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Linguistics_Graz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is it difficult to agree with Psammetichus that Phrygian must have been the original human language? | Psammetichus left the infant to grow up among goats this action caused the infant to imitate the sounds the goats were making. Psammetichus interpreted this sound as an actual word which was in reality just a ‘be’. |
| What is the basic theory behind the ‘bow-wow’ theory of language origin? | First words could have been imitations of sounds which early humans heard around them, these words are called onomatopoeia |
| Why are interjections such as ‘Ouch’ considered to be unlikely sources of human speech sounds? | Another thesis suggests that speech has something to do with physical features. If a creature possesses these features it’s likely that it’s capable of speech. Spoken lang. is produced on exhaled breath and these sounds, are produced on intake of breath. |
| Where is the pharynx and how did it become an important part of the human sound production? | The pharynx is located above the vocal folds. Due to the dropping of the larynx in the development process a larger cavity was created which concluded in a larger resonator thus we are now able to form clear and strong sounds. |
| Why do you think that young deaf children who become fluent in sign language would be cited as support for the innateness hypothesis? | I think that they are cited because they don’t use any of the through evolution altered vocal parts such as, larynx, pharynx, mouth, teeth or tongue, just their hands. |
| With which of the six “sources” would you associate this quotation? Chewing, licking and sucking are extremely widespread mammalian activities, which, in terms of casual observation, have obvious similarities with speech. (MacNeilage, 1998). | I’m associating this quote with the physical adaptation source, because of the usage of teeth, tongue and lips. |
| Why is reflexivity considered to be a special property of human language? | Reflexivity is the ability to reflect on the way we create message, in tone and phrasing, furthermore it allows us to talk and think about language itself, without reflexivity we wouldn’t be able to do this. |
| What kind of evidence is used to support the idea that language is culturally transmitted? | A baby that has been adopted speaks the language of its adoptive parents and not of its biological parents. |
| What is the difference between a communication system with productivity and one with fixed references? | In a system with productivity new expressions can be created this possibility is infinite whereas in a system with fixed references there is only a certain amount of expression to describe things and no new expressions can be added. |
| How did the Gardners try to show that Washoe was not simply repeating signs made by interacting humans? | They tried to show it using the fact that other chimpanzees were using sign language with each other and with Washoe when there wasn’t a human present. |
| If Sarah could use gray a plastic shape to convey the meaning of the word red, which property does her “language” seem to have? | Property of arbitrariness |
| What was considered to be the key element in Kanzi’s language learning? | The fact that he wasn’t actually taught the language, he was just exposed to it and that from an early age on. |
| What is the difference between acoustic phonetics and articulatory phonetcs? | Acoustic phonetics is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds where as articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are articulated. |
| What is the difference between a phoneme and an allophone | A phoneme describes the meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language. Substituting 1 phoneme for another changes pronunciation & meaning. A set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as allophones. Sub. => changes pronunciation |
| What is an aspirated sound and which of the following words would normally be pronounced with one: kill, pod, skill, spool, stop, top? | An aspirated sound is one pronounced with a stronger puff of air. Words containing aspirated consonants in initial position are kill, pool and top. |
| Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs?ban, fat, pit, bell, tape, heat, meal, more, pat, tap, pen, chain, vote, bet, far, bun, goat, heel, sane, tale, et | fat and pat; bet and vet; ban and bun; fat and far; pit and pat; bell and bet; tape and tap; tape and tale; heat and heel; meal and heel; chain and sane; vet and vote; vote and goat |
| What is meant by the phonotactics of Language? | The phonotactics of a language are the permitted arrangements of sounds that obey constraints on the sequence and ordering of phonemes in that language. |
| What is the difference between and open and a closed syllable? | An open syllable ends with a vowel (as nucleus) whereas a closed syllable ends with a consonant (as coda). |
| What is the difference between etymology and entomology? | Etymology is "the study of original forms" or "the study of the origins and the histories of words" whereas entomology is "the study of insects". |
| What is reduplication? | Reduplication means repeating all or part of a form, often a syllable, as a way of indicating, for example, that a noun is plural or a verb is referring to a future action. |
| What is the difference between the grammatical gender and natural gender? | Grammatical gender is based on the type of the noun, such as masculine or feminine or neuter, and is not tied to sex. Natural gender is based on sex as a biological distinction between male, female or neither male nor female. |
| What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences and how would they be "corrected"? | The old theory consistently failed to fully explain all the data. You must not split an infinitive. to fully explain -> to explain fully I can't remember the name of the person I gave the book to. You must not end a sentence with a preposition. |
| What was wrong with the old Latin-influenced definition of English pronouns? | In the older definition, pronouns were described as "words used in place of nouns." |
| What is a more common name for the posterior speech cortex? | Wernicke's Area |
| Is the use of "fire distinguisher" instead of "fire extinguisher" a spoonerism or a malapropism? | It is a malapropism. |
| What is Aphasia? | It's defined as an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms. |
| Which type of aphasia is characterized by speech like this: sppech… two times... read… wr…. ripe, er, rike, er, write…? | Broca's aphasia |
| What happens in a dichotic listening test? | A person is given headphones and hears two different words in each ear, e.g. dog in the left ear and cat in the right ear. |
| What is the critical period? | The period where the human brain is most ready to receive input and learn a particular language. It is generally believed that it lasts through childhood until puberty. |
| Can you describe four typical features of caregiver speech? | Frequent use of questions, Exaggerated intonation, Extra loudness, Slower tempo with longer pauses, Simple sentences, Lot of repetition |
| Why are some of the infant's first sounds described as "cooing"? | Because those first sounds only consist of vowels like [i] and [u]. |
| During which stage do children typically begin producing syllable sequences similar to "mam" and "dada" and how old are they? | Children are in the late babbling stage and are between nine and ten months old. |
| At about what age do children begin producing varied syllable combinations such as ma-da-ga-ba? | During the tenth and eleventh month. |
| Which of these two utterances was produced by the older child and why? I not hurt him | This Sentence was produced by an older child because the "not" is not at the beginning of the sentence but in front of the verb. No the sun shining This Sentence was produced by a younger child because the "no" is at the beginning of the sentence. |
| What is the term used to describe the process involved when a child uses one word like ball to refer to an apple, an egg, a grape and a ball? | It's called overextension. |
| What is the "all and only" criterion? | the “all and only” criterion means that the grammar must generate all The grammatical phrases and sentences and only the grammatical phrases and sentences. |
| Do phrase structure rules represent deep structures or surface structures? | Deep structures |
| How is the term "prototype" used in semantics? | The prototype is the characteristic instance of a category, as in the case of “robin” being the clearest example, or prototype, of the category “bird” for many American English speakers. |
| Identify the semantic role of the seven noun phrases in this sentence. With her new golf club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole and she suddenly felt very invincible. | Instrument (her new golf club), Agent (Anne Marshall), Theme (the ball), Source (the woods), Goal (the grassy area), Location (the hole), Experiencer (she) |
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