or live with them as a pet (=tame)
per se	그 자체로, 본질적으로, 원래	The color of the shell per se does not affect the quality of the egg
overriding	more important than anything else	Their overriding concern is with efficient crime control
proactive	making things happen or change rather than reacting to events	a proactive approach to staffing requirements
channel	to control and direct something such as money or energy towards a particular purpose	Most of his energy was channeled into writing and lecturing
calculable	being counted on, dependable	clear and calculable benefits
phasic	형세의, 국면의
encapsulate	to express or show something in a short way, sum up	The words of the song neatly encapsulate the mood of the country at that time
asphyxiation	sufforcation, 질식
archetypal	전형적인, 원형적인	Byron was the archetypal Romantic hero
tack on	to add something new to something that is already complete	a beautiful old house with a hideous modern extension tacked on at the back
interleave	to arrange in or as if in alternate layers	The dictionary is interleaved with a sheet of blank paper
denominate	명명하다, 부르다	denominate the length a mile
albeit	그럼에도 불구하고	He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation
generic	relating to a whole group of things rather than to one thing	Fine Arts is a generic term for subjects such as painting, music and sculpture.
irreconcilable	양립할 수 없는, 타협이 안되는	The differences between the landowners and the conservationists were irreconcilable from the start.
axiomatic	self-evident, something that is axiomatic does not need to be proved because you can easily see that it is true
promulgate	퍼뜨리다; 선포하다
marshland	습지대
overhead	money spent regularly on rent, insurance, electricity, and other things that are needed to keep a business operating	Their offices are in London so the overheads are very high
look for a needle in a haystack
in a sense	in one way, in some ways etc	What he says is right in a sense.
tease out	to succeed in learning information that is hidden, or that someone does not want to tell you	I finally managed to tease the truth out of her.
at no time	결코 ~ 않은
in motion	moving from one place or position to another	The end doors are not to be used when the train is in motion
so to speak	말하자면	He is, so to speak, a grown-up baby
aside from	besides, except for	Aside from Durang's performance, the actors are ordinary.
set aside	to keep something for a special purpoese; to decide not to consider a particular feeling or thing because something else is more important	Try to set aside some time each day for exercise; Both sides agreed to set aside the question of independence
strike a bargain/deal	to agree to do something for someone if they do something for you	There are rumors that the president struck a private deal with the corporation's chairman.
drive out	to force someone or something to leave	Downtown stores are being driven out by crime
impose upon/on	to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them	We could ask to stay the night, but I don't want to impose on them
in line with	"if something changes in line with something else, it changes in the same way and at the same rate as it
"	"Pensions will be increased in line with inflation.
"
file suit	고소하다, 소송걸다	Johnson has filed suit against her.
grip	to have a strong effect on someone or something	Panic suddenly gripped me when it was my turn to speak
level against	to aim criticism etc at a particular person, country etc, especially publicly	Serious allegations were levelled against the minister
feed into	"to have an effect on something or help to make it happen
"	The influence of Italian designer fashion feeds into sports fashion.
central to	more important and having more influence than anything else	values which are central to our society
have a stake in sth	if you have a stake in something, you will get advantages if it is successful, and you feel that you have an important connection with it	Young people don't feel they have a stake in the country's future
embark on	to start something, especially something new, difficult, or exciting	He embarked on a new career as a teacher.
decide on	to choose something or someone after thinking carefully	Have you decided on a date for the wedding?
in favor of	support, approval, or agreement for something such as a plan, idea, or system	Senior ministers spoke in favour of the proposal
given	taking something into account	Given that the patients have some disabilities, we still try to enable them to be as independent as possible
inform + of
one another	each other	Liz and I have known one another for years.
come round (around)	to become conscious again after you have been unconscious; to come to someone's home or the place where they work in order to visit them	When she came around her mother was sitting by her bed
in effect	used when you are describing what you see as the real facts of a situation	In effect, we'll be earning less than we were last year
on all (both) counts	in every way, in several ways etc	It was important that they secure a large and widespread audience. They failed on both counts
strike down	to kill someone or make them extremely ill	They would rob the bodies of those struck down in battle
crack down on	to become more strict in dealing with a problem and punishing the people involved	The police are cracking down hard on violent crime
break down	to fail or stop working in a successful way	Negotiations broke down after only two days.
stake out	to state your opinions about something in a way that shows how your ideas are clearly separate from other people's ideas	Johnson staked out the differences between himself and the other candidates
liken	비유하다	Critics have likened the new theater to a supermarket
straightforward	simple and easy to understand	copyright is vested in the author for 50 years.
ensue	to happen after or as a result of something	problems that ensue from food and medical shortages
succinct	clearly expressed in a few words - use this to show approval	Anderson put the same point more succinctly.
instigate	to persuade someone do something bad or violent	He accused union leaders of instigating the disturbances.
vest	to give someone the official right to do or own something	Copyright is vested in the author for 50 years.
self-paced	designed to permit learning at the student's own pace
diversion	a change in the direction or use of something, or the act of changing it	the diversion of funds into the military budget
relapse	to become ill again after you have seemed to improve	We were afraid he might relapse into a coma.
incur	if you incur something unpleasant, it happens to you because of something you have done	She wondered what she'd done to incur his displeasure this time
perception	the way you think about something and your idea of what it is like	children's perceptions of the world
militate	to prevent something or make it less likely to happen	Environmental factors militate against building the power station in this area
epitome	the best possible example of something	She looked the epitome of elegance
impervious	not affected or influenced by something and seeming not to notice it	His ego was impervious to self-doubt
feasible	a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work	It was no longer financially feasible to keep the community centre open
exemplify	to be a very typical example of something	The building exemplifies the style of architecture which was popular at the time
pertain	to relate directly to something	legislation pertaining to employment rights
timely	done or happening at exactly the right time	We aim to settle all valid claims in a timely manner
obsolete	no longer useful, because something newer and better has been invented	Will computers render (=make) books obsolete ?
palatable	an idea, suggestion etc that is palatable is acceptable	They changed the wording of the advertisement to make it more palatable to women
disclose	to make something publicly known, especially after it has been kept secret (=reveal)
prohibitive	prohibitive costs are so high that they prevent people from buying or doing something	The cost of land in Tokyo is prohibitive
attest	to show or prove that something is true	Luxurious furnishings attested to the wealth of the owner.
slant	a way of writing about or thinking about a subject that is based on a particular opinion or set of ideas	Each article has a slightly different slant on the situation
denote	to mean something; to represent or be a sign of something	What does the word 'curriculum' denote that 'course' does not?
tabulation	an orderly columnar display of data
outweigh	to be more important or valuable than something else	The benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages
anonymity	when other people do not know who you are or what your name is	Every step will be taken to preserve your anonymity
halfway	at a middle point in space or time between two things	They've just reached the halfway stage of the project.
acronym	두문자어	NATO is an acronym for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
barrel	to move very fast, especially in an uncontrolled way	A vehicle barreled out of a shopping center and crashed into the side of my car
preoccupation	something that you give all your attention to	Their main preoccupation was how to feed their families
hectic	very busy or full of activity	I've had a pretty hectic day.
dampen	to make something such as a feeling or activity less strong	Raising interest rates might dampen the economy
do sth to the exclusion of sth	to do something so much that you do not do, include, or have time for other things	Your essays tend to concentrate on one theme to the exclusion of everything else
independent of	free from	We need a central bank that is independent of the government
caveat	a warning that something may not be completely true, effective etc	She will be offered treatment, with the caveat that it may not work
bypass	a road that goes around a town or other busy area rather than through it
impromptu	done or said without any preparation or planning	The band gave an impromptu concert on the roof of the studio.
linger on	to continue to exist, be noticeable etc for longer than is usual or desirable	Unfortunately the tax will linger on until April.
culprit	the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong; the reason for a particular problem or difficulty	High production costs are the main culprit
affinity	a strong feeling that you like and understand someone or something	his remarkable affinity with animals
to fit together perfectly or to make two plans, ideas etc fit together perfectly		My vacation plans dovetail nicely with Joyce's
purview	within or outside the limits of someone's job, activity, or knowledge	This matter comes within the purview of the Department of Health
batch	a group of people or things that arrive or are dealt with together	Every day another batch of papers reaches the manager demanding his attention
leverage	influence that you can use to make people do what you want	diplomatic leverage by the US
address	if you address a problem, you start trying to solve it	Our products address the needs of real users
enthuse	to make someone interested in something or excited by it	The owners were certainly enthused by the offer
endorsement	an indication of commendation or approval	celebrity endorsements
refrain	to not do something that you want to do	Please refrain from smoking in this area
plunge	to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards	Oil prices have plunged to a new low
detain	to gradually stop happening, especially because people become less interested	He was detained in Washington on urgent business
usurp	to take someone else's power, position, job etc when you do not have the right to	There were a couple of attempts to usurp the young king
preempt	to make what someone has planned to do or say unnecessary or ineffective by saying or doing something first	The deal pre-empted a strike by rail workers
bona fide	real, true, and not intended to deceive anyone	Only bona fide members are allowed to use the club pool
solicit	to ask someone for money, help, or information	Morgan is accused of illegally soliciting campaign contributions.
uphold	to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist	a committee that aims to uphold educational standards
diametrically	completely different and opposite	The two ideas are diametrically opposed
setback	a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things worse than they were	The team's hopes of playing in Europe suffered a setback last night
hard and fast	clear, definite, and always able to be used	It is impossible to give hard-and-fast rules , but here are some points to consider.
get across	to become clear or convincing	We couldn't get our point across
do justice to	to treat or represent someone or something good, beautiful etc in a way that is as good as they deserve	Summarizing an entire book in a few pages does not do justice to the richness of the author's ideas
no (not) to speak of	very little of something or a very small thing	There's been no rain to speak of for several months
give up on	to stop hoping that someone or something will change or improve	He'd been in a coma for six months, and doctors had almost given up on him
bring down	to reduce something to a lower level	The government hopes these measures will help to bring down inflation
keen on	very interested in it or enjoys doing it very much	Daniel's very keen on tennis
foot the bill	to pay for something, especially something expensive that you do not want to pay for	He ordered drinks and then left me to foot the bill!
on edge	nervous, especially because you are expecting something unpleasant to happen	Paul felt on edge about meeting Lisa
take pride in your work	to do something very carefully and well, in a way that gives you a lot of satisfaction	You should take more pride in your work.
come into	to be involved in something	These come into play when we then talk about the individual and organizational/social outcomes of CD
side by side	next to each other	We walked along the beach, side by side
bottle up	to cause problems by delaying something	The bill has been bottled up in Congress
play out	if an event or situation is played out or plays itself out, it happens	It will be interesting to see how the election plays itself out
onset	at or from the beginning of an event or process	It's better to get something in writing right at the outset
fraught	full of problems etc	Their marriage has been fraught with difficulties
pundit	someone who is often asked to give their opinion publicly of a situation or subject	If you believe the fashion pundits, we'll all be wearing pink this year
legitimate	acceptable or allowed by law; fair or reasonable	Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research
luster	the quality that makes something interesting or exciting	There'll be a celebrity guest to add lustre to the occasion
locale	the place where something happens or where the action takes place in a book or a film	people who see the countryside as a locale for recreation
explanatory	serving to explain	There are explanatory notes at the end of each chapter
entropy	a lack of order in a system, including the idea that the lack of order increases over a period of time
offset	something to make up for loss or damage	He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax
scant	not enough	The story has received scant attention in the press
thwart	to prevent someone from doing what they are trying to do	Fierce opposition thwarted the government's plans
dissociate	to remove from association with	I wish to dissociate myself from Mr Irvine's remarks
configuration	layout, the shape or arrangement of the parts of something	the configuration of pistons in an engine
perturbation	a small change in the movement, quality, or behaviour of something	climatic perturbations
mobilize	to start to use the things or people you have available in order to achieve something	They failed to mobilize their resources effectively
discretionary	not controlled by strict rules, but decided on by someone in a position of authority	the court's discretionary powers
outperform	to be more successful than someone or something else	Stocks generally outperform other investments
propensity	a natural tendency to behave in a particular way	He seems to have a propensity for breaking things
adage	a well-known phrase that says something wise about human experience	the old adage that a picture is worth a thousand words
loom	if a problem or difficulty looms, it is likely to happen very soon	An economic crisis is looming on the horizon
disproportionate	too much or too little in relation to something else	the disproportionate amount of money being spent on defence
poach	to persuade someone who belongs to another organization, team etc to leave it and join yours	Several of their reporters were poached from other papers
succumb	to stop opposing someone or something that is stronger than you, and allow them to take control	Succumbing to pressure from the chemical industry, Governor Blakely amended the regulations
confluence	a situation in which two or more things combine or happen at the same time	a confluence of unhappy events
wane	if something such as power, influence, or a feeling wanes, it becomes gradually less strong or less important	My enthusiasm for the project was waning
fed up	annoyed or bored, and wanting something to change	I'm really fed up with this constant rain
corrosive	gradually making something weaker, and possibly destroying it	the corrosive effect of money in modern politics
churn	to cause to move to and fro violently	We stood on the dock and watched the ocean churn
metric	미터법의, 계량적인
concur	to agree with someone or have the same opinion as them	The committee largely concurred with these views.
corroborate	to provide information that supports or helps to prove someone else's statement, idea etc	We now have new evidence to corroborate the defendant's story
severance	when you end your relationship or connection with another person, organization, country etc, especially because of a disagreement	Employees will get two weeks of severance pay for every year of service
perforate	to make a hole or holes in something	A broken rib had perforated her lung
ventilate	to express your opinions or feelings about something	The important thing is to ventilate your anger
compassion	a strong feeling of sympathy for someone who is suffering, and a desire to help them	Did he feel any compassion for the victim of his crime?
dissent	<>consent	Few historians would dissent from this view
agility	someone who has an agile mind is able to think very quickly and intelligently	He was physically strong and mentally agile
deft	skilful at doing something	his deft chairmanship of the company
infallible	always right and never making mistakes (<>fallible)	No expert is infallible
delusion	a false belief about yourself or the situation you are in	He is under the delusion that I am going to cheat him
breadth	width
ensconce	to settle yourself in a place where you feel comfortable and safe	Nick was comfortably ensconced in front of the TV set
resonate	if something such as an event or a message resonates, it seems important or good to people, or continues to do this	an idea that resonates with many voters
tenuous	a situation or relationship that is tenuous is uncertain, weak, or likely to change	For now, the band's travel plans are tenuous
obviate (=eliminate)	to prevent or avoid a problem or the need to do something	The new treatment obviates the need for surgery
tabulate	to arrange figures or information together in a set or a list, so that they can be easily compared
mollycoddle	to treat someone too kindly and to protect them too much from anything unpleasant	He had been mollycoddled as a young boy.
bliss	perfect happiness or enjoyment	Mr Lowe has just celebrated six months of wedded bliss to his sweetheart Ellen.
vilify	to say or write bad things about someone or something	Johnson was vilified in the press for refusing to resign.
revulsion	a strong feeling of shock and very strong dislike	News of the atrocities produced a wave of anger and revulsion.
humane	treating people or animals in a way that is not cruel and causes them as little suffering as possible	the campaign for the humane treatment of criminals
offset	to act as an equalizing weight or force to	Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers
dumbfounded	extremely surprised	He was completely dumbfounded by the incident
absentee	one that is absent
usher in	to cause something new to start, or to be at the start of something new	The discovery of oil ushered in an era of employment and prosperity
sentiment	an opinion or feeling you have about something	He was more in touch with public sentiment than many of his critics
faulty	having a defect or defects	an idea based on a faulty understanding of biology
mushroom	to grow and develop quickly	New housing developments mushroomed on the edge of town.
expedite	to make a process or action happen more quickly (speed up)	strategies to expedite the decision-making process
heir	the person who has the legal right to receive the property or title of another person when they die
clash	if two people or groups clash, they argue because they have very different beliefs and opinions	Democrats clashed with Republicans in a heated debate.
maneuver	a skilful or carefully planned action intended to gain an advantage for yourself	They tried by diplomatic maneuvers to obtain an agreement.
half-hearted	done without much effort and without much interest in the result	Congress has made half-hearted attempts at finance reform
sketchy	not thorough or complete, and not having enough details to be useful	Details of the accident are still sketchy
piecemeal	a process that is piecemeal happens slowly and in stages that are not regular or planned properly	The buildings have been adapted in a piecemeal fashion
accomplice	a person who helps someone such as a criminal to do something wrong
sediment	solid substances that settle at the bottom of a liquid	a thick layer of sediment
outmoded	no longer fashionable or useful (outdated)
compilation	a book, list, record etc which consists of different pieces of information, songs etc	a compilation of love songs
paucity	less than is needed of something	a paucity of information
the passage of time	the passing of time	With the passage of time, things began to look more hopeful
causation	casuality
exogenous	caused by factors or an agent from outside the organism or system
antithetical	exactly opposite to something	This violence is completely antithetical to the teaching of the church
esoteric	비전, 비법의	the esoteric world of scientific supercomputing
glassy-eyed	having eyes that do not move or show any expression
equivocate	to avoid giving a clear or direct answer to a question
episodic	something that is episodic happens from time to time and then stops for a while, rather than happening all the time	his episodic involvement in politics
over time	if something happens over time, it happens gradually during a long period	The research project will be assessed over time.
calibrate	to check or slightly change an instrument or tool, so that it does something correctly
backdrop	the conditions or situation in which something happens	a love story set against a backdrop of war and despair
euphoria	an extremely strong feeling of happiness and excitement which usually only lasts for a short time	There was a general atmosphere of pessimism after the euphoria of last year
enact	to play the part of; to make a proposal into a law	Congress refused to enact the bill
intricate	containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together
posit	to suggest that a particular idea should be accepted as a fact	He posited that each planet moved in a perfect circle
automaticity	자동성
diverge	if opinions, interests etc diverge, they are different from each other	Here Innocent's views diverged from Gregory's.
inertial	when no one wants to do anything to change a situation
constituent	one of the substances or things that combine to form something	Sodium is one of the constituents of salt
raison d'etre	the reason why something exists, why someone does something etc	Commerce was the town's raison d'être
articulation	the expression of thoughts or feelings in words	the articulation of ideas
dictate	to control or influence something (determine)	Funds dictate what we can do
tinker	to make small changes to something in order to repair it or make it work better	Congress has been tinkering with the legislation
encroach	to gradually take more of someone's time, possessions, rights etc than you should	Bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of the individual.
blindside	to give someone an unpleasant surprise	I was blindsided by his suggestion.
circumscribe	to limit power, rights, or abilities (restrict)	The President's power is circumscribed by Congress and the Supreme Court
genotype	유전자형, 인자형
modifier	수식어
recap	to repeat the main points of something that has just been said	Let me just recap what's been discussed so far.
shorthand	a shorter but less clear way of saying something
be quick to do sth	to react quickly to what someone says or does	The government was quick to deny any involvement in the attacks
proponent	someone who supports something or persuades people to do something	Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women's rights
discrepancy	a difference between two amounts, details, reports etc that should be the same	Police found discrepancies in the two men's reports
cosmic	extremely large	a scandal of cosmic proportions
by the same token	for the same reasons	I realise that he hasn't come up with any new ideas, but by the same token we haven't needed any
breakaway	a breakaway group etc is formed by people who have left another group because of a disagreement	a breakaway group of journalists
kick in	to join with others in giving money or help	We were each asked to kick in 50 cents toward the cost
bail out	to do something to help someone out of trouble, especially financial problems	Some local businesses have offered to bail out the museum.
wind down	to gradually reduce the work of a business or organization so that it can be closed down completely
untenable	an untenable argument, suggestion etc is impossible to defend
conglomerate	a large business organization consisting of several different companies that have joined together	an international conglomerate
flagship	the best and most important product, building etc that a company owns or produces	The firm has just opened a flagship store in Las Vegas
mesh	if two ideas or things mesh, they fit together very well	His own ideas did not mesh with the views of the party
oval	달걀모양의, 타원형의
modular	relating to, or based on a module or a modulus	Most colleges now use the modular system of teaching
long-standing	having continued or existed for a long time	a long-standing member of the committee
deflect	to take someone's attention away from something	Nothing can deflect me from reaching my goal.
appreciable	significant	There's no appreciable change in the patient's condition.
tried and true	proved good, desirable, or feasible	a tried-and-true sales technique
transcend	to go beyond the usual limits of something	The desire for peace transcended political differences.
trivial	not serious, important, or valuable	Her feelings for Simon seemed trivial by comparison
dearth	a lack of something	a dearth of job opportunities
bear on	to relate to and possibly influence something	the national policies which bear on these problems
undercut	to make something weaker or less effective	Is a lack of self-confidence undercutting your performance at work?
equate	to consider that two things are similar or connected	Most people equate wealth with success
demarcate	to decide or mark the limits of an area, system etc
anachronism	someone or something that seems to belong to the past, not the present	The monarchy is something of an anachronism these days
complementary	complementary things go well together, although they are usually different	The computer and the human mind have different but complementary abilities
rudiment	a fundamental principle or underlying concept. often used in plural
rudimentary	rudimentary equipment, methods, systems etc are very basic and not advanced	The classroom equipment is pretty rudimentary
germane	relevant, pertinent to	an article which is germane to the subject being discussed
baccalaureate	a bachelor's degree
understudy	to be an understudy for a particular actor in a play
ground	to provide a basis for
sporadic	intermittent, happening fairly often, but not regularly	There has been sporadic violence downtown.
pretext	a false reason given for an action, in order to hide the real reason	The incident provided the pretext for war.
folklore	the traditional stories, customs etc of a particular area or country
muster	to get enough courage, confidence, support etc to do something, especially with difficulty	It's going to be fine,' replied David, with as much confidence as he could muster .
incidentally	우연히	Quite incidentally, I got some useful information at the party.
allegiance	loyalty to a leader, country, belief etc	The people here have strong political allegiances
phoney	false or not real, and intended to deceive someone	a phoney American accent
aver	to say something firmly and strongly because you are sure that it is true
analogous	similar to another situation or thing so that a comparison can be made	The report's findings are analogous with our own
preconceived	preconceived ideas, opinions etc are formed before you really have enough knowledge or experience	We started from scratch with no preconceived ideas.
the wee (small) hour	the early hours of the morning, just after 12 o'clock at night	The party continued into the wee small hours.
circadian	relating to a period of 24 hours, used especially when talking about changes in people's bodies	the body's circadian rhythm
secretion	분비액
on cue	happening or done at exactly the right moment	And then, on cue, the weather changed.
binge	to do too much of something, such as eating or drinking, in a short period of time	Whenever she's depressed she binges on chocolates.
in order	appropriate, disirable	an apology is in order
eclectic	selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines, methods, or styles	galleries with an eclectic range of styles and artists
sober	serious, and thinking or making you think carefully about things	a sober, hard-working young man
append	to add something to a piece of writing	The results of the client survey are appended to this document
restrain	to control, restrict, or arrest	had to restrain her from running out into the street.
gravitate	to be attracted to something and therefore move towards it or become involved with it	Most visitors to London gravitate to Piccadilly Circus and Leicester Square
withhold	to refuse to give someone something	Ian was accused of withholding vital information from the police.
observant	vigilantly and cautiously attentive	Supervisors are trained to be observant
vis-à-vis	face-to-face with; in relation to	the bargaining position of the UK vis-à-vis the rest of Europe
bewilder	to confuse someone	He was bewildered by his daughter's reaction
covert	<> overt	covert operations against the government
judicious	done in a sensible and careful way	a judicious choice
underpin	to give strength or support to something and to help it succeed	America's wealth is underpinned by a global system which exploits the world's poor
keystone	the most important part of an idea, belief, or process that influences how it develops	The keystone of any personal injury case is medical evidence
pragmatic	dealing with problems in a sensible, practical way instead of strictly following a set of ideas	Williams took a more pragmatic approach to management problems
collude	to work with someone secretly, especially in order to do something dishonest or illegal	Several customs officials have been accused of colluding with drug traffickers.
rest on	to depend on, to be based on	Success in management ultimately rests on good judgment
nimble	agile, able to move quickly and easily with light neat movements
discretion	the ability and right to decide exactly what should be done in a particular situation	Promotions are left to the discretion of the supervisor
responsive	reacting quickly, in a positive way	We try to be responsive to the needs of the customer
absenteeism	regular absence from work or school without a good reason
comply	to do what you have to do or are asked to do	The newspaper was asked by federal agents for assistance and agreed to comply.
by no means	결코 ~이 아니다	It is by no means costly.

Created by: caoman00

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