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endocrin system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is hormone membrane receptors? | different kind of hormones have specific proteins. it is the first impermeable messenger. hormone bonding causes receptors to change shape. second messemger activated in cytoplasm and produce action. not necessary for small, permeable hormones. |
| what is hormone negative feedback? | short feedback loop: an endocrine organ (A) affects a target (B), and then B inhibits A when sufficient action has occurred. Long loop:third organ involved C,so A affects B, then B affects C, C feed back to inhibit A. where A&B will be endocrine organs. |
| what is metabolites? | all cells produce them, excessive CO2 induces metabolic responses. |
| what is enzyme? | all cells produced them, though hormones are enzymatic. |
| what is pheromone? | scents released to affect other individuals. not a hormon because since action is external. |
| what is neurotransmitters? | substance secreated by nerve cells to affect each other. a negligible amount goes into blood. hypothalams nerve cells secrete true hormones. |
| what is protaglandins? | like hormones they carry messenges. |
| why are protaglandins no hormones? | produce by almost all cells, active in producing organs. responses varied. |
| why are protaglands termed autocrine or paracrine regulators? | modulate hormone action, it is a co-messenger that works with second messenger. it is all chemically similar and modifies fatty acids. |
| what are some examples of actions produced by protaglandins? | uterine contractions, inflammatory respones, anticoagulate(stops blood cloting), increase fate breakdown rate, regulates blood pressure. blood pressure regulation. |
| what is general adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary? | most of its hormones termed tropic. target other endocrine organs. |
| what is adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary struture and secretion? | polypeptide of 39 amino acid residues( or what is left over). and secreted by bata- basophils of pars distalis. |
| what is the actions of adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary? | targets cortex of adrenal glands, controls secretion of glucocortiocids,mineral corticoids and androgens. maintains size and blood flow of entire adrenals. |
| what is the structure of somatotropic(growth or human growth) hormone (STH, GH, or HCH)? | it is a 191 amino acid residue protein. and it is secreted by the acidophils in the pars distalis. |
| what is the action of somatotropic (growth or human growth) hormone (STH, GH, or HCH)? | directly targets all cells of the body, basiclly stimuates attainment of adult size, after adulthood it maintains body throughtout life. |
| how does somatotropic (growth or human growth hormone) STH, GH, or HCH accomplish its action? | amino acid intake and use by cells, mobilization and respiration of stored fat, conducts glycogenolysis by breaking glycogen into glucose, and conducts bone calcification and growth. |
| what is gigantism? | hypersecretion of GH before maturity it creats proportionate enlargment of all body parts. |
| what is acromegaly? | hypersecretion of GH after muterity that creates a grossly enlarged jaw and hand and face. |
| what is dwarfism? | hyposecretion of GH befor maturity creates normal mental development. |
| what is simmond's disease? | hyposecretion of GH after maturity creates apathy, muscle atrophy, and diminished sexual functions. |
| what is the structure of thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)? | it is a glycoprotein composed of 2 polypeptids and carbohydrate(8%). it is secreated by y-basophil of pars distalis. |
| what is the actions of thyroid-stimulation hormone(TSH)? | controls synthesis and secreationof thyroid hormones, maintains size and blood flow of gland. |
| what is the sturture of follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)of the gonadotropic group of hormones? | glycoprotein with 2 subunits and 10% carbohydrates. secreated by y-basophils of pars distalis. |
| what is the actions of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)of the gonadotropic group of hormones | female: stimulates ovarian follicle deveopment male: stimulates sperm fromation and maturation. |
| wha is the sturture of Luteinizing (interstitial cell-stimulating) hormone (LH or ICSH) of the gonadotropic group of hormones? | a glycoprotein that is almost identical to FSH and secreted by A-basophils of pars distalis. |
| what is the action of Luteinizing hormone (LH or ICSH)? | Follicle maturation, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, secretion of estrogens and progesterone. males: secretes of testosterone from testes |
| what is the Plactin hormone of the gonadotropic group of hormones? | it is a protein with 198 amino acid residues, and it secreted by acidophils of pars distalis. |
| what is the action of Plactin hormone? | in both sexes but only fuctional in females, produces growth and milk in normal mamnary gland. |
| what is hypothalamic control? | controls all hormonal releases,but its own set of hormones: peptides or polypeptides of 3 to 44 amino acids, and are synthesized by specialized neurons. has a hypophyseal portal system that is a specilized vascular connection.stimulated by many sources. |
| what is the releasing hormones of hypothalamic control? | conticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH or GRH), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone(TRH), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone(TRH), and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone(GnRH), Probable prolactin-releaing hormone(PRH) |
| what is the inhibiting hormones of hypothalamic control? | somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone-GHIH), prolactin-hormone or factor(PIN or PIF), debated presence of any for ACTH, TSH, FSH,FSH,LH. GH and LTH have non-endocrine tragets and tropic hormones have better feedback loops. |
| A chemical substance secreted into the body fluids in very small amounts, exerting metabolic effects on distant body cells, is: | a hormone |
| Hormones: | . are specific b. may influence each other c. are catalytic d. are constantly present in the blood, with their amounts varying as to the body's needs |
| Hormones most often work by: | activating outer membrane receptors on the target cells, which then cause intracellular changes |
| Which of the following are not considered as hormone because they are too general and produced by (or affect) all cells: | enzymes |
| Neurotransmitters are not considered as hormones because: | they are primarily utilized for communication between nerve cells (neurons) |
| Which of the following is not a hormonal chemical category: | triglyceride |
| The most common second messenger in hormonal target cells is: | cyclic-AMP |
| Hormonal action is most often accomplished in which form, either directly or indirectly: | coenzyme |
| "A" stimulates "B"--"B" then stimulates "C"--"C" inhibits "A". This describes which of the following: | long loop negative feedback regulation |
| The majority of hormones act, directly or indirectly, as: | coenzymes |
| Hormones act as: | coenzymes, or to influence enzyme synthesis |
| Which of the following type of hormonal molecules would be the smallest: | peptide |
| A substance from organ A stimulates target B -- a substance from target B inhibits organ A. This describes which of the following: | short loop negative feedback regulation |
| Which of the following substances is not considered to be a hormone: | enzyme b. organic metabolite c. neurotransmitter d. pheromone |
| The role of cyclic-AMP: | second messenger within target cells |
| The importance of hormones is due to their: | being chemical integrators and coordinators b. maintaining homeostatic processes c. effects occurring in seconds/days and lasting for hours/years d. excesses or deficiencies producing severe dysfunctions |
| Hormones are regulated by: | negative feedback loops |
| Which of the following is not a hormonal chemical category: | disaccharide |
| Which of the following is not a general principle of hormonal action: | are actually enzymes |
| Which of the following is not a hormonal chemical category: | phospholipid |
| "A" stimulates "B" - "B" then inhibits "A". This describes which of the following: | short loop negative feedback regulation |
| Along with the endocrine system, the body's other major controlling/regulating system is: | nervous |
| The method by which hormones most often work is: | via membrane receptors which stimulate an intracellular second messenger |
| Hormones are not: | enzymes |
| Which type of non-hormonal chemical messenger is the most hormone-like: | prostaglandin |
| The dynamic balance of vital life processes is termed: | homeostasis |
| The hormonal chemical category which has no relation to proteins is: | steroid |
| The phrase "endocrine system" is not as accurate as other body systems, since it consists of superficially unrelated, scattered glands. | false |
| Hormones are actually enzymes. | false |
| Hormones cannot influence each other. | false |
| Hormones can influence each other. | true |
| With few exceptions hormone levels are controlled by positive feedback. | False |
| Hormone levels are usually controlled by negative feedback. | True |
| Pheromones are not considered hormones because they are secreted by all cells. | False |
| Metabolites are not considered hormones because they are produced by all cells. | True |
| Hormones are never fatty acids. | True |
| Hormones are never polypeptides. | False |
| Hormones change reaction rates. | True |
| A hormone may affect the same reaction in all cells of the body. | True |
| Hormones are not directly involved in homeostasis. | False |
| Most hormones affect the same reaction in all cells of the body. | False |
| Most of the organs in the endocrine system do not physically contact each other. | True |
| Some hormones affect the same reaction in all cells of the body. | True |
| A hormone which controls or influences another hormone is: | tropic |
| All of the following are functions of the various anterior pituitary gland hormones, except: | regulate water excretion |
| All of the following are direct functions of the various pituitary gland hormones, except: | regulate water excretion |
| Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland: | PIH |
| Too much growth hormone secretion late in life would result in: | acromegaly |
| When there is a deficiency of growth hormone secretion in an adult, what occurs: | muscular deterioration b. apathetic behavior c. weakness d. diminished sexual functions |
| Too little growth hormone before maturity would result in: | dwarfism |
| Too much growth hormone before maturity would result in: | gigantism |
| Which of the following is not a growth hormone action: | mammary gland secretion |
| Adrenal development and functioning is controlled by: | ACTH |
| Which of the following hormone molecules would be the smallest: | adrenocorticotropic |
| Which of the following hormones is a glycoprotein: | FSH |
| Which hormone is fully functional in men, but is named for its function in women: | FSH |
| ACTH directly controls the secretion of: | cortisol |
| Which of the following hormones is not entirely tropic: | GH |
| The entire pituitary gland is directly or indirectly controlled by: | hypothalamus |
| ACTH is a: | polypeptide |
| A molecule consisting of 12 amino acid residues would be termed: | polypeptide |
| A molecule consisting of 8 amino acid residues would be termed: | peptide |
| All anterior pituitary hormones are steroid. | False |
| All anterior pituitary hormones are protein. | False |
| The hypothalamus controls (directly or indirectly) the entire pituitary gland. | True |
| Not all of the anterior pituitary hormones are affected by release-inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus, because they have non-endocrine targets. | True |
| Some anterior pituitary hormones lack corresponding hypothalamic release-inhibiting hormones for inexplicable reasons. | False |
| The anterior pituitary does not synthesize its own hormones--they are formed by the hypothalamus. | false |
| The posterior pituitary does not synthesize its own hormones--they are formed by the hypothalamus. | True |
| Increased TSH should cause decreased thyroid hormone release. | False |
| Increased TSH should cause increased thyroid hormone release. | True |
| Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the seminiferous tubules of the testes to produce sperm. | True |
| Follicle stimulating hormone has no effects on men. | False |
| Interstitial cell stimulating hormone is the male equivalent of luteinizing hormone. | True |
| Interstitial cell stimulating hormone is the male equivalent of follicle stimulating hormone. | False |
| A tropic hormone is one which acts as an enzyme component. | False |
| A tropic hormone is one which acts as an enzyme component. | False |
| The hormone which initiates ovarian follicle development is: | FSH |
| The female sex hormone(s) which corresponds, functionally, to the male hormone testosterone, is: | estrogens |
| Final follicle development and ovulation are stimulated by which hormone: | luteinizing |
| Ovulation is induced by elevated levels of: | LH |
| Which of the following hormones is found in both men and women, but can only be functional in women: | prolactin |
| Milk secretion is initiated by: | lactogenic hormone |
| Which of the following is secreted by the pars intermedia: | MSH |
| MSH is secreted by: | pars intermedia |
| MSH is secreted by: | pars intermedia |
| The function of luteinizing hormone is: | completion of ovarian follicle formation b. ovulation c. corpus luteum formation d. secretion of female hormones from the corpus luteum |
| Which of the following hormones is found in both men and women, but can only be functional in women: | lactogenic |
| Which of the following is not secreted by the posterior pituitary: | growth hormone b. ACTH c. PIH d. FSH |
| Anti-diuretic hormone: | accelerates reabsorption of water |
| ADH and oxytocin are: | small peptides |
| Which hormone is responsible for sperm production: | follicle-stimulating |
| ADH and oxytocin are synthesized by: | hypothalamus |
| Which of the following hormones is not synthesized by the posterior pituitary: | it secretes hormones, but does not synthesize any |
| What is the function of oxytocin: | uterine contractions for childbirth |
| Hypothyroidism early in life would result in: | cretinism |
| When there is a significant deficiency of T4 and T3 secretion in a growing child: | mental and physical growth are hindered |
| The thyroid is ultimately controlled by: | hypothalamus |
| Which of the following substances would be required first , considering their effects and interactions: | thyrotropin release-stimulating hormone |
| Normally most thyroxin is: | within the colloid of the thyroid, in storage |
| Which of the following is not a T3/T4 function: | stimulating brain oxidative respiration |
| Which of the following, if over-secreted, would result in hyperthyroidism: | thyroid-stimulating hormone b. thyrotropin-releasing hormone c. triiodothyronine (T3) d. tetraiodothyronine (T4) |
| Which of the following would indicate mature hypothyroidism: | lethargy b. depressed mental functions c. obesity d. decreased appetite |
| Thyroxine and triiodothyronine stimulate which of the following in all cells of the body: | protein synthesis b. carbohydrate metabolism c. lipid metabolism d. growth and development |
| A goiter could be produced by: | hyperthyroidism b. excess TRH secretion c. excess TSH secretion d. iodine deficiency |
| What is the carbohydrate effect of T3 and T4: | stimulates carbohydrate metabolism generally |
| Which of the following would indicate mature hyperthyroidism: | lethargy b. depressed mental functions c. obesity d. decreased appetite e. none of the above |
| What is the protein effect of T3 and T4: | stimulate enzyme synthesis |
| Thyroid hormones are stored within follicles as: | thyroglobulin |
| Calcium metabolism is regulated by secretions of the: | thyroid and parathyroid |
| Hypercalcemia would cause: | decreased parathyroid hormone b. increased thyrocalcitonin c. less bone resorption d. less kidney reabsorption e. all of the above |
| Which of the following would not be a result of hyperparathyroidism: | nerve cell irritability |
| Which of the following would not be an effect of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D: | calcium excretion |
| Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism: | tetanic muscle spasms |
| Thyroid binding globulin is one of the components of T3 or T4, synthesized within the thyroid gland. | False |
| Thyroid binding globulin is the carrier for T4 within the blood. | True |
| Thyroxine (T4) is a prehormone for triiodothyronine (T3). | False |
| A goiter can result from a decreased hormonal output. | True |
| A goiter can result from hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. | True |
| A goiter can only result from hyperthyroidism. | False |
| A hypothyroid condition should result in increased oxygen consumption. | false |
| A hyperthyroid condition would result in increased oxygen consumption. | True |
| Thyrocalcitonin lowers blood calcium. | True |
| Thyrocalcitonin elevates blood calcium. | False |
| Parathyroid hormone alone will counteract hypocalcemia. | True |
| Parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin both are required to counteract hypercalcemia. | True |
| Iron is essential for proper thyroid hormone synthesis. | Fales |
| Thyrocalcitonin alone will counteract hypercalcemia. | False |
| The synthesis of Vitamin D within the skin technically makes this a true hormone. | False |
| T3 and T4 directly control metabolic functions of all cells in the body. | True |
| Less PTH secretion and more thyrocalcitonin secretion would occur in response to hypocalcemia. | False |
| Hypoparathyroidism would cause severe hypercalcemia. | False |
| The thyroid is controlled by no other endocrine organ. | False |
| Extra-cellular storage is a notable characteristic of thyroxine. | True |
| All of the following are adrenal hormones, except: | glucagon |
| The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes: | aldosterone |
| Which of the following is not a function of the glucocorticoids: | maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium |
| Cortisol is from the: | adrenal cortex |
| Which of the following is not true with regard to epinephrine and norepinephrine: | performs functions duplicated by no other system |
| Aldosterone causes the following to increase: | sodium reabsorption b. water reabsorption c. chloride and bicarbonate reabsorption d. potassium excretion |
| Which of the following is not true with regard to epinephrine and norepinephrine: | performs functions duplicated by no other system |
| Aldosterone causes the following to increase: | sodium reabsorption b. water reabsorption c. chloride and bicarbonate reabsorption d. potassium excretion |
| Which of the following is a glucocorticoid: | cortisol |
| Which of the following is not true with regard to epinephrine and norepinephrine: | performs functions duplicated by no other system |
| Aldosterone causes the following to increase: | sodium reabsorption b. water reabsorption c. chloride and bicarbonate reabsorption d. potassium excretion |
| Which of the following is a glucocorticoid: | cortisol |
| Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenalism) would cause: | muscle wasting b. hyperglycemia c. hypertension d. immune suppression |
| The overall effect of epinephrine: | stress responses |
| Which of the following secretes estrogens: | adrenal cortex |
| Which of the following makes glucose more readily available, but does not stimulate its uptake and use by cells: | cortisol |
| The principal function of aldosterone: | increased sodium reabsorption, to induce water reabsorption |
| Addison's disease (hypoadrenalism) would cause: | hypoglycemia |
| Immune suppression is a function of: | cortisol |
| The adrenal medulla and the autonomic nervous system are both involved in: | stress responses |
| Abnormal fat distribution, muscle atrophy, hyperglycemia, hypertension and immune suppression, would indicate: | hyperadrenalism (Cushing’s syndrome) |
| Which of the following secretes estrogens and progesterone: | zona reticularis of adrenal cortex |
| What is the most important control mechanism for aldosterone secretion: | blood potassium level |
| The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex secretes: | sex hormones |
| Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenalism) would cause: | muscle wasting b. hyperglycemia c. hypertension d. immune suppression |
| The overall effect of epinephrine: | stress responses |
| Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete: | insulin |
| All of the following produce effects which oppose insulin action, except: | thyroxine |
| Insulin shock (from the effects of excess insulin) is caused by the brain's response to: | glucose deprivation |
| Which hormone would decrease fat respiration and availability: | insulin |
| Which of the following is an insulin antagonist: | GH b. cortisol c. epinephrine d. glucagon |
| Which of the following would not be an effect of diabetes mellitus: | increased gluconeogenesis |
| How does insulin lower blood glucose: | increased transport into cells b. increased respiration c. increased glucogenesis d. decreased gluconeogenesis |
| The source of insulin is: | beta cells of islets of Langerhans |
| All of the following function in endocrine production to some extent, except: | gallbladder |
| Which of the following directly controls metabolic functions of all tissues located throughout the body: | T4 |
| From what you know about the functions and interrelations of all body systems--which of the following hormones, if absent, would be most rapidly fatal: | insulin |
| Which of the following hormones, if suddenly secreted in extremely increased amounts, would be most rapidly fatal (or debilitating): | insulin |
| Which of the following hormones, if suddenly secreted in extremely lowered amounts, would be most rapidly fatal (or debilitating): | aldosterone |
| Which of the following hormones, if in great excess, would probably be the most rapidly fatal: | insulin |
| Which of the following hormones is not a protein nor a peptide: | FSH |
| The control of blood glucose is maintained by coordinated activity of all of the following endocrine glands, except: | neurohypophysis |
| Growth and development is influenced (directly or indirectly) by: | growth hormone b. thyroid T3 and T4 c. thyroid stimulating hormone d. growth release-stimulating hormone |
| Which of the following controls some metabolic functions in all cells of the body: | insulin b. GH c. thyroxine d. cortisol |
| Which of the following hormones is not protein-related (to any extent): | aldosterone |
| The brain controls its glucose utilization directly, via: | sympathetic stimulation |
| Shock and coma can result from either hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. | True |
| The thymus hormones are responsible, indirectly, for antibody production. | True |
| Hormones from the thymus are responsible for proper development of the adrenal glands. | False |
| Aldosterone is important for its anti-inflammatory effects. | False |
| Hyperadrenalism (Cushing's Syndrome) would produce muscle wasting, hyperglycemia, hypertension and immune suppression. | True |
| All adrenal cortical hormones are glycoproteins. | False |
| Of the adrenal hormones, the absence of aldosterone would be the most predictably fatal. | True |
| Hypersecretion of adrenal androgens would produce excessive masculinization in a mature male. | False |
| Severe immune suppression would be a consequence of hypoadrenalism. | False |
| Hypersecretion of adrenal androgens would produce sexual precocity in an immature male. | True |
| Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid. | True |
| Aldosterone is a glucocorticoid. | False |
| Hypersecretion of adrenal androgens would produce sexual precocity in an immature female. | False |
| Shock from the effects of excess insulin is caused by the brain’s response to acidosis. | False |
| The adrenal medulla and the autonomic nervous system are both involved in stress responses. | True |
| Glucagon is secreted by the adrenal cortex. | False |
| Thyroxine is an insulin antagonist. | False |
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