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PathoPharm I- Exam 1
Heyman Nursing test1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a drug? | Any chemical that can affect living processes |
| What is the study of drugs and their interactions | Pharmacology |
| What is the study of drugs in humans? | Clinical Pharmacology |
| What is the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, treat disease, and prevent pregnancy | Therapeutics |
| What are 3 important characterists of drugs? | 1) effectiveness 2) safety 3) selectively |
| What is the therapeutic effect? | It is to provide maximum benefit with minimal harm |
| What are the five rights to drug administration | 1) right drug 2) right patient 3) right route of administration 4) right time 5) right dose |
| Who is the last line of defense against a medication error? | The nurse |
| What are 3 goals of assessment | 1) Collecting baseline data needed to evaluate 2) identifying high risk patients 3) assessing patient's capacity to self care |
| What are the 3 most important ways drugs cross cell membranes | 1) channels or pores 2) transport system 3) direct penetration (most common) |
| Drug metabolism in the liver is the ____ system | P450 |
| What are 5 special considerations in drug metabolism | 1) age 2) induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes 3) first pass effect 4) nutritional status 5) competition between drugs |
| What is the therapeutic range? | Area between minimum effected range and toxicity |
| What are the 4 processes of pharmacokinetics | absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
| What is maximal efficacy? | Largest effect that a drug can produce |
| What is potency? | Amount of drug that must be given to elicit an effect |
| What is an agonist? | A molecule that activates a receptor |
| What is an antagonist? | A molecule that prevents receptor activation |
| What is drug toxicity? | Adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing |
| What is an idiosyncratic response? | Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition |
| What is an iatrogenic disease? | A disease produced by drugs |
| The parasympathetic nervous system: ____HR ____Gastric secretions dilates/constricts the eyes | slows heart rate, increases gastric secretions, focuses the eye, constricts pupil |
| What are 3 functions of the sympathetic nervous system? | 1) regulate cardiovascular system 2) regulate body temperature 3) implement "fight or flight" |
| The sympathetic nervous system: ___HR ____BP constrict/dilate pupil increase/decreases glucose in blood hot/cold skin | Increased HR & BP pupil dilate, glucose is released into blood, cold skin |
| 3 major subtypes of cholinergic receptors | Nicotinic M Nicotinic N Muscinaric |
| 4 major subtypes of adrenergic receptors | Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Beta 1 Beta 2 |
| What adrenergic receptor does Epinepherine work on (alpha1 alpha2 beta1 or beta2) | Beta 2 |
| What does alpha 1 receptor do to the eyes, blood vessels, male sex organs, and prostate and bladder? | contracts eye, constricts blood vessels, promotes ejaculation, contracts prostate and bladder |
| Nicotinic M causes contraction of ____ muscles | skeletal |
| What are 3 types of drugs you do not use atropine with? | 1) antipsychotics 2) tricyclic antidepressants 3) antihistamines |
| Which cholinestrase inhibitor(physostigmine or neostigmine) crosses the blood brain barrier? | physostigmine |
| How are catacolamines administered? | IV or IM NOT PO |
| What are dobutamine, norepenphrine and dopamine used for? | Shock and Heart Failure |
| What is Epinepherine used for? (3 things) | Anaphylatic shock, status asthmaticus, cardiac arrest |
| What is terbutaline used for? | Preterm labor |
| What are the side effects of catacolamines? | dysrhythemias, hypertensive crisis, hyperglycemia |
| What cholinestrase inhibitor is an antidote for anticholinergics | Physostigmine |
| What is neostigmine typically prescribed for? | Myesthenia gravis |
| A patient has recently begun taking neostigmine for mysthenia gravis, what side effects can she expect to experience? | Excess urination, excess mucus, diahrrea, GI Cramps |
| A patient complains of nasal congestion due to allergies what drug class would be best suited for his condition? | Sympathomimetic |
| Pseudoephedrine is prescribed for a patient what side effects would you education him on? What is different about this OTC drug? | Increased HR and BP restlessness. Pseudo has restrictions placed on it by the government it is behind the counter and controlled |
| A patient was recently diagnosed with pheochromatocytoma what medication will this patient receive? | Phentolamine |
| Terazosin is used for what? What is an important side effect to educate them about? | BPH; Terazosin causes othostatic hypotension |
| What are common useages of Alpha blockers? | vasodialation bladder neck relaxation(BPH) hypertension |
| What is the antidote to an epinepherine toxicity | Phentolamine |
| Beta Blockers are grouped into two classes list the classes and which drugs belong in them? | Selective: metoprolol & atenolol nonselective: propranolol & carvedolol |
| Which 2 beta blockers are used for heart failure? | carvedilol & metoprolol |
| What is important to monitor before giving a beta blocker to a patient? | Heart rate |
| What are 4 uses of beta blockers? | Heart attack, heart failure, dysrhythemias, hypertension |
| What are side effects of beta blockers? (list 2) | low heart rate, fatigue |
| What are 2 uses for clonidine? | It is injected into the spine of cancer patients for pain control and hypertension |
| A patient is receiving clonidine, which is an adverse effect of the drug bradycardia or tachycardia? | bradycardia (it is used for hypertension so if bradycardia occurs the drug is working too well) |
| What is atropine used for? | To increase heart rate for a patient in cardiac arrest |
| Which anticholinergic is used for IBS to reduce GI cramping? | Dicyclomine |
| What is Iprotropium used for? | COPD & asthma |
| Which 2 anticholinergics are used for an overactive bladder | 1) oxybutinin 2) tolteradine |
| What are common side effects of anticholinergics? | Dry as a bone, mad as a hatter, red as a beet, blind as a bat,hot as a hare |
| A patient recently was prescribed Iprotropium for their asthma, what side effect is very important for the nurse to tell the patient? | Anticholinergics may cause asthma secretions to be thick and crusty |
| What activates a prodrug | The liver |
| If a drug is more selective it has < or > side effects | the more selective the less the side effects |
| A nurse wants to check the excretion clearance of a drug in an 80 year old man, she decides to take blood serum levels to test the creatinine in the blood, is this a good indicator? | No, the nurse must check creatine clearance present in urine. Elderly people have slower kidneys therefore toxicity risk is greater |
| What is the difference between mydriasis and myosis | Miosis is constriction while mydriasis is dilation (I remember because both constriction and miosis have o's in them) |
| What is xerostomia | dry mouth |
| What is anhidrosis and what class of drugs is it usually a side effect of? | no sweating, anticholinergic drugs |
| What 4 places should you never give lido+epi to? What can happen if you do? | fingers nose penis toes. it can cause necrosis of the tissue |
| Paralysis occurs after a stroke, what is this an example of (vocab word) | Sequale |
| What is an important difference between a schedule 2 and schedule 3 drug | C2 must be a hard copy rx C3-5 can be called in by MD |
| What is enteral | gastrointestinal (mouth, rectum, tubes) |
| What is parenteral | Injection (IM, IV, SubQ) |
| What are the 5 ways drugs are removed from the body? | Urine, sweat, saliva, breast milk, lungs |
| What is regulation of sensitivity? | It makes the receptor more likely or less likely to be activated |
| What is a drug that causes cancer called? | carcinogenic |
| What is a drug that causes birth defects called? | teratogenic |
| Receptor activation is when a drug causes the same or opposite effect as a natural process | same |
| A receptor deactivation is when a drug causes the same or opposite effect as a natural process? | opposite |
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rboylen