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Honors Biology 7th
2nd Semester Final Exam Review 2011
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is genetic engineering possible? | because all organisms are based on the same genetic code |
| What organisms do scientists study when investigating the effect of turning off a gene? | Gene knockout mice |
| Which technology uses electricity to sort DNA that has added genes from another species? | gel electrophoresis |
| What is the term used to describe DNA that has added genes from another species? | Recombinant DNA |
| What is one of the main benefits of genetic engineering in plants? | Enhanced disease resistance in crops |
| What is a plasmid? (3 parts) | 1)circular pieces of bacterial DNA 2) they can replicate independently of the organism's main chromosome, 3) they are often used as vectors in genetic engineering experiments |
| Why is DNA fingerprinting used in criminal investigations? | DNA analysis is believed to allow investigators to distinguish body cells of different individuals who are unlikely to have the same DNA |
| Why have scientists yet to clone a human? | there are too many ethical problems involved in cloning humans |
| What is gene therapy? | Transferring normal human genes into human cells that lack them |
| What is the general purpose of the Human Genome Project? | To sequence the genes in human DNA for scientific studies |
| What are some of the safety and ethical issues raised by genetic engineering? (ESSAY??) | safety= genetically engineered food might cause health problems later on Ethical= 'playing God', creating things that shouldn't be created |
| Why is it advisable to use antibiotics only when absolutely necessary? | misuse of antibiotics can create antibiotic resistant bacteria |
| What is natural selection? | survival and reproduction of the organisms that are genetically best adapted to the environment |
| What are vestigial structures? | The remnant of an organ that had a function in an earlier ancestor |
| individuals that are well adapted to their environment will survive and produce ___________ | more offspring |
| How does natural selection result in change over time? | it is acting on traits that are inheritable |
| What are the 2 main sources of genetic variation? | mutations and recombination |
| When does reproductive isolation occur? | when members of different populations can no longer mat successfully |
| What is coevolution? | a process in which species evolve in response to changes in each other |
| Define gene pool | the combined alleles of all the individuals in a population |
| What are homologous structures? | structures that are similar in anatomy and structure, but not in function that are found in two organisms, suggesting that the organisms share a common ancestor |
| How did cyanobacteria change early Earth? | by adding oxygen to the atmosphere |
| What is biodiversity? | the number of species in an ecosystem |
| Which organisms convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia in the nitrogen cycle? | bacteria |
| Which organisms provide most of the energy in ecosystems? | producers |
| What is a keystone species? | an organism that has an unusually large effect on an ecosystem |
| How can omnivores be both primary and secondary consumers? | they can eat both plants and animals |
| What are the 2 processes by which autotrophs can make food? | chemosynthesis and photosynthesis |
| What would happen if a keystone species were to be removed from an ecosystem? | abiotic and biotic factors can be affected |
| use an example to illustrate a producer/consumer relationship | a zebra eating grass |
| What is the benefit of conducting a field experiment instead of a lab experiment? | a field experiment gives a more accurate picture of how species interact in nature |
| Explain niche partitioning | when two species compete for the same resource, they sometimes divide the resource |
| What are ecological equivalents? | Two species that occupy similar niches in similar habitats in different parts of the world |
| Explain the 3 types of population dispersion patterns | clumped= herd animals, they are all clumped together in different areas uniform= solitary animals that are equally spread out random = animals that just roam around and have no specific territory |
| What type of organism would have a type 2 survivor-ship curve? | one that is preyed upon through out its life |
| List 3 density-dependent factors | 1)competition, 2)food, 3)living space |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? | Primary= starting out with no soil and slowly building up soil over time Secondary= re establishment of ecosystem with soil already in tact |
| What are pioneer species and why are they so named? | mosses and lichens are pioneer species and they're called that because they are the 1st to inhabit a previously uninhabited area |
| What is the carrying capacity of a population? | the maximum number of individual organisms that could be supported by a given environment indefinitely |
| What is parasitism? Give and example | one animal feeds off another animal, but it doesn't kill the other animal. (ex- mistletoe extracts water and nutrients from the spruce tree to the detriment of the tree) |
| What is mutualism? Give an example | both benefit (ex- ostriches and gazelles feed next to each other. they both watch for predators and alert each other to danger. since the visual abilities are different they each identify diff. threats for the other |
| What is commensalism? Give an example | one organism is helped and the other isn't affected (ex- remoras attach themselves to a shark's body and feed on the leftover food scraps from the shark's meals. the shark pays no attention to the remoras |
| They layer of air surrounding earth is known as the __________ | atmosphere |
| How is climate different from weather? | climate is based on a long term pattern |
| Besides being the most bio-diverse biome, what is another characteristic of the tropical rain forest? | it has thin soil that is very low in nutrients |
| What are deciduous trees? | trees that drop their leaves during the cold seasons |
| Why are estuaries important to the ecosystem? | they provide a large supply of fish for food |
| What is an estuary? | the body of water where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water |
| Why do so few organisms live in the intertidal zone? | because of the lack of nutrients and the action of the waves |
| Which biome is completely treeless? | Tundra |
| Which biome is populated almost entirely with coniferous trees? | Taiga |
| Why is the Earth's carrying capacity continuously increasing? | due to improved technology and medicine |
| Why is all ozone not harmful? | ozone isn't harmful in the stratosphere, but it is at ground level |
| How would increasing the biodiversity of an ecosystem change it? | it would increase the ecosystem's stability |
| What could lead to a decrease in global warming? | decreasing methane in the atmosphere |
| Why are humans less sensitive than frogs to pollutants in water? | humans do not have water-soluble skin |
| Which level of the food chain is most affected by bio magnification? | the highest level |
| How can an umbrella species benefit other organisms? | protecting those species can lead to the protection of other species |
| How did Carolus Linnaeus base his classification system? | on physical characteristics |
| Which taxon contains the most members? | Class |
| Which taxon contains the least members? | Species |
| what is a species? | a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring |
| what is the goal of cladistics? | to classify species according to the order in which they descended from a common ancestor |
| What is the most abundant group of organisms on earth? | bacteria |
| how many domains are there in the most current tree of life? | three |
| what basis do modern classification systems use? | common ancestry |
| how has the classification of organisms changed since the time of Linnaeus? | we classify by common ancestry, geographic location, and DNA similarities now |
| What is the genetic material of a virus? | RNA or DNA (never both |
| how does the DNA of a bacteriophage enter a host cell? | injection |
| How is bioremediation used? | it uses microbes to clean up pollutants |
| what types of pathogens are fought with antibiotics? | primarily bacterial infections |
| how are plantlike protists like plants? | they both have chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis |
| what is a virus? | an infectious particle made of a strand of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of protein |
| What are bacteriophages? | viruses that only infect bacteria |
| how does an amoeba move? | using a pseudopod |
| what are cilia and what is their function? | short, hair like projections that cover the protest cell surface and help it swim and capture food |
| does a paramecium use cilia of flagella to move? | cilia |
| what is chemosynthesis? | process that some bacteria use to make their own food |
| which 2 organisms for the lichen? | algae and fungus |
| which characteristics of a Euglena are plant like and which are animal like? | Plant= have chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis animal= move with flagella and have an eye spot to see light or dark |
| which plants experience an alternation of generation? | all |
| which generation is responsible for producing gametes? | gametophyte generation |
| most gymnosperms form reproductive structures in _____ | cones (ex-pine cones) |
| what is the opening on the underside of a leaf for gas exchange? | stomata |
| what are cotyledons? | a tiny seed leaf that stores or absorbs food for the developing embryonic plant |
| explain phototrophism | when a plant grows toward light |
| how does a Venus fly trap demonstrate a nastic response? | it snaps shut when it is touched |
| name 3 members of Phylum Annedlida | earthworm, leach, and fan worm |
| which 2 animal phyla have radial symmetry? | Echinodormata and Cnidaria |
| what are nematocysts? | stinging cells that jellyfish and other members of phylum Cnidaria have |
Created by:
CrazyNinja Skillz