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Pharm Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The dental professional should be familiar with autonomic nervous system (ANS) drugs for all of the following reasons except one. Which one is the exception? | A) ANS drugs are used to treat oral infections. |
| Reason dent prof should be familiar with ANS drugs | B) Vasoconstrictors added to local anesthetic agents are ANS agents. C) Drugs used to increase salivary flow are ANS drugs. D) Some ANS drugs produce oral adverse effects such as xerostomia. E) Members of other drugs have similar effects to ANS drugs. |
| The sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS) and the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) control regulation of which bodily functions? | Regulation of blood pressure and heart rate and smooth muscles of the gut and bronchi |
| Which of the following statements is most correct concerning the SANS? | A single preganglionic fiber often synapses with numerous postganglionic neurons to produce a diffuse effect. |
| When the SANS is stimulated, the __________ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, acting as a large sympathetic ganglion. | Adrenal medulla |
| Actions of the sympathetic nervous system include all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? | Decrease in blood pressure and heart rate |
| Actions of the sympathetic nervous system | Increase in blood pressure and heart rate C) Dilation of the bronchial smooth muscles D) Decrease in salivary flow and other secretions E) Reduction in motility of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract |
| The preganglionic neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system is: | Acetylcholine |
| The primary postsynaptic neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system is: | Norepinephrine/epinephrine |
| Which of the following naturally occurring cholinergic agents is given to stimulate saliva flow? | Pilocarpine |
| Which of the following adrenergic drug is to treat asthma? | Albuterol Albuterol is a selective β1-adrenergic agent that is used to treat asthma as an inhaler. |
| Isoproterenol is used for the treatment of heart block, clonidine is used for the treatment of hypertension, and amphetamine is used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. | FYI |
| Indications for adrenergic drugs include all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? | Salivary stimulants |
| Indications for adrenergic drugs | Vasoconstrictors for local anesthetics C) Over-the-country cold and cough products D) Treatments for hypotension and shock E) Asthma bronchodilator |
| Which of the following terms are referring to the same groups of medications? | Sympathomimetic, adrenergic |
| All of the following are adverse reactions of cholinergic agents except one. Which one is the exception? | Xerostomia |
| are adverse reactions of cholinergic agents | Neuromuscular paralysis in large doses Lacrimation Salivation Defecation |
| The term catecholamine refers to which of the following agents? | Epinephrine |
| Stimulation of β1-receptors of the SANS by adrenergic agents causes stimulation of the heart muscle, resulting in increased heart rate and strength of contraction. | TRUE |
| Stimulation of the β2-receptors of the SANS by adrenergic agents causes stimulation of the smooth muscles of the bronchioles, resulting in bronchoconstriction. | FALSE |
| In the ANS, the preganglionic neuron originates in the __________ and passes out to form the ganglia at the __________ with the postganglionic neuron. The postganglionic neuron originates in the __________ and innervates the __________. | B) Central nervous system, ganglia, synapse, effector organ |
| The sensory component of the ANS is the __________ fibers, and the motor component of the ANS is the __________ fibers. | Afferent, efferent |
| Which of the following statements is true about the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system? | A) Preganglionic fibers are relatively long and extend near to or into the innervated organ. TRUE |
| Which of the following statements is true about the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system? | B) A low ratio of synaptic connections between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons usually exists, leading to a discrete or more localized response when the PANS is stimulated. TRUE |
| Which of the following statements is true about the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system? | C) Postganglionic fibers are usually short and terminate on the innervated tissue. TRUE |
| Which of the following statements is true about the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system? | D) Nerve distribution is complex (SIMPLE) for the third, seventh, and ninth cranial nerve and is relatively simple (COMPLEX) for the tenth or vagus nerve. |
| Which of the following accurately describes the cell bodies that give origin to the preganglionic fibers of the SANS, as compared with the PANS? | A) Preganglionic fibers have a less diffuse effect. B) Preganglionic fibers form multiple synaptic connections with postganglionic cell bodies. C) A single SANS preganglionic fiber often synapses with numerous postganglionic neurons. D) The postgan |
| The parasympathetic division of the ANS is involved with, and is usually termed, the fight-or-flight response and is designed to cope with sudden emergencies. | FALSE |
| The sympathetic division of the ANS is involved with conservation of the body processes and is often termed the rest-and-digest response. | FALSE |
| Drugs can modify ANS activity by altering neurotransmitter activity in what ways? | A) Neurotransmitter synthesis B) Neurotransmitter storage C) Neurotransmitter release D) Receptor interaction E) Neurotransmitter disposition ALL OF THE ABOVE |
| All of the following statements about neurotransmitters in the PANS are true except one. Which one is the exception? | The neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic nerve terminal is norepinephrine and is called adrenergic. |
| All of the following statements about neurotransmitters in the PANS are true The postsynaptic tissue also responds to muscarine and is identified as muscarinic. | Nerves that release acetylcholine between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves are called cholinergic. 2. When the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves is also stimulated by nicotine, it is also called nicotinic in response. |
| A drug that acts at the location where norephinephrine is the neurotransmitter released would be termed: | Adrenergic |
| A drug that has the suffix __________ has the same action as an agonist. | -mimetic |
| A drug that acts at the location where a division of the ANS acts and blocks the action (acting as an antagonist) of the neurotransmitter has the suffix __________. | A) -lytic B) -mimetic C) -blocker D) -builder **E) a and c **It can also be called an antagonist |
| The principal neurotransmitter of the PANS is: | Acetylcholine |
| The action of the released acetylcholine is terminated by hydrolysis by the enzyme: | Acetylcholinesterase |
| A PANS drug, curare, blocks the response of skeletal muscle to acetylcholine and blocks its effect on tissues such as the salivary gland. | C) The first part of the statement is true; the second part is false. |
| The direct-acting cholinergic or parasympathomimetic agents include which of the following drugs? | A) Neostigmine B) Bethanechol C) Pilocarpine D) Physostigmine E) All of these agents **F) b and c only |
| What is the primary mechanism of acting of the indirect-acting parasympathomimetic agents? | Inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase |
| Indications for PANS drugs include all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? | A) Treatment of glaucoma B) Treatment of myasthenia gravis ***C) Treatment of bronchial asthma D) Stimulation of salivary flow E) Treatment of urinary retention |
| Which of the following conditions are contraindications for PANS agents? | **A) Severe cardiac disease B) Peptic ulcer C) Hyperthyroidism D) Gastrointestinal or urinary tract obstruction E) All of the above F) a, b, and c only |
| Insecticides and chemical warfare agents are usually reversible and are called irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors. Members of this drug group include parathion, malathion, and sarin. | The first statement is false; the second statement is true. |
| The anticholinergic or parasympatholytic agents are often used therapeutically to treat which conditions? | A) Decrease salivation and secretions to produce a "dry field" in surgery B) Inhaler for asthma C) Dilation of the pupils for ophthalmologic examinations D) Laxative agent E) All of the above **F) a, b, and c only |
| Adverse reactions associated with the large doses of anticholinergics include all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? | Central nervous system depression |
| Combining anticholinergic agents with levodopa is sometimes used for the treatment of __________. | Parkinson’s disease |
| Examples of sympathomimetic adrenergic agonists include which of the following drugs? | A) Atropine B) Epinephrine C) Phenylephrine D) Norepinephrine E) All of the above **F) b, c, and d only |
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