His murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo triggered WWI by prompting Austria to declare war on Serbia for the government's apparent hand in the assassination.

France, Russia and Britain entered WWI as a result of this alliance.

A military alliance formed before World War One between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Often called the Central Powers.

Germany's guaranteed of support of Austria. So they could take action against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand.

The development of this new type of battleship was a key component of the arms race which preceded WWI between Britain and Germany.

A German war plan: wage war against one enemy at a time (first France), win quickly, and then move on to the next opponent (Russia). This failed at the Battle of the Marne as France was stronger than expected and Russia mobilized quicker than expected.

First Battle of the Marne

The first battle or World War I fought in France. After this battle the hopes of the Schlieffen Plan were destroyed and battle tactics had to be changed. The war turned to a stalemate of trench warfare.

Developed by Britain as a solution to the stalemate of trench warfare. These machines were built so they could navigate over the trenches and then shoot into the trenches. They were a major technological development and they made trench warfare obsolete.

A major military innovation, this weapon caused large scale destruction. Chlorine was the first successful killing agent used and it was first deployed by the Germans. It depicted a major change in war tactics.

These were initially used in the war for reconnaissance. Towards the end of the war, they were also used in combat for the first time. A major technological innovation that came about during World War I.

The German called them U-boats. Because the German U-boats destroyed American ships, the United States entered the war.

A battle tactic first used in World War I which found both sides digging ditches in order to defend themselves from the enemy. This led to a war of attrition where little ground was ever gained and the amount of causalities were high.

A military engagement in which neither side has any tactical advantage, so that the only result of the fighting is the great loss of men and material on both sides. One side tries to outlast the other.

In 1916, it was one of the largest battles of WWI. The battle resulted with more than a million casualties and was the bloodiest battle for the British army. They suffered 60,000 casualties on the first day. No decisive advances were made.

This 1916 battle was fought between the German and French armies and resulted in more than a quarter of a million deaths and about half a million wounded. It was the longest battle and one of the bloodiest in World War I.

As a result of the impact of World War I this event in 1917 eventually led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its dissolution in 1991.

Unrestricted German submarine warfare resulted in the sinking of the Lusitania and raised tensions between Germany and the US. Germany's attempt for a military alliance with Mexico against the States, led to this event which was the turning point in WWI.

Senseless battles of attrition led to this mutiny in 1917.

A 1915-16 battle that took place in Turkey. The battle was an absolute failure for the Allies. The ANZAC forces were decimated after they landed at an impossible cliff-side location. An entire generation of Australian and New Zealand men were killed.

A promise to make a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Palestine had been promised to both the Arabs and the Jews. In fact, it wasn't given to anybody. Instead, the British kept it as a mandate. This has led to the Arab-Jewish tensions that continue today.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A treaty signed by Lenin and the Central Powers on March 3, 1918, which marked Russia's exit from WWI.

The largest naval battle of World War I. It pitted the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet against the German High Seas Fleet in the North Sea near Denmark. This was the only battle that truly showcased battleships. It was non-decisive.

Name given to members of the British women's movement who during the early twentieth century fought for the vote.

When an entire country consecrates themselves to a war effort. When most production sectors change their production to war supplies. From shells to guns and tanks. Also the government is allowed to make decisions without the regular steps and stages.

In France and Britain, the Germans were portrayed as evil monsters that would destroy everything in their paths.. This is also often used to gain support from the people of a country, widely used in the USA to promote total war. Very one sided and biased

In WWI it was used to cover up the truth in letters coming from the front. They would all be proofread and the parts that the masses shouldn't know were eliminated.

The Paris Peace Conference

Was organized by the victors of World War I to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and the defeated Central Powers. The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty signed with Germany as part of this conference.

The treaty that determined the fate of the Germany after WWI. It imposed a 132 trillion Mark indemnity as well as returned Alsace Lorraine to France. The War Guilt clause and a limitation on the Germany military were also part of this treaty.

The peace treaty signed with Austria after World War I. I was part of the Paris Peace Talks.

The peace treaty signed with Bulgaria after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.

The peace treaty signed with Hungary after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.

The peace treaty signed with the Ottoman Empire after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.

They were the most significant policy makers at the treaty of Versailles. Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson.

Made the Fourteen Points address. Introduced the idea of a League of Nations. For his peacemaking efforts was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize. His failure to win U.S. entry into the League as the biggest mistake of his administration.

British representative at the Treaty of Versailles who did not want to utterly destroy the German economy and political system because he felt they should be a trading partner. His priority was the British Empire and mandates.

Led France during WWI, was a major voice behind the Treaty of Versailles. He was anti-German and made sure the Treaty of Versailles was especially punishing for Germany.

Formulated by Woodrow Wilson as a blueprint for European peace after WWI. Resulted in the German surrender in WWI in hopes of a just peace but many points were surrendered to the harsher British and French leaders.

Allows people of similar background the right to their own state or nation. Was the basis for many of the new countries formed after WWI but was overlooked in places such as the Polish corridor, the Sudetenland, and Yugoslavia.

A treaty in which the nation receiving has no say in anything. Led to bitterness about the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles by the German people.

International organization formed after the Paris Peace Conference, intended to help maintain peace and the balance of power but lacked an armed force to ensure this. It was an unsuccessful attempt at collective security.

The theory that if one nation is attacked that all the other countries will react in opposition to the aggressor nation. It was the basis of the League of Nations.

Germany was forced to take complete responsibility for starting World War I. This simply served to anger the Germans and ensure that they would seek revenge.

Germany was told to pay 132 billion gold marks to the Allies under the Treaty of Versailles because of the damage they had caused during World War I.

World War II military alliance of Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, China, and 45 other countries

World War II military alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan, and six other countries

A turning point battle fought in 1942 in the Pacific during which American planes sank four Japanese aircraft carriers who were never able to recover from this defeat and afterwards were always on the defensive.

Germany's use of the blitzkrieg on this country led to the start of World War II.

"lightning war " German military tactic for quick victory by use of massed airplanes, tanks and mobile infantry.

A period of time following the German invasion of Poland. Although the European powers had declared war on one another, there was little combat.

Allied soldiers were cut off in northern France by a German armoured advance. Over 330,000 Allied troops caught in the pocket were subsequently evacuated by sea to England. The majority of British troops were able to survive and fight another day.

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History 12

Total Review

Glossary Term	Definition
Archduke Frans Ferdinand	His assassination in Sarajevo provoked Austria to declare war on Serbia and sparked the beginning of WWI.
Gavrillo Princip	His murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo triggered WWI by prompting Austria to declare war on Serbia for the government's apparent hand in the assassination.
Triple Entente	France, Russia and Britain entered WWI as a result of this alliance.
Triple Alliance	A military alliance formed before World War One between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Often called the Central Powers.
"The Blank Cheque"	Germany's guaranteed of support of Austria. So they could take action against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand.
Dreadnought	The development of this new type of battleship was a key component of the arms race which preceded WWI between Britain and Germany.
Schlieffen Plan	A German war plan: wage war against one enemy at a time (first France), win quickly, and then move on to the next opponent (Russia). This failed at the Battle of the Marne as France was stronger than expected and Russia mobilized quicker than expected.
First Battle of the Marne	The first battle or World War I fought in France. After this battle the hopes of the Schlieffen Plan were destroyed and battle tactics had to be changed. The war turned to a stalemate of trench warfare.
Tanks	Developed by Britain as a solution to the stalemate of trench warfare. These machines were built so they could navigate over the trenches and then shoot into the trenches. They were a major technological development and they made trench warfare obsolete.
Gas	A major military innovation, this weapon caused large scale destruction. Chlorine was the first successful killing agent used and it was first deployed by the Germans. It depicted a major change in war tactics.
Airplanes	These were initially used in the war for reconnaissance. Towards the end of the war, they were also used in combat for the first time. A major technological innovation that came about during World War I.
Submarines	The German called them U-boats. Because the German U-boats destroyed American ships, the United States entered the war.
Trench Warfare	A battle tactic first used in World War I which found both sides digging ditches in order to defend themselves from the enemy. This led to a war of attrition where little ground was ever gained and the amount of causalities were high.
Battles of Attrition	A military engagement in which neither side has any tactical advantage, so that the only result of the fighting is the great loss of men and material on both sides. One side tries to outlast the other.
Battle of the Somme	In 1916, it was one of the largest battles of WWI. The battle resulted with more than a million casualties and was the bloodiest battle for the British army. They suffered 60,000 casualties on the first day. No decisive advances were made.
Battle of Verdun	This 1916 battle was fought between the German and French armies and resulted in more than a quarter of a million deaths and about half a million wounded. It was the longest battle and one of the bloodiest in World War I.
Russian Revolution	As a result of the impact of World War I this event in 1917 eventually led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its dissolution in 1991.
US enters the war	Unrestricted German submarine warfare resulted in the sinking of the Lusitania and raised tensions between Germany and the US. Germany's attempt for a military alliance with Mexico against the States, led to this event which was the turning point in WWI.
French troops mutiny	Senseless battles of attrition led to this mutiny in 1917.
Gallipoli	A 1915-16 battle that took place in Turkey. The battle was an absolute failure for the Allies. The ANZAC forces were decimated after they landed at an impossible cliff-side location. An entire generation of Australian and New Zealand men were killed.
Balfour Declaration	A promise to make a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Palestine had been promised to both the Arabs and the Jews. In fact, it wasn't given to anybody. Instead, the British kept it as a mandate. This has led to the Arab-Jewish tensions that continue today.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	A treaty signed by Lenin and the Central Powers on March 3, 1918, which marked Russia's exit from WWI.
Battle of Jutland	The largest naval battle of World War I. It pitted the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet against the German High Seas Fleet in the North Sea near Denmark. This was the only battle that truly showcased battleships. It was non-decisive.
Suffragettes	Name given to members of the British women's movement who during the early twentieth century fought for the vote.
Total War	When an entire country consecrates themselves to a war effort. When most production sectors change their production to war supplies. From shells to guns and tanks. Also the government is allowed to make decisions without the regular steps and stages.
Propaganda	In France and Britain, the Germans were portrayed as evil monsters that would destroy everything in their paths.. This is also often used to gain support from the people of a country, widely used in the USA to promote total war. Very one sided and biased
Censorship	In WWI it was used to cover up the truth in letters coming from the front. They would all be proofread and the parts that the masses shouldn't know were eliminated.
The Paris Peace Conference	Was organized by the victors of World War I to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and the defeated Central Powers. The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty signed with Germany as part of this conference.
Treaty of Versailles	The treaty that determined the fate of the Germany after WWI. It imposed a 132 trillion Mark indemnity as well as returned Alsace Lorraine to France. The War Guilt clause and a limitation on the Germany military were also part of this treaty.
Treaty of St.Germain	The peace treaty signed with Austria after World War I. I was part of the Paris Peace Talks.
Treaty of Neuilly	The peace treaty signed with Bulgaria after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.
Treaty of Trianon	The peace treaty signed with Hungary after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.
Treaty of Sevres	The peace treaty signed with the Ottoman Empire after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.
The Big Three	They were the most significant policy makers at the treaty of Versailles. Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson.
Woodrow Wilson	Made the Fourteen Points address. Introduced the idea of a League of Nations. For his peacemaking efforts was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize. His failure to win U.S. entry into the League as the biggest mistake of his administration.
David Lloyd George	British representative at the Treaty of Versailles who did not want to utterly destroy the German economy and political system because he felt they should be a trading partner. His priority was the British Empire and mandates.
Georges Clemenceau	Led France during WWI, was a major voice behind the Treaty of Versailles. He was anti-German and made sure the Treaty of Versailles was especially punishing for Germany.
Fourteen Points	Formulated by Woodrow Wilson as a blueprint for European peace after WWI. Resulted in the German surrender in WWI in hopes of a just peace but many points were surrendered to the harsher British and French leaders.
Self-Determination	Allows people of similar background the right to their own state or nation. Was the basis for many of the new countries formed after WWI but was overlooked in places such as the Polish corridor, the Sudetenland, and Yugoslavia.
Diktat	A treaty in which the nation receiving has no say in anything. Led to bitterness about the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles by the German people.
League of Nations	International organization formed after the Paris Peace Conference, intended to help maintain peace and the balance of power but lacked an armed force to ensure this. It was an unsuccessful attempt at collective security.
Collective Security	The theory that if one nation is attacked that all the other countries will react in opposition to the aggressor nation. It was the basis of the League of Nations.
War Guilt Clause	Germany was forced to take complete responsibility for starting World War I. This simply served to anger the Germans and ensure that they would seek revenge.
War reparations	Germany was told to pay 132 billion gold marks to the Allies under the Treaty of Versailles because of the damage they had caused during World War I.
Allies	World War II military alliance of Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, China, and 45 other countries
Axis	World War II military alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan, and six other countries
Battle of Midway	A turning point battle fought in 1942 in the Pacific during which American planes sank four Japanese aircraft carriers who were never able to recover from this defeat and afterwards were always on the defensive.
Invasion of Poland	Germany's use of the blitzkrieg on this country led to the start of World War II.
Blitzkrieg	"lightning war " German military tactic for quick victory by use of massed airplanes, tanks and mobile infantry.
Phony War	A period of time following the German invasion of Poland. Although the European powers had declared war on one another, there was little combat.
Dunkirk	Allied soldiers were cut off in northern France by a German armoured advance. Over 330,000 Allied troops caught in the pocket were subsequently evacuated by sea to England. The majority of British troops were able to survive and fight another day.
Battle of Britain	Germany's failed attempt to subdue Britain in 1940 in preparation for an invasion (Operation Sealion). This was the first battle fought entirely in the air and the first time that Hitler suffered a military setback.
Operation Barbarossa	The codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.
Pearl Harbor	The surprise attack by Japan on U.S naval base in Hawaii, December 7, 1941. This brought the United States into World War II.
D-Day	The Normandy Landings, June 6, 1944 the day on which "Operation Overlord" began commencing the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II.
Battle of Stalingrad	City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union, this battle is marked by heavy losses on both sides and fierce combat--much of it hand to hand.
El Alamein	The site for a major battle where the British were able to defeat the Germans who were led by Rommel. Success in this turning point battle ended the North African Campaign and set up the invasion of Italy.
Manhattan Project	The American effort to develop the first nuclear weapons. Leads to the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan's surrender during World War II.
Hiroshima	On August 6, 1945 the nuclear weapon Little Boy was dropped by Americans, killing an estimated 80,000 people and heavily damaging 80% of the city. The first use of atomic weapons in history.
Nagasaki	The second city that an atomic bomb was dropped on by the U.S. during World War II. This lead to Japan's surrender to the Allied Powers.
Lend-Lease Act	The United States becomes the "arsenal of democracy" and provides the material for an Allied victory in World War II once Britain couldn't pay for them any more under the Cash and Carry plan.
Battle of the Bulge	Germany's last attempt to push back the Allies in Western Europe. Hitler was hoping that a quick victory here might cause the Allies to negotiate a peace treaty.
island hopping	Allied strategy of capturing Japanese-held islands. From these bases the United States could bomb the main islands of Japan, including the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
kamikaze	During World War II Japanese pilots were trained to make a suicidal crash attack, upon American ships. Very successful and had huge effect of allied moral.
Holocaust	Germany's systematic elimination of Europe's Jews during World War II. Over 6 million Jews were killed.
Nuremberg Trials	22 leading representatives of the Nazi regime had to answer to the International Military Tribunal of the victorious powers on four counts: conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Adolf Hitler	Born in Austria, he became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.
Invasion of Norway	This gave Germany access to good naval bases from which they could launch their U-boat operations, and it also secured their shipments of iron-ore from Sweden.
Fall of France, 1940	This resulted in Germany's control of Western Europe. For the Axis, the campaign was a spectacular victory.
Vichy France	Was thought of as a satellite state or "puppet state" of Germany after the fall of France in 1940.
Operation Sea Lion	A World War II Nazi Germany plan to invade the United Kingdom, beginning in 1940. It never actually happened because Germany lost the Battle of Britain.
Luftwaffe	The German airforce during the Second World War.
Radar	Secret weapon used by British during the Battle of Britain. It allowed the British to identify enemy aircrafts and then intercept them.
The Blitz	The German's intense bombing campaign on London, during the Battle of Britain. Considered one of Hitler's mistakes of WWII.
General Rommel	He was the commander of the Afrika Korps. His nickname was The Desert Fox because of the skillful military campaigns he waged for Germany in North Africa. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allies in the invasion of Normandy.
Winston Churchill	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was one of the most important leaders in modern British and world history.
Battle of the Atlantic	At the beginning of the war German U-boats devastated Allied shipping and navies. Nearly cut off Britain from supplies and support but was eventually slowed and halted by Allied weapon advances.
Battle of Kursk	One of the turning point battles of World War II. A German defeat by Soviets. Afterword Germany was totally on the defensive. The largest tank battle in history.
Operation Torch	Allied invasion of northwestern Africa. Improved naval control of the Mediterranean, and prepared an invasion of Southern Europe 1943.
Operation Husky	The Allied invasion of Sicily which leads to an Allied victory in Italy, July 1943.
Siege of Leningrad	Germans besieged this city for 3 years, from 1941-1944. The Soviets were able to stop the German advance in the north here. The German plan was coded as Operation Nordlicht. The siege lasted from September 8, 1941 to January 18 1944.
Battle of the Coral Sea	In May 1940, a battle between Japan and the USA; a battle at sea but fought entirely by aircraft carriers. A tactical victory for the United States as the Japanese plan for the invasion of Australia was cancelled.
Operation Overlord	Invasion of Normandy, France in June of 1944.
Strategic Bombing	A military strategy that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. A tactic used in world war two that utilized aircraft to disable key targets. A major factor in the defeat of both Germany and Japan.
Battle for Leyte Gulf	Largest naval battle in history. Fought by the Empire of Japan and the Allies between October 23-26 1944. Last major naval battle of WWII. The first use of Kamikazes.
Auschwitz	The largest of Nazi Germany's concentration camps and extermination camps. This camp was a major element in the perpetration of the Holocaust; at least 1.1 million people were killed there, and 90% of them were Jews.
Yalta Conference	The 'big three' (Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt) met to decide how to divide up Europe after the defeat of Germany.
Harry Truman	Was president from 1945-1953 he took over from Roosevelt due to Roosevelt's Death. He was the president in power when the Atomic Bombs were dropped.
Potsdam Conference	The Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the U.S represented by Joseph Stalin, Prime Minister Clement Attlee, and President Harry S. Truman. They tried to decide what to do with a defeated Germany but couldn't come to an agreement.
Russo-Japanese War, 1905	A war fought between a rising Eastern imperial power and a decaying European empire. The first time an Asian country defeated a European power in a war.
Bloody Sunday	In 1905, in front of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, protesters brought a petition to the Tzar. They were gunned down by the Imperial Guard, sparking the Revolution of 1905.
Duma	As a result of the Revolution of 1905, Tzar Nicholas II created this elected parliament to appease the people. In reality however, the group had virtually no power and the Tzar could dissolve it at any time.
Romanov Dynasty	The ruling family of Russia for 300 years. Was brought to an end with the abdication of Tzar Nicholas II.
Provisional Government	The government that was set up at the onset of the Russian Revolution. It was made up of the members of the old Duma with Alexandr Kerensky as PM. It lasted less than a year.
Lenin	A Russian revolutionary, communist politician, the first head of the Soviet Union, and the main leader of the October Revolution.
Bolsheviks	A Russian political party with a radical perspective on socialism in economics and national identity. They seized power in Russia during the October Revolution period of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Soviet Union.
Tsar Nicholas II	The last Emperor of Russia. He ruled from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917, due to his inability to manage Russia in political turmoil and command its army in World War I.
Rasputin	A Russian mystic who held an influence over the Tsar and Tsarina in the later days of Russia's Romanov dynasty for his alleged ability to cure Alexis, their only son, who suffered from hemophilia.
Kerensky	A Russian revolutionary leader who was instrumental in toppling the Russian monarchy. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin seized power following the October Revolution.
Soviet	A constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was created by Lenin and his Bolsheviks, based on the writings of Karl Marx and would be the primary model for future communist states.
Leon Trotsky	A Jewish Bolshevik revolutionary, Marxist theorist and an influential politician in the early days of the Soviet Union, first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army and People's Commissar of War.
"Peace, Land, Bread"	Lenin's revolutionary slogan
Russian Civil War	It began immediately after the collapse of the Russian provisional government and the Bolshevik takeover (1917). Hostilities took place between Communist Red Army and the anti-Communist White Army. Communists won after 4 years and created the USSR
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	A peace treaty signed between Russia and the Central Powers. This marked Russia's exit from World War I and is significant as a chief contributor to the independence of many nation states.
Communism	An ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization, based upon common ownership of the means of production. It can be classified as a branch of the broader socialist movement.
Foreign Intervention	Britain, France, Canada and the United States, along with other World War I Allied countries, conducted a ______________, entering the Russian Civil War on the side of the White Army.
Red Army	The armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. Sometimes known as the Peasants' and Workers' Army.
White Army	Comprised of some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921.
U.S.S.R.	The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Soviet Union. A constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922-1991 often incorrectly referred to as Russia. It was one of the world's two superpowers at that time, along with the USA.
War Communism	Harsh economic policies adopted by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in which everything (food, munition, clothes) went to the army. One of the first signs of totalitarian communism.
New Economic Policy	Policy issued by the Communist Party that allowed a limited middle class to exist by permitting small businesses in minor economic spheres(farming etc.) Lenin justified this decision with his "two steps forward, one step back" philosophy.
Stalin	General Secretary of the Communist Party from 1922 until 1953. After Lenin's death he eventually became the de facto party leader and dictator of the Soviet Union. Ruled with an iron grip, modernizing the country with his ruthless five year plans.
"Socialism in one Country"	Stalin's belief that socialism must first be successfully established in the Soviet Union before it could spread to other countries.
General Secretary of Communist Party	Stalin's first position in the Communist Party. Following Lenin's death he used this post to appoint those officials loyal to him and in this way built up his support base. Soon thereafter he was recognized as the official party leader.
Collectivization of Agriculture	Agricultural plan introduced by Stalin in which peasants were required to put their lands together to form large joint farms. This was meant to increase productivity and thus finance industrialization through export of surplus food.
State Farm	Generally created by the state when confiscating large estates, workers were paid regular wages that differed from those on a collective farm.
Collective Farm	A government owned farm where peasants worked on a quota system. Animals and machinery were pooled together to increase productivity.
Kulaks	Literally meaning tight-fisted, it is a term referring to the relatively wealthy peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labourers.
Resistance to collectivization	Peasants and farmers (Kulaks especially) resisted the new agricultural organization in which government took a large share of grain and animals. They slaughtered their own livestock and burnt crops to prevent the Soviets from having them.
Great Purges	Campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Stalin in the late 1930s. It involved the purge of the Communist Party, led to persecutions, suspicions, imprisonment, and killings
Show trials	Loyal Bolsheviks and party members that Stalin saw as any kind of threat, were subject such great stress, fear, and abuse that they made public confessions to crimes against the state of which they were innocent.
Five Year Plans	Stalin's plans to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union.
Comintern	An international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the "war communism" period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party. It's aim was to spread communism worldwide.
Treaty of Rapallo	Military agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union under which each renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and WWI. A secret annex allowed Germany to train their military in Russia
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact	A non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the Soviet Union, signed in Moscow on August 23, 1939. Short-lived, it lasted only as far as Operation Barbarossa.
Operation Barbarossa	The codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that commenced on June 22, 1941
Boom	During the boom, there is a high level of aggregate demand, inflation increases, unemployment falls, and growth in national income accelerates. "Bubble of prosperity"
Henry Ford	The founder of the an American motor company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry.
Consumer Society	During the 1920s when everyone was buying products with money earned from the stock market. People want to own the newest thing available. Was one of the main reasons for the "boom" of the 1920's.
Assembly Line	A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added in a sequential manner to create a finished product. In 1913 the engineers of Henry Ford applied the concept to automobile assembly, revolutionizing industry and sparking mass production.
Buying On Margin	Common during the 1920s. People bought stocks with a very small down payment and hoped that it would increase enough for them to pay off their debt and make some money in the process. This situation led to people losing all of their money in the Crash.
Agricultural Recession	The rapidly increasing agricultural production lead to a glut and prices stagnated. The one area of the US economy that did not prosper during the boom times of the 1920's.
Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929, when general panic set in that everyone with investments in the market tried to pull out of the market at once. This week and its aftermath marked the start of the Great Depression.
Hoover- (1929-1933)	He was put to the test with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. It was his vocal stance on non-intervention that led to Democratic attacks that he was a laissez-faire, 'do nothing' president, which his supporters denied.
Isolationism	The USA's policy of non participation in international economic and political affairs. The main reason the USA did not join the League of Nations.
Bust	When demand is low, inflation decreases, unemployment rises and national income falls. Another word for a period of economic depression. The 1930's in the USA and around the world.
Hoovervilles	A series of villages appearing during the Great Depression in the U.S. They consisted of ramshackle houses for those left unemployed and homeless, and were named after the U.S. president of the time for his unwillingness to respond to the Depression.
FDR (Roosevelt)	32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the great depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945)
100 Days	The first three months of Roosevelt's administration during which numerous bills to fight the Depression were proposed and passed and a national bank holiday declared after which only stable banks were reopened.
The New Deal	A series of programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933-37 to relieve, recover and reform the United States' economy during the Great Depression.
Alphabet Agencies	Created by Roosevelt to deal with the Great Depression. Included AAA, Agricultural Adjustment Administration, CCC Civilian Conservation Corps, NRA National Recovery Administration, PWA Public Works Administration, TVA Tennessee Valley Authority.
John Maynard Keynes	An English economist, whose ideas had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy and government spending.
Fireside Chats	President Roosevelt's radio broadcasts that were designed to explain his programs to the American people and boost their confidence.
The Great Depression	Was a massive global economic recession that ran from 1929 to 1941. Led to massive bank failures, high unemployment, as well as dramatic drops in GDP, industrial production, and stock market share prices.
Stock Market Crash, 1929	The steep fall in the prices of stocks due to widespread financial panic. Caused by stock brokers who called in the loans they had made to stock investors who had been "buying on margin".
Weimar Republic	Historical name for the democracy that governed Germany from 1919 to 1933. The democracy was named after a German city, where a national assembly convened to produce a new constitution.
Locarno Treaties	A series of treaties signed by the Allied powers and the countries of Europe in an attempt to ensure peace after the tragedy of World War I.
Young Plan, 1929	This plan was basically a renewal of the Dawes Plan which was a program to help Germany pay their reparations debts after World War I.
Dawes Plan, 1924	A plan that allowed Germany to make payments on their reparations by receiving loans from the American government. It solved the problem of hyper-inflation.
Occupation of the Ruhr, 1923	Troops from France and Belgium took over this area when the German Weimar Republic failed to make reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I.
Hyper-Inflation	Following the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay significant reparations to the nations that won the war. Germany printed worthless paper money which soon lost it value and prices dramatically increased.
Munich / Beer Hall Putsch	The third failed attempt to overthrow the Weimar republic, but Hitler's first attempt to gain power. Ended when Hitler was arrested.
Spartacists	This was a failed attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic by communists led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht.
Mien Kampf	Adolf Hitler's book which was written in jail after the failed Beerhall Putsch. Combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of Nazism.
Mussolini	Led Italy from 1922 to 1943. He created a Fascist state through the use of diplomacy and propaganda. Using his charisma, total control of the media, outright violence and intimidation against political rivals, he disassembled the democratic government.
Black Shirts	A Fascist paramilitary group in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II. Originally reformers, their methods became harsher as Mussolini's power grew, and they used violence and fear to gain power.
Lateran Accord	Three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Catholic Church. The church recognized Mussolini as the leader of Italy and Vatican City was created.
Chamberlain	This leader's political legacy is defined by his dealings with an appeasement of Nazi Germany. He signed the Munich Agreement with Adolf Hitler in 1938 it effectively allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland.
Munich Agreement	An agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that was part of the policy of appeasement. It gave the Sudatenland (Part of Czechoslovakia) to Nazi Germany.
Anschluss	The 1938 joining of Austria and Germany by the Nazi Regime. Originally the joining of these 2 countries had been banned by the Treaty of Versailles.
Sudentenland	The part of Czechoslovakia that was given to Germany as part of the policy of appeasement.
Rhineland	This area was demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles. German forces reoccupied the territory in 1936, three years before the outbreak of the Second World War.
Spanish Civil War, 1936	A conflict in which the Spanish Republic and political left-wing groups fought against a right-wing nationalist insurrection led by General Francisco Franco, who eventually succeeded winning the war with the help of Germany and Italy.
Hitler	Chancellor of Germany from 1933 Leader of Germany from 1934 until his death. He was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, better known as the Nazi Party. He was responsible for the death of millions of Jews and other minorities.
Brown shirts	Usually translated as stormtroopers. They functioned as a paramilitary organization of the German Nazi party. They played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s.
Enabling Act	Passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means. It gave Hitler absolute rule.
Nuremberg Laws	These laws were passed by the government of Nazi Germany. They were the basis for the racial discrimination against Jews.
Night of Long Knives	Also known as "the Blood Purge", it was a lethal purge of Adolf Hitler's potential political rivals including Ernst Rohm.
Kristallnacht	The Night of Broken Glass, was a massive nationwide pogrom in Germany and Austria on the night of November 9, 1938. It was directed at Jewish citizens throughout the country who had their shops, homes and synagogues destroyed.
Propaganda	Messages, directly aimed at influencing the opinions of people, rather than telling the truth. Throughout the twentieth century this was a common tactic of political leaders particularly during periods of war.
Lebensraum	The German term for habitat or "living space". A term for Nazi Germany's expansionist policies, to provide extra space for the growth of the German population.
Aryan Race	Another term for "master race". This idea was often intertwined with Anti-Semitic ideas. Hitler believed that Germans came from a true pure race that was destined to rule the world.
Final Solution	The German Nazis' plan to engage in systematic genocide against the European Jewish population during World War II. The execution of the Final Solution resulted in the most deadly phase of the Holocaust.
Holocaust	The name applied to the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of the Jews and other minority groups of Europe and North Africa during World War II by Nazi Germany and its collaborators by the use of killing squads and extermination camps.
Mass Rallies	Very large-scale events that took place in Germany that relied mostly on propaganda. They were used to provide support for the Nazis and to develop ultra nationalism.
Nazism	The beliefs of Adolph Hitler and his followers.
Totalitarianism	A political system in which the state, or the governing branch of the state, holds absolute authority, not allowing any opposition group.
Paul von Hindenburg	Germany's greatest military hero of World War I who served as president under the Weimar government from 1925 to 1933. He hated the Nazis, but was forced to appoint Hitler as chancellor after the burning of the Reichstag.
Rome-Berlin Axis	The military alliance between Germany and Italy signed by Hitler and Mussolini.
General Francisco Franco	Generalisimo Francisco Franco, was dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. His army won the Spanish Civil War.
Appeasement	Giving in to the demands of aggressive powers to avoid war, as long as those demands appear reasonable. Such a policy was pursued by Britain and France in dealing with Germany in the latter half of the 1930s.
Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact	An agreement between Nazi Germany and the USSR not to attack each other and to split up Poland after Germany invaded it.
Kapp Putsch	An attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic by the Freikorps lead by Kapp. It failed when the citizens of Germany went on a general strike and did not support the revolt.
Friedkorps	A group of ex-army veterans who put down the Sparatcist Putsch and then tried to take over the Weimar Republic themselves. They failed because they did not have the support of the army or the general public.
Rearming of Germany	One of the first steps Hitler took after becoming leader of Germany. He did this to end the depression and to put people back to work. It was in direct conflict with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
Chamberlain	In 1937 Chamberlain became Prime Minister. Chamberlain's political legacy is defined by his dealings with an appeasement of Nazi Germany. He signed the Munich Agreement with Adolf Hitler in 1938 it effectively allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland.
Munich Agreement	An agreement regarding the Sudetenland Crisis between the major powers of Europe after a conference held in Munich, Germany in 1938 and signed on September 29. The Sudentenland was an area of Czechoslovakia where ethnic Germans formed a majority.
Anschluss	The 1938 "inclusion" of Austria into "Greater Germany" by the Nazi Regime. Originally the joining of these two countries had been banned by the Treaty of Versailles.
Sudentenland	The area of Czechoslovakia that was primarily German speaking. Hitler wanted to annex this territory and it led to the Munich Crisis of 1938.
Rhineland	The western part of Rhineland was occupied by Entente forces, then demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles. German forces reoccupied the territory in 1936, three years before the outbreak of the Second World War
Spanish Civil War	A civil war in which Germany was able to test out its new weapons before WWII. Eventually won by General Francisco Franco.
Hitler	Chancellor of Germany from 1933 Leader of Germany from 1934 until his death. He was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, better known as the Nazi Party. He was responsible for the death of millions of Jews and other minorities
Brown shirts	They functioned as a paramilitary organization of the German Nazi party. It played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s.
Enabling Acts	Passed in 1933 after the Reichstag Fire, a decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means.
Nuremberg Laws	Passed by Nazi Germany they discriminated against Jewish citizens.
Night of Long Knives	Also known as "the Blood Purge", it was a lethal purge of Adolf Hitler's potential political rivals in the SA who are also known as storm troopers or brown shirts.
Kristallnacht	The Night of Broken Glass, was a massive nationwide pogrom in Germany on the night of November 9, 1938. It was directed at Jewish citizens throughout the country.
Propaganda	A specific type of message presentation directly aimed at influencing the opinions of people, rather than impartially providing information. Throughout the twentieth century this was a common tactic of political leaders.
Lebensraum	The German term for "living space" is used in English to refer to a motivation for Nazi Germany's expansionist policies, to provide extra space for the growth of the German population.
Aryan Race	Often intertwined with Anti-Semitic ideas. It was also referred to as the "master race"
Final Solution	The German Nazis' plan to engage in systematic genocide against the European Jewish population during World War II.
Holocaust	The name applied to the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of the Jews and other minority groups of Europe and North Africa during World War II by Nazi Germany and its collaborators.
Nazism	The ideology held by the National Socialist German Workers Party. Was led by Adolf Hitler.
The Cold War	Tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies from the mid 1940s until the early 1990s.There never was a direct military engagement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
Buffer Zone	Made up of the countries that are between the Soviet Union and Western Europe that were under Soviet control. If there was an western invasion then the fighting would take place there.(Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania)
Bipolar World	After World War II the world is "divided" into two camps: The USA and USSR.(communism vs. capitalism)
Spheres of Influence	The areas close/beside a super power. They are influenced to follow policies because of where they are located. Sometimes considered a superpower's "backyard".
Truman Doctrine	A U.S. foreign policy announced by President Harry S. Truman in March 1947 that the U.S. government would support any country in the world with military and economic aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet orbit.
"iron curtain"	A Western term made famous by Winston Churchill referring to the boundary that symbolically, ideologically, and physically divided Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War, roughly 1945 to 1990.
Marshall Plan	Known officially following its enactment as the European Recovery Program, was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding the allied countries of Europe and repelling communism after World War II.(the economic part of the Truman Doctrine)
Berlin Blockade	One of the first major crisis of the Cold War, occurred from June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949 when the Soviet Union blocked railroad and street access to West Berlin.
Berlin Airlift	American, British and French airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin. 462 days that flew supplies into the Western-held sectors of Berlin.
NATO	A military alliance created in 1949. Western countries agreed to support each other in case of Soviet aggression.
Warsaw Pact	An organization of Central and Eastern European Communist states. It was established in 1955 to counter the alleged threat from the NATO alliance.
Chinese Revolution, 1949	Refers to the final stage of the fighting in the Chinese Civil War. Ended with the communist party taking over.
McCarthyism	A time of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. Joe McCarty was the main political leader.
Korean War	Some consider this Cold War-era conflict to have been a proxy war between the U.S. and its allies and the Communist powers of the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. It was the first time that UN members sent a combined force a conflict.
Nikita Khrushchev	After the death of Stalin, he became the leader of the U.S.S.R. He wasn't the ruthless leader as Stalin was and ruled less intensely. He started de-stalinization and was the founder of the Warsaw Pact.
De-Stalinization	A period of relative peaceful co-existence between East and West. It was started by Nikita Khrushchev. after Stalin's death when he denounced some of Stalin's hard-line policies.
Sino-Soviet Split	A major diplomatic rift between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Caused by de-Stalinization, and the Soviets not willing to share the atomic bomb with China.
Hungarian Revolution, 1956	Spontaneous nationwide revolt against the communist government. When the government tried to leave the Warsaw Pact, Soviet tanks were sent in to crush the rebellion.
Imre Nagy	A Hungarian politician, appointed Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. His non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Uprising of 1956.
U-2	A single-seat, single-engine, high-altitude surveillance aircraft, flown by the United States Air Force.
The Berlin Wall	A barrier between West Berlin and East Germany created to stop East Germans exodus from the communist system. Began on August 13, 1961, and it was dismantled in the weeks following November 9, 1989.
Cuban Missile Crisis	A confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States caused by the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba.
Fidel Castro	He led the revolution overthrowing Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and shortly after was sworn in as the leader of Cuba. He transformed Cuba into a one-party socialist republic.
Bay of Pigs	A 1961 US supported invasion by Cuban exiles intent on overthrowing the communist government of Fidel Castro. Kennedy would not provide air cover and so it was a total failure.
Quarantine of Cuba	Kennedy's response to the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the crisis all ships en-route for Cuba were stopped and searched for missiles and other weapons.
Brinkmanship	The point of war when both sides are head to head and neither side wants to give up. If neither side gives in the repercussions could cause world destruction. Example: Cuban Missile Crisis.
J.F.K	35th and youngest ever president of the U.S.A. Major events included The Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis and the starting of the Space Race. Assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963.
Sputnik	Worlds first satellite placed into space by Russia in 1957.
Space Race	The competition between The U.S.A and the U.S.S.R to be the most technologically space age advanced nation. Russians had the first satellite and person in space. American landed a man on the moon.
Yuri Gagarin	A Russian astronaut who was the first person in space on April 12, 1961. Completed one orbit of the earth in 108 minutes.
Alan Shepard	First American in space.

Created by: alfromcanada

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