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Bones Chpt 6
Bones & Bone Tissue Chapter 6 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment | Tuberosity, Crest, Trochanter, Line, Tubercle, Epincondyle, Spine, Process |
| Tuberosity | Large rounded projection, may be roughened |
| Crest | Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent |
| Trochanter | Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process..example: femur |
| Line | narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest |
| Tubercle | Small rounded projection or process |
| Epicondyle | Raised area on or above a condyle |
| Spine | Sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
| Process | Any bony prominence |
| List surfaces that form joints. | Head, Facet, Condyle |
| Head | Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck |
| Facet | Smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
| Condyle | Rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa |
| List depressions and openings. | Foramen, Groove, Fissure, Notch, Fossa, Meatus, Sinus |
| Foramen | Round or oval opening through a bone |
| Groove | Furrow |
| Fissure | Narrow, slitlike opening |
| Notch | Identation at the edge of a structure |
| Fossa | Shallow basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface |
| Neatus | Canal-like passageway |
| Sinus | Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane |
| 3 basic types of cartilage | Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage |
| chondrocyte | mature cartilage cell |
| lacuna | in cartilage cavity occupied by a cell |
| perichondrium | membrane of fibrous connective tissue that covers the eternal surface of cartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage | most abundant type of cartilage...resists compression..makes up articular cartilage and covers the ends of adjoining bones in moveable joints...forms ribs to the sternum |
| Elastic Cartilage | matrix includes many elastic fibers...tolerates repeated bending...example: epiglottis, outer ear |
| Fibrocartilage | resists both strong compression and strong tension...example: between vertebrae and menisci of knee |
| Cartilage grows in what 2 ways? | Appositional growth and Interstitial growth |
| Appositional Growth | Growth from the outside...cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perochondrium produce the new cartilage tissue by actively secreting matrix |
| Interstitial Growth | Growth from the inside..chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix |
| Calcified Cartilage | crystals of calcium phosphate precipitation in the matrix of cartilage...calcified cartilage is NOT bone |
| How does the matrix differ in each of the 3 types of cartilage? | Hyaline: collagen unit fibril Elastic: elastic fibers and collagen fibrils Fibrocartilage: thick collagen fibers |
| What are the functions of bone? | Support, Movement, Protection, Mineral storage, Blood cell formation and engergy storage, Energy metabolism |
| What are the organic components of bone? | cells, fibers, and ground substance |
| What are the inorganic components of bone? | mineral salts that invade the bony matrix, making bone tissue hard |
| What are the 4 type of cells found in bone tissue? | Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclast |
| What is a osteogenic cell? | stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts |
| What is an osteoblast? | cells that actively produce and secrete the organic ocmponents of the bone matrix |
| What is an osteocyte? | cells that once were osteoblasts and are now completely surrounded by bone matrix and are no longer producing new osteoid...they function to keep the bone matrixd healthy |
| What is an osteoclast? | cell responsible for the resoption of bone..secrete hydrochloric acid dissolves the mineral component of the matrix, and lysosomal enzymes, which digest the organic components |
| Which component of bone tissue contributes to the strength and flexibility of bone? | collagen fibers |
| Which contributes to the hardness of bone? | mineralized grund substance makes bones hard |
| What minerals are stored in bone, and which cells in bone tissue function to remove these minterals from the bone tissue? | Calcium and Phosphates....Osteoclasts |
| What is the difference between an osteoblast and an osteocyte? | Osteoblasts secrete organic components to the bone matrix while osteocytes function to keep the bone matrix healthy. |
| How are bones classified? | Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones |
| List the characteristic of long bones | considerably longer than wide has a shaft plus 2 distinct ends bones on fingers and toes are long bones |
| List the characteristic of short bones | cube-shaped occur in wrist and ankle example: kneecap |
| List the characteristic of flat bones | thing, flattened, and usually somewhat curved bones of skull, ribs, sternum, scapula |
| List the characteristic of irregular bones | various shapes that do not fit into the previous categories examples: vertebrae, hip bones |
| define Compact Bone | Bone's dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye |
| define Spongy Bone | internal honeycomb of small needle-like or trabeculae |
| define Trabeculae | small needle-like or flat pieces located inside spongy bone |
| Where is yellow bone marrow found? | between the trabeculae |
| What is the general structure of a long bone? | diaphysis, epiphyses, blood vessels, and membranes |
| define Diaphysis | long shaft of the long bone |
| define Epiphyses | Long bone bone's ends |
| define Articular Cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage that cover the Epiphyses |
| define Ephiphyseal Line | remnant of the epiphyseal plate, disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone. |
| Are bones well vascularized? | Yes. Not Cartilage. |
| define Medullary Cavity | very center of the diaphysis of long bones which contains NO bone tissue |
| define Periosteum | covers the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends of the epiphyses, where articular cartilage occurs |
| What are the 2 layers of the periosteum? | superficial later of dense irregular connective tissue, and a deeper layer of osteogenic containing osteoblasts and osteclasts |
| define Perforating Figers | found in long bones... secures periosteum to underlying bone it is a thick bundle of collagen that run from the periostem into the bone matrix also known as Sharpey's fibers |
| define Endosteum | membrane that covers the internal bone covers the trabeculae of spongy bone lines the central canals of osteons |
| List the membranes found in long bones? | periosteum, perforating fibers (or Sharpey's fibers), and endosteum |
| List the structural differences of short, irregular, and flat bones to long bones. | they have no diaphysis they contain bone marrow but no marrow cavity in flat bones, the spongy bone is diploe |
| define Diploe | internal spongy bone found in flat bones |
| Where are tension and compression strongest? How does bone resist these stresses? | external bone surfaces strong compact bone is found on the external portion of the bone |
| define Bone Markings | superficial bone markings |
| List the 3 categories of bone markings. | 1) projections that are the attachment sites for muscles and ligaments 2) surfaces that form joints 3) depressions and openings |
| What are the 2 osteogenic membranes found in a bone, where is each located, and what types are cells are found in these membranes? | Periosteum covers the external surfaces of bone (except articular areas)' endosteum covers the internal surfaces of bone (including the central and perforating canals) |
| In a flat bone, where is compact bone located? Where is spongy bone located? | Compact bone is located on the enternal surfaces, and spongy bone is located internally |
| What is the function of each of the following bone markings - condyle, tubercle, foramen? | Condyle - joint surface tubercle - attachment site for muscle or ligament Foramen - hole in the bone that acts as a passageway for vessels or nerves |
| What does an examination reveal about compact bone? | riddled with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteons (or Haversian system) |
| define Osteon | long-cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compression stresses group of concentric tubes resembling the rings of a tree trunk |
| define Lamella | tube found in an osteon layer of bone matrix in whicht the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction |
| define Central Canal | core of an osteon also known as Haversian canal lined with endosteum contains its own blood vessels which supplies nutrients to the bone cells of the osteon and its own nerve fibers |
| define Perforating Canal | also known as Volkmann's canals found in osteons lie at right angles to the central canals and connect hte blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity |
| define Canaliculi | found in osteons little canals that run through the matrix conencting neighboring lacunae to one another and to the nearest capillaries |
| define Interstitial Lamellae | found in osteons remains of old osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling incomplete lamallae lying between osteons |
| define Circumferential Lamellae | found in osteons occur in the external and internal surfaces of the layer of compact bone each lamellae extends around the entire circumference of the diaphysis the circumferential lamellae effectively resists twisting of the entire long bone |
| Microscopic structure of a pongy bone reveals? | each trabecula contains several layers of lamellae and osteocytes but NTO osteons or vessels of their own |
| Differentiate a central canal, a perforating canal, and canaliculi. | central canal - middle of an osteon performating canal - connect osteons canaliculi - small connections between lacunae that link adjacent osteocytes |
| How do the osteocytes in the outer lamella of an osteon receive oxygen and nutrients? | Oxygen and nutrients diffuse through the spaces in the matrix, the canaliculi and lacuae of the inner lamellae, to reach the cells in the outermost lamella. |
| What is a trabecula? Hos is it different from an osteon? | Oxygen and nutrients diffuse thorugh the spaces in the matrix, the canaliculi and lacunae of the inner lamellae, to reach the cells in the otermost lamella. |
| What are 2 names used for the process of bone-tissue formation? | osteogenesis ossification |
| define Ossification | begins in the embryo, proceeds through childhood and adolescence as the skeleton grows, and then occurs at a slower rate in the adult |
| define Intramembranous Ossification Process | membrane bones that form directly form mesencyme without first being modeled in cartilage example: all bones of the skull except a few at the base of the skull |
| Steps of the Intramembraneous Ossification Process | 1ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane 2bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies 3woven bone and periosteum form 4 lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum..Red marrow appears |
| define Endochondral Ossification Process | first modeled in hyaline cartilage, gradually replaced by bone tissue all bones from the base of the skull down, except for the clavicles, are endochondral bones |
| Steps of the Endochondral Ossification Process | 1bone collar forms around the dphyss 2crtlg clcfies in the center of the dphyss 3priostl bud nvds th idaphysis, frst bone trabeculae frm 4diaphysis elongates & medullary cvty frms 5epiphysis ossify & cartilaginous epiphyseal pltes sprte dphyss and epphyss |
| List characteristics of the Epiphyseal Plate. | Resting Zone Proliferation Zone Hypertrophic Zone Calcification Zone Ossification Zone |
| define Resting Zone | found in the epiphyseal plate, cartilage cells nearest the epiphysis are relatively small and inactive |
| define Proliferation Zone | found in the epiphyseal plate, Cartilage cells undergo mitosis. Cartilage cells form tall columns. |
| define Hypertrophic Zone | found in the epiphyseal plate, Older cartilage cells enlarge and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify |
| define Calcification Zone | found in the epiphyseal plate, Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating |
| define Ossification Zone | found in the epiphyseal plate, new bone formation is occurring |
| define Oppositional Growth | Growth of a bone by the addition of bone tissue to its surfaces |
| How does long bone grow? | must widen as they lengthen. Osteoblasts in the osteogenic layer of the periosteum add bone tissue to the external face of the diaphysis as osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis wall. |
| What stimulates bone to grow? | growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland |
| How does the thyroid hormone effect bone growth? | modulates the effects of growth hormone, ensuring that the skeleton retains is proper proportions as it grows. |
| How does the sex hormone effect bone growth? | adrogens and estrogens first promote bone growth int he growth spurt at adolescence and later induce epiphyseal plates to close, ending growth |
| Which bones of the skeleton are membrane bones? | Most bones of the skull, except for parts of the base of the skull and the clavicle, are membrane bones. |
| Which portion of the long bones in a 6-month-old fetus is ossified? | only the diaphysis of the long bone is ossified |
| As a bone grows in length during childhood, does the thickness of the epiphyseal plate change? In which region of the epiphyseal plate is bone tissue added: the epiphyseal and or the diaphyseal end? | The thickness of the epiphyseal plate does not change during childhood. As the long bone grows, bone is added to the diaphyseal end of the epiphyseal plate. |
| define Bone Remodeling | process in which bone is deposited and removed at the endosteal surface |
| Where and how long does bone remodeling take place in spongy and compact bone? | compact bone - every 10 years - endosteum layer lining the central canals of the esteons spongy bone - every 3,4 years - endosteal layer |
| define Bone Resorption | accomplished by osteoclasts..The osteoclasts crawl along bone surfaces digging pits as they break down bone tissue..The osteoclast secretes hydrochloric acid. Calcium and phophate ions enter blood stream.lysosomal enzymes digest organic part of bone. |
| define Bone deposition | accomplished by osteoblasts.. |
| Why are bones continually remodeled? | 1) bone remodeling helps to maintain constant concentraions of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids 2) bone is remodeled in response to the mechanical stress it experience |
| List and explain the different types of bone fractures. | simple fracture - bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin compund fracture - broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin Comminuted, Spiral, Depressed, Compression, Epiphyseal, Greenstick |
| List the ways that fractures are treated. | reduction - realignment of the broken bone ends closed reduction - bone ends are coaxed back into position by the physician's hands open reduction - bone ends are joined surgically with pins or wires |
| List the phases in which fractrues heal. | 1) hematoma formation 2) fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3) bony callus formation 4) bone remodeling |
| How does exercise affect bone? Why? | stimulates bone deposition. Mechanical stress on the bone stimulates osteoblasts to produce additional bone matrix. |
| How does bone remodeling help repair a boen after a fracture? | remodeling of the bony callus following a fracture makes the repaired area resemble the original unbroken bone |
| Which types of bone fractures are more common in older individuals? | Comminuted and compression fractures |
| explain a Comminuted fracture | bone fragments into 3 or more pieces; particularly common in elderly |
| explain a Spiral fracture | ragged reak occurs whene xcessive twisting forces are applied to a bone; common in sports |
| explain a Depressed fracture | broken bone portion is pressed inward, typical of bone fractures |
| explain a Compression fracture | bone is crushed, common in porous bones |
| explain an Epiphyseal fracture | Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate, tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring |
| explain a Greenstick fracture | Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends; common in children, whose bones have relatively more organix matrix and are more flexible than adults. |
| define Osteoporosis | characterized by low bone mass and a deterioration of the microscopic architecture of the bony skeleton...bone resorption outpaces bone deposition |
| define Osteomalacia | applies to a number of disorders in adults in which the bones are inadequately mineralized...bones are soft and weak |
| define Rickets | analogous disease in children, bowed legs, malformations of child's head and rib cage common, caused by inadequate mounts of vitamin D or calcium in the diet |
| explain Paget's Disease | characterized by excessive rates of bone deposition and bone resorption, osteoblasts outpace that of osteoclasts...bones thicken in irregular manner |
| explain Osteosarcoma | bone cancer |
| Which diseases result from inadequate mineralization of bone? | osteomalacia and rickets |
| If you wish to slow bone loss, the activity of which cells in bone tissue should be targeted? | Activity of osteoclasts should be targeted to slow bone loss. |
| At what age can you best prevent the development of osteoporosis later in life? | development of osteoporosis is best prevented during the bone building years of adolescence and early adulthood |
| At what age do boens begin to ossify? at what ae does bone mass begin to decline? | Bones begin to ossify by week 8 of embryonic development. Bone mass starts to decline around age 40. |
| Why is age-related bone loss greater in women than in men? | Estogens aid in maintaining bone density. Estrogen decline in ostmenopausal women increases their risk of bone loss. |
| Articlar cartilages are located where? | ends of the bones |
| The perichondrium of cartlage is similar to the _____ of bones. | periosteum |
| Hyaline cartilage...Elastic cartilage...Fibrocartilage? articalr cartilage coering the surfaces of movable joints | hyaline cartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage...Elastic cartilage....Fibrocartilage? The epiglottis | Elastic cartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage....Elastic cartilage...Fibrocartilage? the thyroid cartilage | hyaline cartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage....Elastic cartilage...Fibrocartilage? the menisci in the knee | fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage...Elastic Cartilage....Fibrocartilage? the embryonic skeleton | hyaline cartilage |
| T or F? Cartilage is more resilient than bone. | T |
| T or F? Cartilage is especially strong in resisting shear (bending and twisting) forces. | F |
| T or F? Cartilage can grow faster than bone in the growing skeleton. | T |
| T or F? In the adult skeleton, cartilage heals and regenerates faster than damaged. | F |
| T or F? Neither bone nor cartilage contains capillaries. | F |
| T or F? Bone tissue contains very little water compared to other connective tissues, while cartilage tissue contains a large amount of water. | T |
| Nutrients diffuse quickly through cartilage matrix but very poorly through the solid bone matrix. | T |
| A bone that has essentially the same width, length, and height is most likely | a short bone |
| The shaft of a long bone is properly called the | diaphysis. |
| a) attachment site for muscle or ligament b) forms a joint surface c) passageway for vessels or nerves MATCH: 1) trochanter 2) condlyle 3) foramen 4) process 5) facet 6) tuberosity | 1-a; 2-b; 3-c; 4-a; 5-c; 6-a |
| The osteon exhibits | 1) central canal containing blood vessels 2)concentric lamellae of matrix 3) osteocytes in lacunae |
| The flat bones of the skull develop from | mesenchyme membranes |
| The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of which cells? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Osteogenic cells are located in | the endosteum |
| A fracture in which the bone penetrates soft tissue and skin is | compound |
| The disorder in hwich bones are porous and then but the chemistry of the bone matrix remains normal is | osteoporosis |
| Where within an epiphyseal plate is the calcified cartilage located | nearest the diaphysis |
| Which cells are located within lacunae? | osteocytes & chondrocytes |
| Which cells are located within secrete matrix? | chondrocyes, osteocytes |
| Which cells maintain bone matrix? | osteocytes |
| Which cells destroy bone tissue? | osteoclasts |
| Which cells located in the endosteum? | osteoblasts, osteoclasts |
Created by:
heatherpogo