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Cog Psych Final
Ch 9 - 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If you were asked the question "who was the 16th president of the US?" what form of memory would you use to answer this question? | semantic memory |
| In a typical semantic priming task, if the prime is "bread" and the target word is "butter", the RT will be _______, while if the prime is "pencil" and the target word is "butter", the RT will be _______ | faster, slower |
| Which of the following words has lexical ambiguity? | (a word with 2 meanings) |
| What describes the Stroop effect? | Ability to name the ink color of the word if the word is the name of a conflicting color (ex: word is GREEN in red ink: hard to say red) |
| All of these are indicated by research on tip-of-the-tongue experiences: | know the word, can't come up with it. retrieval blocks. happen a few times per week. alternatives come to mind. people can guess 1st and last letter. think of words similar in sound/meaning/syllabic stx. more to older (lower connections/meta) |
| Asking a series of questions like "Is a van a vehicle?" is called a ________ task, the primary dependent measure of interest in this task is _________. | category verification, speed |
| The hierarchical network model of semantic memory assumes that features are stored... | Specific concepts inside more general ones (subordinate --> basic --> superordinate). cognitive economy |
| Fastest to slowest RT...choose most likely order or RT according to the predictions made by the hierarchal network model | Robin has wings --> robin is bird --> robin is animal |
| According to the feature comparison model, "A poodle is a weapon" would lead to _____ responses...why? | quick. almost no overlap |
| Priming of related concepts in semantic memory is best explained by the ___________ model | spreading activation |
| knowledge learned so thoroughly its basically permanent | permastore |
| Which of these served as the best predictor of long-term rentention of mathematic knowledge in Bahrick's studies? | the time period over which the material was learned |
| The Bruce and Young model of name retrieval proposes that... | serial process for accessing info about a person --> Face Recognition Unit to Personal Identity Node, terminal node = storage of name |
| What do Conway, Cohen, & Stanhope (1991) findings indicate about long-term retention of knowledge learned in a cog psych class? | classic forgetting curve. Forget faster when retention is measured w/ recall vs recognition. forget names faster than facts. retention of knowledge of general research methods over 10 years. (more handson, spaced repetition) grades didnt go w confid |
| A conclusion that can be drawn from the research examining memory for songs is.... | significant priming bt lyrics and melodies...represented together in semantic memory |
| Mental rotation task used to study visual imagery. Results: | as degree of rotation changes, so did RT. proved that task was accomplished by mentally rotating the figures |
| When people visualize a rabbit next to an elephant, it takes __________time to find the whiskers on the rabbit compared to rabbit by fly | longer |
| The modular view of language states.... | Language is special, can't be explained in cognitive terms only. It's species specific and innate |
| (nk in Africa, not in English) is a difference in.... | phonemes |
| Our tendency to perceive phonemes in a relatively broad fashion, not discriminating between subtle shadings in the way particular phonemes sound is termed: | categorical perception |
| Babies and nonsense words: | Infants preferred novelty, recognized new "words" |
| Misheard word boundaries, like song lyrics, are called: | mondegreens |
| The approach to teaching reading advocates the young reader as problem solver, attempting to use pictures and context and story line to puzzle out words | whole-language approach |
| "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" violates the rules of _______ | syntax |
| "John is easy to please" and "It is easy to please John" these two sentences (regarding deep and surface stx) | same deep stx, different surface stx |
| Is language learned or innate according to the constraint based approach? | learned (gradual development of neural networks) |
| What is the basic process in each of the four stages of language production | 1) conceptualizing 2) planning 3) articulating 4) self-monitoring |
| What happens in each of the eight categories of slips of the tongue? | shift, exchange, anticipation, perseveration, deletion, addition, substitution, blend |
| The research by Motley and Baars looked at the possibility of motivated Freudian slips found: | some slips of the tongue are more likely due to contextual variables (what you're thinking) (ex: shock anxiety, sexual anxiety) |
| Research w/ Kanzi | Bonobo: similar to humans. Not raised in childlike environment, used symbols (lexigrams), made up own grammar rules, utterances no initiated by external events, learned through constant intxn (spontaneous, not instructed) |
| Components of problems | initial state, goal state, rules, obstacles |
| The Tower of Hanoi problem is what type of problem? | transformation |
| According to Thorndike, if a response leads to a satisfying outcome, the connection will be strengthened. This learning process is called: | law of effect |
| Thorndike's view is to the Gestalt view as ________ is to ___________ | (behaviorism, or limited) is to (insight, cognitive theory, circular definition) |
| The tendency to rely on habits and procedure that worked to solve a problem in the past is termed: | a mental set |
| Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness? | People's tendency to use objects in narrow, fixed sense |
| Algorithm is to heuristic as ________ is to _________ | (computers, math) is to (humans, science) |
| According to skilled memory theory, experts.... | 1) have exceptional knowledge is specific problem domain 2) have elaborated semantic networks 3) have quicker, more direct access to LTM 4) encodes info to LTM quickly |
| Chablis and Simon: experts and novices and chessboard memorization | experts remembered game configurations, but dind't remember random configs any better |
| According to Smith's contextual view of incubation, what should you do if you are stymied during the problem solving process? | take a break: there needs to be a contextual change: staying in the same situation = same failures |
| Research on the brain correlates of problem solving indicate that.... | right brain = creative problem solving. insight = more creative thought |
| _________ involves evaluation of a conclusion based solely on given information. | Reasoning |
| The notion that there are limits to our powers of reasoning, judgment, and decision making is termed: | bounded rationality |
| According to the dual-process view of reasoning, judgment and DM, what is the mode of thinking that operates relatively slow, deliberate, and controlled? | analytic |
| Deductive reasoning problems involve: | a well-defined problem, general premise: specific prediction --> specific conclusion. Algorithms, syllogistic reasoning, conditional reasoning |
| Conditional reasoning is (or involves...or features) | (if, then reasoning). evaluates whether a particular conclusion is valid given that certain conditions hold. |
| If it rains tomorrow, then I'm not going to the baseball game. I did not go to the baseball game. So, it must have rained. This type is termed ___, and the conclusion is ______. | AC, invalid |
| Denying the consequent is also called | modus tollens, its valid |
| A friend heard somebody say "If you are overweight, you are likely to smoke". This friend interprets this statement as "if you smoke, then you are likely to be overweight". What kind of error is this? | biconditional assumption |
| The classic Watson Selection Task is a __________ reasoning task | conditional |
| People often fail to choose correctly on the Wason Selection Task because they resist | choosing something that might make the statement wrong (confirmatory bias) |
| Inductive reasoning: | moving from specific pieces of info to a general principle. uncertain conclusions that vary in strength |
| If people are told that turkeys are susceptible to disease A, they probs won't believe all birds are susceptible. However, if they are told that robins are susceptible, they will likely believe all birds are susceptible. THis is called _____ | typicality (inductive reasoning) |
| When you ask people what caused more deaths (accidents and homicides vs strokes and diabetes) This is most likely due to: | a biased knowledge base, front-page news. Differences in encoding --> biases in judgment |
| Our tendency to avoid situations in which many ppl may be killed at thes ame time while at the same time not caring about risky situations in which deaths are more spread out is: | dread risk |
| Coincidences are extremely striking, and often lead ppl to believe in _____. The ease w/ which we think of coincidences makes them important playes in the ______ heuristic | illusory correlation, availability heuristic |
| The Sports Illustrated Jinx is: | regression to the mean |
| A study showed more Germans accurately picked San Diego as more populated than San Antonio. This accuracy was due to the __________ heuristic. | the recognition heuristic |
| You judge someone more likely to be both selling insurance and active in theater than she is to be selling insurance. You have: | conjunction fallacy |
| Reasoning from a stereotype is what heuristic? | representativeness heuristic |
| Suppose you had somebody guess how a sequence of 20 coin flips would play itself out. If people did this task, they would tend to _____________ the number of alterations, due to _______ heuristic | increase, representativeness heuristic |
| Anchoring and adjustment study in personal injury awards in mock civil litigation: | The more you ask for, the more you get. We are more biased toward our initial example. |
| The spotlight effect refers to the tendency to believe that __________, and is often cited as an example of _______. | others notice us more than they actually do. anchoring and adjustment |
| Participants had to tell the foreseeability of the accident. Some were told the accident had already occured. They were more likely to judge the defendent as _____. | guilty |
| Compare a $50 gain and a $50 loss. Which of these is more psychologically powerful, according to prospect theory? | a $50 loss is more powerful |
| If you want someone to be willing to take a risk, you can make it more likely by: | Prefer sure over risky in a gain frame, Prefer risky over sure in a loss frame. |
| If you lose $10 or a theater ticket, people who lose the ticket will be ____ likely to purchase the ticket because of ____________. | less. a difference in psychological accounting |
Created by:
JrTaterTot